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ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF COST REDUCTION PRACTICES ADOPTED BY PHARMACEUTICAL UNITS IN NORTHERN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Nitin Chaudhary; Babita KumarThe present study was conducted to analyses the cost reduction practices and problems faced during their implementation in pharmaceutical units. The population for the study consisted of small, medium and large scale units of Northern India. The present study was restricted to Northern India. Out of those units 20 units were selected on the basis of random sampling techniques. Questions were framed to study the cost reduction practices adopted by different departments of the organization. The study found that work standardization was mainly followed as cost reduction practice for manufacturing and improvement in reaction speed and reduction in wastages was achieved in the last two years. Negotiation method for reducing inventory, providing on the job training for reducing training cost, automation for reducing personnel cost, direct selling for reducing distribution cost and improving ROI by process improvement were other cost reduction practices. Organizations were receiving many benefits like improved productivity and quality, reduction in wastages, decrease in inventory cost, increase in profits and competitiveness by adopting cost reduction measures. Organizations were facing problems of customers order which are highly fluctuating, frequent change in design, resistance from employees, lack of technical knowhow, budget constraint and lack of time to implement these practices. On the whole cost reduction practices are not so well engraved in the small pharmaceutical industries whereas they are more well adopted by large and medium scale unitsThesisItem Open Access DRYING KINETICS OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale)(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Sumit Maini; Ashok KumarThe experiments were carried out to study the drying behaviour of fresh ginger rhizome of Kozhikallan variety. The surface material was first peeled off. The material was then given various chemical treatments like hot water blanching, dipping in citric acid solution, dipping in lime and treating the product with KMS solution. The treated product was dried at 500C, 600C, 700C in the electrical tray dryer. Quality parameters of the dried product i.e. colour, texture, rehydration ratio and volatile oil content were found out. Dehydration characteristics revealed that drying took place in the falling rate period. It was also found out that pre treatment did not effect the quality much but the temperature did. Drying at 500C did not affect the quality significantly, but as the temperature increased the quality of the product significantly reduced. Volatile oil was recorded to be the highest i.e.2.2% for the product pre treated with citric acid and dried at 500C. The odour of the product pre treated with citric acid and dried at 500C was also found to be better. Change in colour values for fresh and rehydrated product was found to be less i.e. 5.93 in case of the product pre treated with citric acid and dried at 500C. Three models i.e. Newton, page and modified page models were fitted to the drying data. According to the statistical criteria (R2, chi square & RMSE), the modified page model was found to be the best fit model to describe the drying behavior of the ginger rhizome.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of yield, its components and fruit quality traits in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.).”(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Parvinder Singh; Devinder Singh, CheemaThe present investigations were conducted from April 2008 to August 2010 at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Twelve diverse chilli genotypes (CC141, MS341, SL461, SL462, DL161, EL181, US501, PA401, SD463, PP402, PS403 and VR521) selected on the basis of per se performance were crossed in diallel fashion (excluding reciprocals) to produce 66 F1 hybrids. These 66 F1 hybrids along with twelve parental genotypes and two commercial checks CH-1 and MH-1 (Soldier) were evaluated in the field during two consecutive years, in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, for yield and quality parameters. Highly significant and desirable heterosis over the better parent and standard checks were observed for almost all the characters in both the years. Analysis of variance for combining ability showed highly significant mean squares due to GCA and SCA for all the characters in both the years indicated the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of these traits. The ratio of σ2 SCA/ σ2 GCA was less than unity for days to flowering, early yield, fruit number, fruit length, number