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Studies on quality improvement and storage life in flame seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) through use of pre and postharvest application of chemicals
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Simranbir Kaur; Arora, N.K.
The present research entitled “Studies on quality improvement and storage life in Flame Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) through use of pre and post-harvest application of chemicals” was conducted at Fruit Research Farm and Postharvest Laboratories, Department of Fruit Sciences, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during two consecutive seasons 2017 and 2018. The investigation was conducted in three experiments viz. cumulative effect of forchlorfenuron (CPPU), berry thinning and ethephon on time of ripening, yield and quality of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes; preharvest applications of hexanal formulation and methyl jasmonate on fruit quality and storage life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes and effect of postharvest applications of hexanal, calcium chloride & salicylic acid on fruit quality and storage life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes. In quality improvement studies, the grape vines were treated with CPPU (1, 2 & 3 ppm) and berry thinning at pea stage in combination with foliar application of ethephon (300, 400 & 500 ppm) at veraison stage. Results revealed that maturity time was delayed by 5-7 days in grape vines perceived highest concentration of CPPU (3 ppm) in comparison with berry thinning + ethephon (400 ppm) treatment. Foliar spray of CPPU @ 1 ppm + ethephon @ 400 ppm significantly improved the average yield (26.81 Kg/ vine) and quality of grape clusters viz. cluster weight (338.04 g), cluster length (22.82 cm), berry size (1.70 × 1.69 cm) and berry weight (2.58 g), berry pedicel diameter (1.44 mm), berry firmness (224.42 g force-1), TSS: acid ratio (34.79), sugars (14.39 %), juice pH (3.49), anthocyanin accumulation (34.29 mg/l) and CIRG index (3.47). However, an adverse effect on fruit quality parameters has been observed in response to higher concentration of CPPU (3 ppm) where ethephon remained partially effective to overcome the detrimental effects; although positive influence on berry firmness and yield characters was documented. No significant effect on phenolic concentration improvement was observed with respect to CPPU treatments as compared to berry thinning treatments. Potential of preharvest applications of hexanal formulation, methyl jasmonate and ethephon was investigated for evaluation of pre and postharvest quality of grapes. Two superimposed application of hexanal formulation (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) were given before 15 and 30-days of harvesting, whereas methyl jasmonate (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and ethephon (400 ppm) was sprayed at veraison stage. Clusters were harvested at commercial mature stage for the evaluation of initial and postharvest quality attributes after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of storage. Grape clusters were harvested and packed in low density polythene bags followed by storage at 0-2oC and 90-95 % RH. Results revealed that the earliest ripening (June 6) was induced by ethephon @ 400 ppm treatment. The maximum average yield (26.46 kg/vine) was obtained from grape vines treated with foliar application of hexanal formulation @ 2.0 percent through increasing the average cluster weight (340.62 g), cluster length (24.06 cm), berry weight (2.48 g), berry size (1.56 × 1.61 cm) and berry pedicel diameter (1.38 mm). Hexanal formulation @ 2.0 % significantly improved the berry firmness (217.60 g Force-1), specific gravity (1.11 g cm-1) as well as total phenolic content (43.71 mg GAE/100 g FW). Grape clusters treated with ethephon @ 400 ppm accumulated highest mean TSS (18.4 %), TSS: acid ratio (43.59), total sugars (16.11 %), juice pH (3.89), anthocyanin content (47.27 mg/l) and lowest mean titratable acidity (0.42 %). Pre-harvest foliar application of hexanal formulation @ 2.0 % was found to be the most effective in maintaining the postharvest life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes under 60 days of cold storage by reducing the physiological loss in weight (2.06 %), berry shattering (1.16 %), PME activity (0.13 µg/g FW) while maintaining the higher mean palatability rating (7.92), rachis freshness (0.86), TSS (17.8 %), TA (0.54 %), total sugars (16.39 %) and anthocyanin content (49.24 mg/l) during entire storage period as compared to other treatments, where ethephon (400 ppm) treatment exerted prejudicial effects during cold storage studies. The effect of postharvest applications of hexanal, calcium chloride and salicylic acid was evaluated for quality maintenance of table grapes cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ under extended cold storage. Uniform coloured grape clusters were harvested at commercial maturity and treated for five 5-miutes in aqueous solution of hexanal (0.010, 0.015 and 0.020 %), calcium chloride (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %) and salicylic acid (1, 2 and 3 mM). Treated fruits were packed in low density polythene bags aligned with grape guard and stored at 0-2oC and 90-95 % RH followed by quality evaluation upto 60 days. Grape clusters treated with hexanal @ 0.015 and 0.020 % and calcium chloride @ 1.5 % were moderately to very much desirable after 60 days cold storage. Hexanal @ 0.015 % was found to be the most efficacious treatment in maintaining the postharvest life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes upto 60 days cold storage by reducing the physiological loss in weight (1.70 %), berry shattering (1.53 %), titratable acidity (0.54 %), PME activity (0.12 µg/g FW and maintaining the palatability rating (8.21), rachis freshness score (0.18), TSS (17.9 %), total sugars (16.51 %), anthocyanin content (57.26 mg/l) at higher level during entire storage period as compared to other treatments.
