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ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon for yield and quality traits [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai](Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gurpreet Singh; Rajinder SinghThe present investigation entitled “Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon for yield and quality traits [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]” was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India, during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Ten lines were crossed with four testers in a line x tester fashion and forty hybrids were assessed for various yield and quality attributes. Magnitude due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) was found significant for most of the traits, indicating importance of both additive and non additive gene control in the inheritance of traits. The ratio of σ2SCA/ σ2GCA was more than unity indicating more influence of non additive genetic control except for days taken to first fruit harvest, number of fruits per plant, TSS and total carotenoids. The tester Arka Manik and Sugar Baby were good general combiners for most of the yield and quality parameters. While, among lines, EC-829875, WM-14 and EC-829870 were good combiners for most of the traits. The F1 Hybrids EC-829870 x Arka Manik for fruit number per vine, EC-829826 x Sugar Baby for total yield per acre, EC-829870 x Sugar Baby for number of days to first fruit harvest and 100 seed weight, WM-53 x EC-829852 for average fruit weight, EC-829826 x EC-829827 for seed number per fruit, EC-829870 x EC-829827 for TSS content and EC-8298226 x EC-829852 for lycopene content were stood out good specific combiners. The hybrids EC-829870 x Arka Manik for vine length, TSS and lycopene content, EC-829823 x EC-829852 for total fruit yield per plant, WM-14 x EC-829827 for number of fruits per plant, EC-829826 x Arka Manik for average fruit weight, number of primary branches, WM-53 x EC-829827 for internode length and EC-829870 x Sugar Baby for 100 seed weight were exhibited highest heterotic effect over better parent (BP). The hybrids EC-829870 x Arka Manik for vine length, EC-829826 x Aarka Manik for number of primary branches, EC-8829858 x Arka Manik for days to harvest first fruit, EC-829875 x Arka Manik for total fruit yield per plant, WM-14 x Sugar Baby for number of fruits per plant, EC-829826 x Arka Manik for average fruit weight, , EC-829823 x EC-829827 for internode length and KFF 1-1-2 x Sugar Baby for TSS were exhibited highest standard heterotic effect over check. The present investigation revealed that hybrids EC-829870 x EC 829827, WM-14 x sugar Baby, KFF 1-1-2 x Arka Manik were promising hybrids in terms of yield and quality traits and can be exploited commercially.ThesisItem Open Access Inheritance of gynoecium, yield and quality traits of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Tanveer Kaur; Dhall, R.K.Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2) of cucumber were developed from crossing gynoecious parent (Gy-14) with three commercial varieties (Pusa Uday, Punjab Naveen and Pant Kheera-1) during Feb-May 2017 and September-December 2017 and were evaluated during Feb-May 2018 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to find out the genetics of gynoecium, yield and quality in cucumber. From the ABCD scaling test and three parameter model of joint scaling test, the absence of non-allelic interactions was detected for node at which first female flower appears in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, number of primary branches per plant, fruit diameter in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday, number of fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, yield of marketable fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1 and mineral matter. In most of the traits duplicate type of epistasis was present which will reduce the net gain occurring from heterozygosity due to cancellation of dominance and epistatic effects. Among epistatic interactions, additive × dominance type was higher only for fruit weight in Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, whereas additive × additive type of interaction was observed to be higher for days to first fruit harvest in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday, fruit length and fruit breadth in Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1 suggesting the use of pedigree method for improvement in these traits. In all the remaining traits such as node at which first female flower appears in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday, vine length, days to first fruit harvest in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, fruit diameter in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, fruit weight in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, number of fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, yield of marketable fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen and ascorbic acid in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, dominance × dominance interaction was higher in magnitude, therefore these traits can be improved by heterosis breeding. Based on phenotypic scoring and SSR marker studies, it was observed that gynoecium was controlled by single dominant gene in all the crosses. It is further concluded that the SSR marker, SSR15516, can be used to check the transfer of gynoecium gene in the segregating populations of cucumber.