of seeds fruit-1, plant height, plant spread, total fruit yield, chilli powder yield, dry matter content, oleoresin content, oleoresin yield and incidence of anthracnose, indicated additive gene action for these traits, while non-additive gene effects were important for fruit width, fruit weight, pericarp thickness, capsaicin in powder and in oleoresin, coloring matter in powder and in oleoresin and incidence of leaf curl virus. SL461 and DL161 were considered as the best general combiners for early and total yield. Moreover, these parents also showed desirable GCA effects for many other traits especially the quality traits viz. chilli powder yield, dry matter content, capsaicin in powder and in oleoresin, coloring matter in powder and in oleoresin, oleoresin content and oleoresin yield. Other good general combiners for different characters included SD463, PP402, US501, MS341, SL462, PS403 and CC141. The graphical analysis (Wr/Vr) showed that most of the traits exhibiting partial dominance and overdominance. Components of variance analysis revealed that both additive and dominance gene effects were important for inheritance of traits under study. Degree of dominance showed that most of the traits exhibited overdominance. The cross combination US501×SD463, showed significant and desirable SCA effects for days to flowering, early yield, fruit length, fruit weight, number of seeds fruit-1, total fruit yield, coloring matter in powder and in oleoresin, oleoresin yield and reaction to anthracnose. Other promising crosses for different traits were SD463×VR521, SL461×PP402, MS341×SL461, SL462×US501, CC141×VR521, SD463×PP402, SL461×PS403, SL462×EL181, SL461×DL161, MS341×US501, SL461×SL462, SL461×SD463, PP402×VR521 and CC141×PP402. It was suggested that heterosis and pedigree breeding methods with recurrent selection would facilitate simultaneous exploitation of the obtained genetic components in hot pepper improvement program.ThesisItem Restricted A STUDY OF PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION TOWARDS MOBILE SERVICE PROVIDERS AMONG RURAL AND URBAN CONSUMERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) MONEY DHINGRA; Gagandeep, BangaThe present study was undertaken to understand and compare the preference and satisfaction of rural and urban consumers towards mobile service providers. The study consisted of all the rural and urban consumers of Ludhiana District. The study was conducted by selecting company outlets of five mobile service providers, one each of Airtel, Idea, Reliance, Vodafone and BSNL, were selected from both urban and rural areas on convenience basis. Further 20 customers from each company outlet were selected on random basis. Thus, 100 urban and 100 rural customers, i.e. a total of 200 customers were selected for the study. The primary data was collected with the help of structured and non disguised questionnaires. The results showed that rural respondents consider economical calling, network coverage, customer service, as the most important factors influencing their choice of mobile service providers. Urban respondents consider economical calling, network coverage, customer service and roaming services, as the most important factors influencing their choice of mobile service providers. It was also found that 69 percent of rural respondents and 56 percent of urban respondents would recommend others to subscribe to their mobile service provider.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Harjeet SinghABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Morphological Characterization of Citrus Rootstocks” was carried out during 2012-2013 at New Orchard and College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The research work was carried out on nine citrus rootstocks. Among them three rootstocks having different strains were Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), Trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata) and Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) and six individual other rootstocks viz., Cleopatra (Citrus reshni), Pectinifera (Citrus pectinifera), Alemow (Citrus macrophylla), Karna Khatta (Citrus karna), Calamondin (Citrus mitis) and Volkamarina (Citrus volkameriana). Their evaluation was done for characters as per citrus descriptor given by IPGRI. The qualitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters showed little variability within a species. Most of the quantitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters were found statistically significant for all rootstocks. Maximum fruit weight was recorded in Karna Khatta (710 g). Total soluble solids were observed maximum in Flying Dragon (12.10 oBrix) strain of trifoliate while minimum were recorded in Nagpur strain of rough lemon, (5.66 oBrix). The Sohmyndog strain of rough lemon had the highest acidity (5.37 per