Open Access
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMPLASM AND F1 HYBRIDS.
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Daljinder Singh; M. I. S, . Gill
The present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2010 to 2013 at P.A.U., Ludhiana and Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh. Thirty five guava genotypes grafted on seedling rootstocks were evaluated for tree, vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits was observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variation, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 7.26 and 6.95 to 35.00 and 33.11 %, respectively. Divergence analysis based on D2 statistic grouped the tested genotypes into six clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in them. Cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V and cluster VI showed intra cluster distance of 55.12, 55.40, 50.70 and 61.84 respectively, indicating sufficient dissimilarity among genotypes for morphological features. Molecular characterization using 80 SSR primer pairs was done enabling cluster analysis of 43 guava genotypes. Among the primers, 78 markers amplified 258 alleles across the 43 genotypes with an average of 3.25 alleles per locus. The highest number of seven alleles per locus was amplified by mPgCIR 32, followed by six alleles per locus by mPgCIR98. The power of discrimination was found to be least (0.00) for markers mPgCIR251 and mPgCIR 414 and highest (0.84) for markers mPgCIR137. Values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 in monomorphic locus (mPgCIR251 and 414) to maximum 0.79 for locus mPgCIR32, with an average 0.47 expected heterozygosity. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from minimum 0.020 (between genotypes 14-10 and 12-11) to 0.590 (between One Kg and Portugal) with an average dissimilarity of 0.322 across all the genotypes. Cluster analysis on the basis of molecular analysis classified the guava genotypes into two major groups having 3 and 40 genotypes each. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers along with the phenotypic data will be useful for choosing the diverse parents for further guava breeding programmes. A total of nine F1 hybrids were generated and vegetative parameters were recorded in different hybrids to distinguish them, as well as SSR markers were also used to confirm the parentage of these hybrids.
Open Access
Assessment of genetic divergence and hybridization studies in pomegranate germplasm
(PAU, 2013) Raina, Dimpy; Gill, P.P.S.
The present investigation entitled ―Assessment of genetic divergence and hybridization studies in pomegranate germplasm‖. The objectives of this study were to assess genetic diversity based on horticultural traits, characterization of pomegranate genotypes using DNA markers, effectiveness of pollen storage conditions and exploration of the possibilities of F 1 hybrid production during year 2011-12. A significant and wide range of variation was observed among genotypes for various quantitative characters. Higher coefficient of variation was observed for characters like number of hermophrodite flowers per tree (26.67), number of fruits per tree (20.55), yield per tree (22.73), acidity (11.62) and TSS/acid ratio (13.23). ‗Ganesh‘ recorded maximum yield (21.16 kg/plant), fruit weight (309.3 g), aril weight (31.62 g /100 aril weight), peel weight (103.42 g) and TSS (13.39 %) but with minimum juice per cent (28.54 %). Mridula was observed promising for fruit length (6.75 cm), fruit breadth (7.85 cm), TSS/Acid ratio (51.18) and less in acidity (0.26 %). Highest juice per cent (67.26) and lowest TSS (11.0 %) was found in ‗Anar Shirin‘. Jhodpur White had highest number of hermophrodite flowers (338.3) and fruits per tree (60.84). The yield per tree was found correlated positively with fruit weight, aril weight and peel weight and negatively with juice per cent. The clustering of genotypes into eight different clusters was based on mean values of quantitative characters. The maximum inter -cluster distance of 72.74 was observed among genotypes of the cluster V and VII and minimum (23 .85) between the cluster IV and III. The principal component analysis showed