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of pruning time on fruit maturity, yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ranveer Singh; Arora, N.K.The present investigation on “Studies on effect of pruning time on fruit maturity, yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh, Patiala and Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. On the entire tree, the 50 per cent portion from apex of one-year-old shoot was headed back on 15th and 30th of date of March, April, May and June months. Control trees were left unpruned. The tree growth parameters viz. net increase in tree height, spread and canopy volume recorded higher in control as compared to pruned trees. It was noticed that new shoot emergence and flowering delayed with delay in the pruning time. March-April pruning treatments recorded maximum flowering percentage during the months of April and May, while, May-June treatments shows maximum flowering percentage in the months of July and August. This shifting of flowering percentage in May pruned trees helps in the early fruit maturity and more yield during the winter season of guava. Maximum fruit weight, fruit number per plant, with highest fruit yield during winter season was obtained in trees, which subjected to pruning on 15th and 30th May. Times of pruning have non-significant effect on the total soluble solids and acidity of the guava fruit during both the seasons irrespective of variety; while, maximum vitamin C was found in May pruned trees. The present studies suggested that guava tree should be pruned between 15th and 30th May for early harvesting of quality fruits in winter season. The present studies suggested that guava tree should be pruned between 15th and 30th May for early harvesting of quality fruits in winter season.ThesisItem Open Access Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhjinder Singh; Gill, M. I. S.The present study entitled “Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding” was carried out during year 2015-2016. The research work was conducted at the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Induction of variation is the key to improve existing potential cultivars, lacking few important traits. The guava cultivars Shweta and Lalit are promising, however, lack the traits of commerce, particularly the development of uniform coloured pigmentation on outer skin and hard seeds, respectively. To induce variation, mutation induction approach was adopted. Buds of Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at different doses viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy followed by patch budding of putative mutated buds on L-49 rootstock. Seeds of guava cultivars Lalit and Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 Gy. Generated variants were evaluated for vegetative characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits were observed among generated variants. 21 SSR markers were used for molecular characterization of variants. Out of 21 primers used on 384 mutants, maximum number of mutations were identified for mPgCIR19 primer mapped to linkage group Lg:10 at 85 cM and minimum number of mutants were identified by markers mPgCIR40 and mPgCIR93. A mutant plant L207 generated by irradiating Lalit at 50 Gy resulted variation at maximum (8) different positions within the genome. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into nine clusters and maximum similarity of 100 per cent was showed by B115 and B116. Whereas B201 and B310 showed minimum similarity of 64 per cent. Out of total 384 plants generated, 143 plants were selected on the basis of pigmentation of leaves. 40 SSR primers used for the molecular characterization of pigmented leaf variants generated were identified in M1V0. Out of 40 primers, maximum number of mutants were generated or identified by mPgCIR236 primer and minimum number of mutants were identified by mPgCIR418 and mPgCIR209. Plant S102 of cv. Shweta irradiated at 25 Gy, showed variation at maximum (19) different positions. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into seven clusters. The maximum similarity of 99 per cent was observed in putative mutants B114 and B116, whereas B203 and B107 showed minimum similarity to the tune of 71 per cent. To conclude, the generated mutants have showed diverse variation at morphological (vegetative characters) and molecular level, which is expected to be translated into desired fruit characters for the anticipated traits.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Pardeep Singh; Harminder SinghThe present investigations “Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)”were carried out at the Fruit Research Farm of Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana during 2015. The investigations were planned into two sets of experiments. In the 1st experiment, the foliar sprays of CaCl2 (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%), Borax (1.0% and 1.5%) and their combinations were applied on lemon plants of cv. Punjab Baramasi Lemon in the 1st and last week of May. The 2nd experiment consisted of irrigations at different moisture depletion levels (25%, 50% and 75%) from field capacity, mulching with paddy straw and black polythene sheet and shadenet covering (50%). Among the various nutrient sprays, CaCl2 1.0% was found to be most effective in reducing fruit cracking and fruit drop in lemon. The fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size, juice content, total soluble solids, acidity and fruit yield were also significantly better under this treatment over the control. Among different soil moisture management treatments, mulching with paddy straw + irrigation at 50% moisture from field capacity resulted in least fruit cracking and fruit drop without affecting fruit quality and yield during the present studies.ThesisItem Open Access Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Daisy and W. Murcott mandarins(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Davinder Kumar; Sidhu, Gurupkar SinghThe present investigation entitled “Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Daisy and W. Murcott mandarins” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2014-2016. Maximum seed germination of Daisy (87.2%) and W. Murcott mandarins (86.2%) on basal MS medium with minimum level of contamination (0.0%) was observed when seeds were treated with HgCl2 (0.1%) for 5 m + Bavistin (0.5%) for 10 m and HgCl2 (0.2%) treatment for 3 m respectively. In Daisy, mean maximum shoot regeneration 60.8 per cent was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) whereas it was maximum (74.3%) in nodes irrespective of the media used. Maximum shoot regeneration from nodal (88.4%) and root segments (62.2%) was recorded on MS fortified with BAP (1.5 mg/l). Similarly, it was maximum in internodes (40.4%) on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) and in leaves (78.4%) on MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott, mean maximum regeneration 74.0 per cent was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) irrespective of explants used and overall 81.5 per cent regeneration was recorded in nodes. Maximum shoot regeneration was recorded in nodal segments (98.2%) on MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/l) and it was followed by leaf (88.8%), internodes (88.4%) and roots (36.4%) on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l), MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) irrespective of explant used and MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/l). Maximum shoot proliferation in Daisy mandarin was observed on MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l) whereas highest number of shoots per explant was 2.60 and maximum shoot length (3.64 cm) was recorded in MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l) + GA3 (0.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott maximum proliferation was on MS + BAP (3.0 mg/l) with (2.56) shoots per explants. Whereas the maximum average shoot length of 3.46 cm was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) + GA3 (0.5 mg/l). Maximum rooting percentage (70.6) in Daisy mandarin were observed on ½ MS + IBA (1.0 mg/l), earliest root induction (11.2 days) and maximum number of roots per shoot (2.2) on MS + IBA (0.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott earliest root induction (12.4 days) maximum rooting (68.4%) and maximum number of roots per shoot (2.4) were observed on ½ MS + IBA (0.5 mg/l).ThesisItem Open Access Title of the Thesis : Storage behaviour of plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) fruits cv. Satluj Purple in response to various chemicals(Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2016) Amandeep Kaur; Jawandha, S.K.The present investigation entitled “Storage behaviour of plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) fruits cv. Satluj Purple in response to various chemicals” was conducted in Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2015. Plum fruits of cv. Satluj Purple were harvested at colour break stage and treated for 5-minutes in aqueous solutions of putrescine (1, 2 and 3 mmolL-1 ), boric acid (1, 2 and 3%) and sodium benzoate (0.5, 1 and 1.5%). Treated fruits were packed in corrugated fibre board (CFB) boxes with paper lining before storage at 0-1˚C temperature and 90-95% RH. Fruit samples were analysed after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of cold storage for various physico-chemical characteristics. Result revealed that physiological loss in weight (PLW) and spoilage of fruits increased with storage period, whereas fruit firmness, pulp: stone ratio and titrable acidity (TA) showed a declining trend with the advancement of storage period. Other parameters like sensory quality rating, total soluble solids, TSS: acidity ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and pectin methyl esterase activity (PME) showed an increase up to 21 days of storage in all the treatments except putrescine @ 3, 2 mmolL-1 and boric acid @ 3% treatments, where these parameters were increased up to 28 days of storage. Post-harvest treatments of putrescine (3, 2 mmolL-1) and boric acid (3%) proved to be effective in extending the post-harvest life of plum fruits upto 28 days, whereas sodium benzoate (1.5%) extended the post-harvest life of plum fruits upto 21 days under cold storage conditions. Postharvest treatment of putrescine @ 3 mmolL-1 was recorded most effective in reducing physiological loss in weight (PLW), spoilage, pectin methyl esterase activity (PME) and maintaining the fruit firmness, sensory quality, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars during the entire storage period as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on fruit yield and quality in litchi(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Pandey, Divya; Nav Prem SinghThe present investigation was carried out to study the ‘Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on fruit yield and quality in litchi’ during the year 2015-16. Thirty five year’s old uniformly grown ‘Dehradun’ litchi plants established at MS Randhawa FRS, Gangian (Hoshiarpur) were sprayed with KNO3 @ 1.0, 1.5 and 2% at three different stages i.e. single spray 10 days after fruit set (DAFS) (S1); double spray after 10 and 20 DAFS (S2) and triple spray after 10, 20 and 30 DAFS (S3) and the control (water spray). The plants treated with K as foliar feeding significantly improved fruit pericarp colour, marketable fruit yield and quality attributes over the control. Increment in fruit yield to the tune of 13.9% was recorded in trees treated with double spray of KNO3 1% over the control. Fruit weight, size and fruit retention were also improved with different doses of K as foliar feeding. Fruit colour coordinates estimated in terms of ‘L’ value was recorded the highest with one spray of KNO3 1.5% and ‘a’ value also increased from 17.9 to 18.6 with the increased in dose of KNO3 from 1 to 2 per cent as well as single spray of KNO3 1.5%, however; ‘b’ colour value was noted maximum with single spray of KNO31%. Fruit quality characteristics viz. soluble solids content (SSC), SSC/acid ratio and total sugars were also enhanced with single, double and triple sprays of different concentrations of K fertilizers over untreated trees. Leaf N and K contents were significantly higher with foliar feeding of KNO3, however, effect on leaf P content was statistically non significant. From the present studies, it is concluded that single foliar spray of KNO3 1% after 10 DAFS considerably improved fruit size, fruit weight, pericarp colour, pulp/stone ratio and fruit yield in litchi cv. Dehradun.