cent) while minimum was recorded for Flying Dragon strain of trifoliate, being 1.38 per cent. The Brazilian strain of Rangpur lime had the highest seed number (38.0). The X-639 strain of trifoliate, and Brazilian and Texas strains of Rangpur lime were scored as early maturing (October-November) while Trifoliate was scored as late maturing (February-March). Variability analysis was done and Brazilian was most diverse from other strains of rough lemon.ThesisItem Restricted Computer aided design and development of a tractor operated three row rotary weeder(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Modak Shreyas PrakashIndia is a huge and progressive economy with GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growing at a rate of more than 7 percent since last four-five years and is expected to cross two digit number in near future. Even though agriculture is the predominant occupation in India, the share of agriculture in employment has dropped from 52% in 2007-08 to 45.5% in 2009-10 (Anonymous, 2011a). The government initiatives have shifted the agricultural labour to the other sectors. This necessitates the enhancement of the level of mechanization in agriculture. The tillage, seeding/ planting and harvesting technologies available in the country are at its edge of success in case of major crops like wheat, paddy, sugarcane, and cotton etc. However, there is large gap in the available technologies world over and in the country for inter-cultural or weeding operations. The available technologies are manual weeders, self propelled rotary weeders and tractor operated weeders. Manual weeding though most effective but is very laborious, time consuming i.e. it requires on an average 300 to 1200 man-h/ha (Padole, 2007) and very costly i.e. one third of cost of cultivation is being spent for it in major row crops like sorghum (Rangasamy et al, 1993). The manual weeders developed for wheat and other row crops are pull and push type and thus weeds removed are not mixed into soil. The performance of the self propelled, walk behind type rotary power tiller developed for weeding in orchards has been found highly satisfactory in cotton, sunflower and other wide row crops. However, the capacity of the machine was low as compared to tractor operated implements (Anonymous, 2009). Hence, there was a need to adopt tractor operated rotary weeders. The available tractor operated weeders having fixed row to row spacing and the available rotary weeders having adjustable row to row spacing had many operational and design problems. Therefore, it was decided to redesign the tractor operated rotary weeder using computer aided analysing and designing (CAAD) software CATIA V5R19 for tackling the problem effectively. Initially the major components like blade, flange, shafts, bearings, chain and sprockets, chain housing, gearbox and main frame of the machine were designed theoretically. A J-shaped blade having an edge curve was selected. The static and dynamic forces acting on the blade were calculated to be 196.3 N and 55.5 N respectively. The maximum rotary power required per rotary assembly was calculated to be 11.3 hp. The duplex 19.05 mm pitch chain was selected for power transmission from main shaft to rotary assembly. The blade shaft and main shaft were having diameter of 45 mm and 40 mm respectively. A shovel of 250 mm width was selected and this was having designed power requirement of 2.43 hp. Thereafter, the solid modeling of the tractor operated three row rotary weeder was done in CATIA. The critical components like blades, blade flange, blade shaft, chain sprockets, chain housing, main shaft, shovel, bevel gear and pinion were analyzed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool in CATIA. The analysis results showed that the theoretically designed dimensions were appropriate for all the parts as the parts were safe in analysis under working stresses. Thereafter, the machine components were got fabricated from the local market according to the design specifications and market availability. The preliminary field trials of the machine have shown satisfactory performance.ThesisItem Restricted FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RETIREMENT PREPAREDNESS: A STUDY OF NON TEACHING STAFF OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AND GURU ANGAD DEV VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY(2013) Ramandeep KaurIn the present study the basic and advance financial literacy and retirement preparedness of the non teaching staff members of Punjab Agricultural University and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University was analyzed. Primary data was collected from 180 respondents selected from 45 departments of PAU and GADVASU through pre- designed questionnaires. It was found that PAU and GADVASU non teaching staff was having poor basic and advanced financial literacy. No association was found between basic financial literacy or advance financial literacy with that of gender, age, designation and educational qualification. And it was also found that very few non teaching staff members had developed retirement plan and rest of the respondents were either finding difficulties in developing plan or had not at all thought of developing the retirement plan.ThesisItem Open Access MEAN AND VARIANCES AMONG F4 PROGENIESAND THEIR PREDICTION FROM PARENTALMEANSAND GENETIC DISTANCES BASED ON MOLECULAR MARKERS IN Gossypium arboreum L.