that more than 82 per cent of the variability observed for quantitative characters in different pomegranate genotypes. Genetic divergence among the genotypes was estimated by 47 SSR markers. Six SSR markers (Pom010, ABRII-MP28, PGCT046, PGCT088, PGCT112 and PGCT037) showed monomorphic pattern and 41 showed polymorphic patterns with amplification of alleles ranging from 2 to 4. PIC value ranged from 0 and 0.66 (PGCT093) among 41 polymorphic primers. The UPGMA clustering grouped the genotypes into three main clusters I, II and III. The cluster I comprised of one genotype followed by the cluster II which contained eight genotypes, whereas, sub-cluster IIIA contained 12 genotypes, five and four in sub-cluster IIIB and IIIC, respectively. Genetic similarity values between genotypes ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 and dissimilarity was only 0.17. Maximum pollen viability was observed at -200 C storage temperature for 9 weeks and highest viable pollens found in Ganesh (95 %) followed by ‗Mridula‘ (94.7 %), ‗Jyoti‘ (92.7 %) and ‗Kandhari‘ (92 %). Highest pollen germination was recorded in Ganesh (78.9 %) followed by ‗Mridula‘ (75.8 %), Jyoti (58.9 %) and minimum in ‗Kandhari‘ (51.6 %). In hybridization study of pomegranate genotypes 80.47 per cent success rate in terms of fruit set after crossing was achieved. Highest fruit set observed in ‗Mridula‘ x ‗Ganesh‘ (85.54%) and lowest in ‗Mridula‘ x ‗Kandhari‘ (76.61 %). Five SSR primer pair (PGCT093, PGCT059, PGCT097, PGCT111, and ABRII-MP42) was found to produce the polymorphic alleles to confirm the hybridity of hybrids.
Open Access
A STUDY OF SERVICES AVAILED BY THE FRUIT GROWERS OF CLUSTER-I UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Garg, Sahil; Kaur, Prabhjot
This study was undertaken to know the services availed, satisfaction, problems and suggestions of the fruit growers and problems faced by the extension personnel of cluster I under National Horticulture Mission. Four districts of cluster I namely Bathinda, Faridkot, Ferozpur and Mukatsar were selected. A sample of 120 fruit growers was selected using proportional allocation method and all the extension personnel were selected for the study. For data collection two instruments were prepared. Interview schedule was prepared for fruit growers which had two parts. First part consisted of socio-personal characteristics while second part dealt with services availed, satisfaction, suggestions and problems faced by the fruit growers regarding services of National Horticulture Mission. The findings of the study showed that most of the respondents engaged in fruit cultivation were in the age group of 36 to 53 years, belong to nuclear family, had matriculation as their educational level, operational land holding of 4.40 to 20.02 acres and had fruit growing as their main occupation. Majority of respondents had dairy farming as subsidiary occupation, 12-24 years fruit growing experience, not acquired training regarding fruit growing under NHM. Most of the respondents were medium on extension contacts, mass media exposure, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation. A vast majority of respondents reported that Department of Horticulture was the first source of information regarding services of NHM. A large number of respondents availed service of establishment of new orchard followed by rejuvenation of senile plantation and showed satisfaction regarding various services rendered by NHM. Majority of the respondents gave reasons of satisfaction in descending order timeliness, assistance provided by concerned authorities, good results of services, quality of inputs. Lengthy documentation procedure, less quantity of inputs and amount of subsidy, payment of subsidy in installments were the problems faced by the respondents regarding services under NHM. Quantity of inputs given should be increased, marketing hub should be created for marketing were the suggestions given by the majority of the respondents. Lack of mother plant seed, water logging problem, minimum selling price of fruits and lack of staff were the major problems faced by majority of the extension personnel in providing services under National Horticulture Mission.
