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Open Access
Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon for yield and quality traits [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gurpreet Singh; Rajinder Singh
The present investigation entitled “Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon for yield and quality traits [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]” was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India, during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Ten lines were crossed with four testers in a line x tester fashion and forty hybrids were assessed for various yield and quality attributes. Magnitude due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) was found significant for most of the traits, indicating importance of both additive and non additive gene control in the inheritance of traits. The ratio of σ2SCA/ σ2GCA was more than unity indicating more influence of non additive genetic control except for days taken to first fruit harvest, number of fruits per plant, TSS and total carotenoids. The tester Arka Manik and Sugar Baby were good general combiners for most of the yield and quality parameters. While, among lines, EC-829875, WM-14 and EC-829870 were good combiners for most of the traits. The F1 Hybrids EC-829870 x Arka Manik for fruit number per vine, EC-829826 x Sugar Baby for total yield per acre, EC-829870 x Sugar Baby for number of days to first fruit harvest and 100 seed weight, WM-53 x EC-829852 for average fruit weight, EC-829826 x EC-829827 for seed number per fruit, EC-829870 x EC-829827 for TSS content and EC-8298226 x EC-829852 for lycopene content were stood out good specific combiners. The hybrids EC-829870 x Arka Manik for vine length, TSS and lycopene content, EC-829823 x EC-829852 for total fruit yield per plant, WM-14 x EC-829827 for number of fruits per plant, EC-829826 x Arka Manik for average fruit weight, number of primary branches, WM-53 x EC-829827 for internode length and EC-829870 x Sugar Baby for 100 seed weight were exhibited highest heterotic effect over better parent (BP). The hybrids EC-829870 x Arka Manik for vine length, EC-829826 x Aarka Manik for number of primary branches, EC-8829858 x Arka Manik for days to harvest first fruit, EC-829875 x Arka Manik for total fruit yield per plant, WM-14 x Sugar Baby for number of fruits per plant, EC-829826 x Arka Manik for average fruit weight, , EC-829823 x EC-829827 for internode length and KFF 1-1-2 x Sugar Baby for TSS were exhibited highest standard heterotic effect over check. The present investigation revealed that hybrids EC-829870 x EC 829827, WM-14 x sugar Baby, KFF 1-1-2 x Arka Manik were promising hybrids in terms of yield and quality traits and can be exploited commercially.
Open Access
Inheritance of gynoecium, yield and quality traits of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Tanveer Kaur; Dhall, R.K.
Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2) of cucumber were developed from crossing gynoecious parent (Gy-14) with three commercial varieties (Pusa Uday, Punjab Naveen and Pant Kheera-1) during Feb-May 2017 and September-December 2017 and were evaluated during Feb-May 2018 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to find out the genetics of gynoecium, yield and quality in cucumber. From the ABCD scaling test and three parameter model of joint scaling test, the absence of non-allelic interactions was detected for node at which first female flower appears in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, number of primary branches per plant, fruit diameter in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday, number of fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, yield of marketable fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1 and mineral matter. In most of the traits duplicate type of epistasis was present which will reduce the net gain occurring from heterozygosity due to cancellation of dominance and epistatic effects. Among epistatic interactions, additive × dominance type was higher only for fruit weight in Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, whereas additive × additive type of interaction was observed to be higher for days to first fruit harvest in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday, fruit length and fruit breadth in Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1 suggesting the use of pedigree method for improvement in these traits. In all the remaining traits such as node at which first female flower appears in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday, vine length, days to first fruit harvest in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen and Gy-14 × Pant Kheera-1, fruit diameter in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, fruit weight in Gy-14 × Pusa Uday and Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, number of fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, yield of marketable fruits per plant in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen and ascorbic acid in Gy-14 × Punjab Naveen, dominance × dominance interaction was higher in magnitude, therefore these traits can be improved by heterosis breeding. Based on phenotypic scoring and SSR marker studies, it was observed that gynoecium was controlled by single dominant gene in all the crosses. It is further concluded that the SSR marker, SSR15516, can be used to check the transfer of gynoecium gene in the segregating populations of cucumber.
Open Access
Studies on effect of pruning time on fruit maturity, yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ranveer Singh; Arora, N.K.
The present investigation on “Studies on effect of pruning time on fruit maturity, yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh, Patiala and Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. On the entire tree, the 50 per cent portion from apex of one-year-old shoot was headed back on 15th and 30th of date of March, April, May and June months. Control trees were left unpruned. The tree growth parameters viz. net increase in tree height, spread and canopy volume recorded higher in control as compared to pruned trees. It was noticed that new shoot emergence and flowering delayed with delay in the pruning time. March-April pruning treatments recorded maximum flowering percentage during the months of April and May, while, May-June treatments shows maximum flowering percentage in the months of July and August. This shifting of flowering percentage in May pruned trees helps in the early fruit maturity and more yield during the winter season of guava. Maximum fruit weight, fruit number per plant, with highest fruit yield during winter season was obtained in trees, which subjected to pruning on 15th and 30th May. Times of pruning have non-significant effect on the total soluble solids and acidity of the guava fruit during both the seasons irrespective of variety; while, maximum vitamin C was found in May pruned trees. The present studies suggested that guava tree should be pruned between 15th and 30th May for early harvesting of quality fruits in winter season. The present studies suggested that guava tree should be pruned between 15th and 30th May for early harvesting of quality fruits in winter season.