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Jamwal, Navdeep SinghThe objective of the present study was to see whether genetic distance based on SSR markers (GDSSR) and Mahalanobis D2 statistics (GDDy), parental means ( P1 + P2 /2) and absolute difference of parental means (| P1 - P2 |) can be used for predicting the means and variances of F4 populations derived from 52 crosses of Gossypium arboreum L. Fifty-two F4 populations along with 17 parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design using three replications during Kharif 2009. Data were recorded for seed cotton yield (g), number of bolls, boll weight (g), seed index (g), halo length (mm), ginning out turn (%) and plant height (cm). Fifty-seven SSR primers belonging to BNL, MUSS, MUCS, MUSB, CIR, NAU and MGHES series detected 74 alleles in 17 arboreum lines. Total number of bands ranged from 1-3 with an average of 1.29 bands per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.00 to 0.88 with a mean of 0.12 for all 57 primers. Maximum genetic distance based on SSR markers was observed between LD866 and AH11(0.059), whereas minimum genetic distance recorded was 0.00 between lines LD327 and MDL2643; LD694 and DLSa1001. The genetic similarity coefficient among 17 genotypes ranged from 1.00 to 0.94 with an average genetic similarity of 0.97. The maximum genetic distance (280.63) based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics was observed between LD694 and RG395, whereas minimum of 2.49 between lines LD866 and RG8. No association was found between parentage and geographical origin of parental lines with genetic distance among parental lines revealed by both the estimates of genetic divergence. Poor correlation (r=0.06) between both estimates of genetic distance GDSSR and GDDy was observed. The means of F4 populations can be predicted successfully from the means of the parents for seed cotton yield (r=0.40) and halo length (r=0.273). Likewise, | P1 - P2 | and GDSSR proved to be good predictor of F4 population means for boll weight (r=0.273) and ginning out turn (r=0.290), respectively. However, the prediction of F4 variance for most of characters except plant height (r=0.277) from different properties of parental lines still remains an unsolved problem.ThesisItem Open Access Etiology of Top Rot Disease of Sugarcane(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Rakesh YonzoneRed stripe/ Top rot disease of sugarcane, caused by a bacterium, has been observed to be quite severe on variety CoJ 85 during the past 4-5 years in Punjab. Survey was conducted June-August 2011and it was found that the maximum prevalence of Red stripe (21.1%) and Top rot (40.4%) phase was recorded on variety CoJ 85 in Amritsar district and the minimum prevalence 1.6 per cent and 3.5 per cent respectively, on variety CoJ 88. Highest disease severity, 39.0 per cent of Red Stripe phase in the month of July was recorded on the variety CoJ 85 and lowest severity 5.0 per cent in July was observed on variety CoJ 88. Highest disease severity (5%) of Top rot phase in month June was recorded on variety CoH 119 and 65.8 per cent in months of August was recorded on the variety CoJ 85. The maximum growth of the pathogen was observed on King’s B media after 24 hrs followed by YDCA media after 46 hrs of inoculation. The three isolates viz., RS-2, RS-3 and RS-8 were found to have higher disease intensity (57%) and stripe length (30 cm). Regarding, morphological characteristics, the isolates were found to be gram negative, short rods with rounded end, 1.5-2.0×0.4-0.8 µm in size, yellow colour and circular type colony. All the ten isolates showed negative results in urease utilization and phenylalanine and positive results in citrate, sorbitol, lysine, ornithine utilization and H2S production. The isolates were also found to be aerobic and non-fluorescent. Molecular identification revealed that the pathogen associated to the Red stripe disease in Punjab State is Acidovorax avenae sub sp. avenae. Bud inoculation with pin prick method proved to be the best followed by hypodermic syringe method. In epidemiological studies, the maximum lesion length 32.28 cm was recorded on variety CoJ 85 followed by 27.72 cm in CoJ 88 after 32 days of inoculation.