Open Access
Effect of pre-harvest application of nutrients and growth regulator on storage life and quality of peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Arvind Preet Kaur
The present investigations entitled, “Effect of pre-harvest application of nutrients and growth regulator on storage life and quality of peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab” were carried out in the Department of Horticulture PAU, Ludhiana during the years 2010 and 2011. Peach trees of cv. Shan-i-Punjab were sprayed with CaCl2, Boric acid and KNO3 (all at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 per cent) and GA3 (20, 40 and 60 ppm), one and two weeks before harvesting. Fruits after harvesting at hard mature stage were transported to the laboratory. The fruits of uniform size and free from diseases, bruises were selected, washed, dried, packed in CFB boxes and kept upto 35 days in cold stores and 6 days under ambient conditions. The cold stored fruits were analyzed after 24, 48 and 72 hrs at different storage intervals. 2.0 per cent KNO3 advanced fruit maturity and improved fruit quality in terms of TSS, size, weight, colour and palatability rating. During cold storage, 2.0 per cent CaCl2 treated fruits helped in reducing PLW, spoilage, fruit colour degradation and improved fruit quality. Phenolic content decreased whereas carotene content and activity of PME increased with the advancement of storage period in all the treatments. The levels of N, K, B and Ca both in leaves and fruits were higher in the treatments where the respective chemicals were applied. The shelf life of cold stored fruits declined rapidly after 24 hrs in all the treatments. Under ambient storage, 2.0 per cent CaCl2 helped in reducing PLW with average fruit quality upto 2 days. The present study showed that the fruits treated with 2.0 per cent CaCl2 can be stored upto 28 days of cold storage without any spoilage and good palatability rating.
Open Access
Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhjinder Singh; Gill, M. I. S.
The present study entitled “Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding” was carried out during year 2015-2016. The research work was conducted at the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Induction of variation is the key to improve existing potential cultivars, lacking few important traits. The guava cultivars Shweta and Lalit are promising, however, lack the traits of commerce, particularly the development of uniform coloured pigmentation on outer skin and hard seeds, respectively. To induce variation, mutation induction approach was adopted. Buds of Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at different doses viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy followed by patch budding of putative mutated buds on L-49 rootstock. Seeds of guava cultivars Lalit and Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 Gy. Generated variants were evaluated for vegetative characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits were observed among generated variants. 21 SSR markers were used for molecular characterization of variants. Out of 21 primers used on 384 mutants, maximum number of mutations were identified for mPgCIR19 primer mapped to linkage group Lg:10 at 85 cM and minimum number of mutants were identified by markers mPgCIR40 and mPgCIR93. A mutant plant L207 generated by irradiating Lalit at 50 Gy resulted variation at maximum (8) different positions within the genome. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into nine clusters and maximum similarity of 100 per cent was showed by B115 and B116. Whereas B201 and B310 showed minimum similarity of 64 per cent. Out of total 384 plants generated, 143 plants were selected on the basis of pigmentation of leaves. 40 SSR primers used for the molecular characterization of pigmented leaf variants generated were identified in M1V0. Out of 40 primers, maximum number of mutants were generated or identified by mPgCIR236 primer and minimum number of mutants were identified by mPgCIR418 and mPgCIR209. Plant S102 of cv. Shweta irradiated at 25 Gy, showed variation at maximum (19) different positions. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into seven clusters. The maximum similarity of 99 per cent was observed in putative mutants B114 and B116, whereas B203 and B107 showed minimum similarity to the tune of 71 per cent. To conclude, the generated mutants have showed diverse variation at morphological (vegetative characters) and molecular level, which is expected to be translated into desired fruit characters for the anticipated traits.
Open Access
Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Pardeep Singh; Harminder Singh
The present investigations “Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)”were carried out at the Fruit Research Farm of Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana during 2015. The investigations were planned into two sets of experiments. In the 1st experiment, the foliar sprays of CaCl2 (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%), Borax (1.0% and 1.5%) and their combinations were applied on lemon plants of cv. Punjab Baramasi Lemon in the 1st and last week of May. The 2nd experiment consisted of irrigations at different moisture depletion levels (25%, 50% and 75%) from field capacity, mulching with paddy straw and black polythene sheet and shadenet covering (50%). Among the various nutrient sprays, CaCl2 1.0% was found to be most effective in reducing fruit cracking and fruit drop in lemon. The fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size, juice content, total soluble solids, acidity and fruit yield were also significantly better under this treatment over the control. Among different soil moisture management treatments, mulching with paddy straw + irrigation at 50% moisture from field capacity resulted in least fruit cracking and fruit drop without affecting fruit quality and yield during the present studies.