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EFFECT OF PUTRESCINE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE STORAGE AND QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica) cv. DUSEHRI
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Madhu Kumari; Harminder Kaur
The investigations on the “Effect of putrescine and calcium chloride on the storage and quality of mango cv.Dusehri” were conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during 2009-2010. In group 1 experiment, mango trees were sprayed with putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solution 10 days before harvest. Fully matured fruits were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB). In group II experiment, fully matured fruits were dipped in putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solutions. Thereafter, fruits were dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes. Packed fruits from both the groups were stored for 20 days in cold room (13±10C temperature) and 85-90% R.H. Physico chemical analysis of fruits were done after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage. General appearance of fruits was better in treated fruits as compared to highly shrivelled control fruits in both the groups. Treatment of mango fruits with chemicals significantly reduced the physiological fruit weight loss. The maximum reduction in fruit weight loss was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent in both groups. Rotting of fruits was better checked with putrescine and calcium chloride treatments. Minimum rotting percentage was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent. Organoleptic rating was better with treatment CaCl2 2.0 per cent and putrescine 2.0 mmol/l in both the group. Total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio, -carotene content total and reducing sugars increased as the storage period advanced and were higher in control fruits. The acidity of fruits decreased as the storage period increased and maximum decrease in acidity was observed in control fruits. pre harvest spray of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l (T8), calcium chloride 2.0 per cent (T11) and post harvest dip of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and calcium chloride 2.0 per cent were the best treatments for prolonging the shelf life of mango fruits, by reducing the physiological loss in weight and rotting , delaying ripening and maintaining the fruit quality during storage at 13 ±10C temperature. However post harvest dip of calcium chloride 2.0 per cent was found more effective and economical than pre harvest spray.
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“Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum”
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Neeraj Sharma; Harminder Kaur
The present investigation entitled “Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum” was carried out in the New Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2009. Plants of Satluj Purple plum planted at 3x1.5 m were used as experimental material. In experiment I, Trunk and limb girdling was done at full bloom and 7,14,21,28 and 35 days after full bloom. All the girdling treatments advanced fruit maturity as compared to control. Least number of days taken for maturity were recorded when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Yield was found to increase and fruit drop was reduced in all the treatments. Maximum yield, fruit weight and size, pulp/stone ratio, colour and better fruit quality in terms of higher TSS, TSS/acid ratio, β-carotene with lower acidity and firmness were observed when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Healing of the girdle was satisfactory and there was no detrimental effect noticed in any of the treatments. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were decreased and total carbohydrates were increased with the girdling. In experiment II, Hand thinning was done at fruit set and 7, 14,21and 28 days after fruit set. Hand thinning treatments advanced fruit maturity and also resulted better quality of fruits as compared to control. Higher yield fruit weight, size, colour, TSS, TSS/acid ratio and lower acidity and minimum firmness were recorded when hand thinning was done 14 days after fruit set. Significant increase in β-carotene and diameter of thinned fruits was recorded with hand thinning as compared to control. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were found to decreased whereas total carbohydrates increase with hand thinning treatments.
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EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON STORAGE LIFE AND QUALITY OF BER CV. UMRAN
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Salveen Kaur; JS, Bal
The investigations on “Effect of chemicals on storage life and quality of ber cv. Umran” was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during year 2011. The fruits were harvested at peak maturity period (29th March) along with pedicel and were dipped in ascorbic acid, boric acid and sodium carbonate (1, 2, 3 %) each for 5 min. Treated fruits were packed in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of 2 Kg capacity and kept in cold chamber at 7ºC temperature and 90-95 per cent RH. The fruits were analysed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The lowest physiological loss in weight was found in ber fruits treated with ascorbic acid 2 per cent and sodium carbonate 1 per cent. High palatability rating was noted in fruits dipped in ascorbic acid 1-3 per cent. The spoilage of fruits was noted significantly less in fruits treated with ascorbic acid treatments. The highest total soluble solids and ‘b’ value of fruit colour was recorded in the fruits dipped in boric acid 3 per cent. The highest mean fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio and total sugars were noted in the fruits treated with ascorbic acid 3 per cent. The pedicels were properly retained with fruits up to 21 days of storage. The lowest acid content was estimated with boric acid 3 per cent and sodium carbonate 1-2 per cent. Higher retention of vitamin C was observed in fruits with ascorbic acid 2 and 3 per cent treatments. The physiological loss in weight, spoilage and TSS/ acid ratio were increased with prolongation of storage days whereas palatability rating, fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio, acidity, vitamin C were decreased with advancement of storage period. TSS and total sugars increased significantly up to 14 days of storage but followed a decrease at later period of storage. It was concluded that Umran ber kept with pedicel could be stored satisfactorily for 21 days in cold chamber (7ºC) without any major effect on their quality.