Open Access
Effect of pre-harvest sprays of ascorbic acid and calcium chloride on fruit quality and storage life of Flame Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Niraj Kumar
The present investigations entitled “Effect of pre-harvest sprays of ascorbic acid calcium chloride on fruit quality and storage life of Flame Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)” were carried out in the New Orchard and Post-harvest Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2012. To improve quality and storage life the pre-harvest prays of ascorbic acid and calcium chloride was given at fruit-set and veraison stage in treatment T1 to T6. The treatment T7 (Bunch thinning + GA3 40ppm) and T8 (75% crop load + Ethephon at verasion @ 400ppm) were also included for comparison. The fruits were harvested at fully ripe stage and brought to laboratory for ascertaining the effect on fruit quality and packaging in CFB boxes (2 kg) lined with LDPE having half sheet of sulphur dioxide generating pad for storage study. The time of ripening was advanced by 5-days in the treatment T8 (crop load 75% + ethephon 400 ppm) as compared to control, while in the treatment T7, in which bunch thinning + gibberellic acid 40 ppm was applied time of ripening was advanced by 3-days.The treatment T7 i.e. bunch thinning + gibberellic acid resulted in significantly higher yield (33.54 kg/vine) followed by treatment T8 (75 % crop load + Ethephon 400 ppm) which was recorded 31.05 kg fruit yield per vine. Likewise, improved fruit quality w.r.t to higher total soluble solids (TSS), lower acidity, higher sugars and anthocyanin content was also recorded in treatment T8 (75 % crop load + Ethephon 400 ppm).In the storage studies, the lowest mean PLW (3.54%) and berry shattering (8.43 %) was recorded in treatment T7 i.e. bunch thinning + gibberellic acid 40 ppm. The treatments in which 75 per cent crop load and 400 ppm ethephon was sprayed recorded maximum (8.00) mean palatability rating, followed by 7.87 palatability score found in treatment (T7) subjected to bunch thinning + GA3 (40 ppm) at the end of storage period. The TSS: acid ratio increased with the advancement in storage period. The highest mean TSS: acid ratio of 42.85 was recorded in treatment T8, i.e. crop load (75 %) + 400 ppm ethephon. The TSS: acid ratio mean was lowest (20.55) in control T9. The present study suggests that the pre-harvest application of 75 per cent crop load + ethephon (@ 400ppm at veraison) should be given for improvement in fruit quality and advancement in ripening in Flame Seedless grapes. While, for extending the storage life vines should be subjected to pre-harvest application of bunch thinning and application of GA3 @ 40 ppm at fruit-set and one week after fruit-set.
Open Access
Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Daisy and W. Murcott mandarins
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Davinder Kumar; Sidhu, Gurupkar Singh
The present investigation entitled “Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Daisy and W. Murcott mandarins” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2014-2016. Maximum seed germination of Daisy (87.2%) and W. Murcott mandarins (86.2%) on basal MS medium with minimum level of contamination (0.0%) was observed when seeds were treated with HgCl2 (0.1%) for 5 m + Bavistin (0.5%) for 10 m and HgCl2 (0.2%) treatment for 3 m respectively. In Daisy, mean maximum shoot regeneration 60.8 per cent was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) whereas it was maximum (74.3%) in nodes irrespective of the media used. Maximum shoot regeneration from nodal (88.4%) and root segments (62.2%) was recorded on MS fortified with BAP (1.5 mg/l). Similarly, it was maximum in internodes (40.4%) on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) and in leaves (78.4%) on MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott, mean maximum regeneration 74.0 per cent was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) irrespective of explants used and overall 81.5 per cent regeneration was recorded in nodes. Maximum shoot regeneration was recorded in nodal segments (98.2%) on MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/l) and it was followed by leaf (88.8%), internodes (88.4%) and roots (36.4%) on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l), MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) irrespective of explant used and MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/l). Maximum shoot proliferation in Daisy mandarin was observed on MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l) whereas highest number of shoots per explant was 2.60 and maximum shoot length (3.64 cm) was recorded in MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l) + GA3 (0.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott maximum proliferation was on MS + BAP (3.0 mg/l) with (2.56) shoots per explants. Whereas the maximum average shoot length of 3.46 cm was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) + GA3 (0.5 mg/l). Maximum rooting percentage (70.6) in Daisy mandarin were observed on ½ MS + IBA (1.0 mg/l), earliest root induction (11.2 days) and maximum number of roots per shoot (2.2) on MS + IBA (0.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott earliest root induction (12.4 days) maximum rooting (68.4%) and maximum number of roots per shoot (2.4) were observed on ½ MS + IBA (0.5 mg/l).

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