Open Access
A STUDY OF SERVICES AVAILED BY THE FRUIT GROWERS OF CLUSTER-I UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Garg, Sahil; Kaur, Prabhjot
This study was undertaken to know the services availed, satisfaction, problems and suggestions of the fruit growers and problems faced by the extension personnel of cluster I under National Horticulture Mission. Four districts of cluster I namely Bathinda, Faridkot, Ferozpur and Mukatsar were selected. A sample of 120 fruit growers was selected using proportional allocation method and all the extension personnel were selected for the study. For data collection two instruments were prepared. Interview schedule was prepared for fruit growers which had two parts. First part consisted of socio-personal characteristics while second part dealt with services availed, satisfaction, suggestions and problems faced by the fruit growers regarding services of National Horticulture Mission. The findings of the study showed that most of the respondents engaged in fruit cultivation were in the age group of 36 to 53 years, belong to nuclear family, had matriculation as their educational level, operational land holding of 4.40 to 20.02 acres and had fruit growing as their main occupation. Majority of respondents had dairy farming as subsidiary occupation, 12-24 years fruit growing experience, not acquired training regarding fruit growing under NHM. Most of the respondents were medium on extension contacts, mass media exposure, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation. A vast majority of respondents reported that Department of Horticulture was the first source of information regarding services of NHM. A large number of respondents availed service of establishment of new orchard followed by rejuvenation of senile plantation and showed satisfaction regarding various services rendered by NHM. Majority of the respondents gave reasons of satisfaction in descending order timeliness, assistance provided by concerned authorities, good results of services, quality of inputs. Lengthy documentation procedure, less quantity of inputs and amount of subsidy, payment of subsidy in installments were the problems faced by the respondents regarding services under NHM. Quantity of inputs given should be increased, marketing hub should be created for marketing were the suggestions given by the majority of the respondents. Lack of mother plant seed, water logging problem, minimum selling price of fruits and lack of staff were the major problems faced by majority of the extension personnel in providing services under National Horticulture Mission.
Open Access
Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhjinder Singh; Gill, M. I. S.
The present study entitled “Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding” was carried out during year 2015-2016. The research work was conducted at the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Induction of variation is the key to improve existing potential cultivars, lacking few important traits. The guava cultivars Shweta and Lalit are promising, however, lack the traits of commerce, particularly the development of uniform coloured pigmentation on outer skin and hard seeds, respectively. To induce variation, mutation induction approach was adopted. Buds of Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at different doses viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy followed by patch budding of putative mutated buds on L-49 rootstock. Seeds of guava cultivars Lalit and Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 Gy. Generated variants were evaluated for vegetative characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits were observed among generated variants. 21 SSR markers were used for molecular characterization of variants. Out of 21 primers used on 384 mutants, maximum number of mutations were identified for mPgCIR19 primer mapped to linkage group Lg:10 at 85 cM and minimum number of mutants were identified by markers mPgCIR40 and mPgCIR93. A mutant plant L207 generated by irradiating Lalit at 50 Gy resulted variation at maximum (8) different positions within the genome. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into nine clusters and maximum similarity of 100 per cent was showed by B115 and B116. Whereas B201 and B310 showed minimum similarity of 64 per cent. Out of total 384 plants generated, 143 plants were selected on the basis of pigmentation of leaves. 40 SSR primers used for the molecular characterization of pigmented leaf variants generated were identified in M1V0. Out of 40 primers, maximum number of mutants were generated or identified by mPgCIR236 primer and minimum number of mutants were identified by mPgCIR418 and mPgCIR209. Plant S102 of cv. Shweta irradiated at 25 Gy, showed variation at maximum (19) different positions. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into seven clusters. The maximum similarity of 99 per cent was observed in putative mutants B114 and B116, whereas B203 and B107 showed minimum similarity to the tune of 71 per cent. To conclude, the generated mutants have showed diverse variation at morphological (vegetative characters) and molecular level, which is expected to be translated into desired fruit characters for the anticipated traits.
Open Access
Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Pardeep Singh; Harminder Singh
The present investigations “Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)”were carried out at the Fruit Research Farm of Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana during 2015. The investigations were planned into two sets of experiments. In the 1st experiment, the foliar sprays of CaCl2 (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%), Borax (1.0% and 1.5%) and their combinations were applied on lemon plants of cv. Punjab Baramasi Lemon in the 1st and last week of May. The 2nd experiment consisted of irrigations at different moisture depletion levels (25%, 50% and 75%) from field capacity, mulching with paddy straw and black polythene sheet and shadenet covering (50%). Among the various nutrient sprays, CaCl2 1.0% was found to be most effective in reducing fruit cracking and fruit drop in lemon. The fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size, juice content, total soluble solids, acidity and fruit yield were also significantly better under this treatment over the control. Among different soil moisture management treatments, mulching with paddy straw + irrigation at 50% moisture from field capacity resulted in least fruit cracking and fruit drop without affecting fruit quality and yield during the present studies.

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