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ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF PUTRESCINE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE STORAGE AND QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica) cv. DUSEHRI(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Madhu Kumari; Harminder KaurThe investigations on the “Effect of putrescine and calcium chloride on the storage and quality of mango cv.Dusehri” were conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during 2009-2010. In group 1 experiment, mango trees were sprayed with putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solution 10 days before harvest. Fully matured fruits were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB). In group II experiment, fully matured fruits were dipped in putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solutions. Thereafter, fruits were dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes. Packed fruits from both the groups were stored for 20 days in cold room (13±10C temperature) and 85-90% R.H. Physico chemical analysis of fruits were done after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage. General appearance of fruits was better in treated fruits as compared to highly shrivelled control fruits in both the groups. Treatment of mango fruits with chemicals significantly reduced the physiological fruit weight loss. The maximum reduction in fruit weight loss was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent in both groups. Rotting of fruits was better checked with putrescine and calcium chloride treatments. Minimum rotting percentage was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent. Organoleptic rating was better with treatment CaCl2 2.0 per cent and putrescine 2.0 mmol/l in both the group. Total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio, -carotene content total and reducing sugars increased as the storage period advanced and were higher in control fruits. The acidity of fruits decreased as the storage period increased and maximum decrease in acidity was observed in control fruits. pre harvest spray of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l (T8), calcium chloride 2.0 per cent (T11) and post harvest dip of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and calcium chloride 2.0 per cent were the best treatments for prolonging the shelf life of mango fruits, by reducing the physiological loss in weight and rotting , delaying ripening and maintaining the fruit quality during storage at 13 ±10C temperature. However post harvest dip of calcium chloride 2.0 per cent was found more effective and economical than pre harvest spray.ThesisItem Unknown “Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum”(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Neeraj Sharma; Harminder KaurThe present investigation entitled “Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum” was carried out in the New Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2009. Plants of Satluj Purple plum planted at 3x1.5 m were used as experimental material. In experiment I, Trunk and limb girdling was done at full bloom and 7,14,21,28 and 35 days after full bloom. All the girdling treatments advanced fruit maturity as compared to control. Least number of days taken for maturity were recorded when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Yield was found to increase and fruit drop was reduced in all the treatments. Maximum yield, fruit weight and size, pulp/stone ratio, colour and better fruit quality in terms of higher TSS, TSS/acid ratio, β-carotene with lower acidity and firmness were observed when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Healing of the girdle was satisfactory and there was no detrimental effect noticed in any of the treatments. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were decreased and total carbohydrates were increased with the girdling. In experiment II, Hand thinning was done at fruit set and 7, 14,21and 28 days after fruit set. Hand thinning treatments advanced fruit maturity and also resulted better quality of fruits as compared to control. Higher yield fruit weight, size, colour, TSS, TSS/acid ratio and lower acidity and minimum firmness were recorded when hand thinning was done 14 days after fruit set. Significant increase in β-carotene and diameter of thinned fruits was recorded with hand thinning as compared to control. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were found to decreased whereas total carbohydrates increase with hand thinning treatments.ThesisItem Unknown EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON STORAGE LIFE AND QUALITY OF BER CV. UMRAN(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Salveen Kaur; JS, BalThe investigations on “Effect of chemicals on storage life and quality of ber cv. Umran” was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during year 2011. The fruits were harvested at peak maturity period (29th March) along with pedicel and were dipped in ascorbic acid, boric acid and sodium carbonate (1, 2, 3 %) each for 5 min. Treated fruits were packed in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of 2 Kg capacity and kept in cold chamber at 7ºC temperature and 90-95 per cent RH. The fruits were analysed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The lowest physiological loss in weight was found in ber fruits treated with ascorbic acid 2 per cent and sodium carbonate 1 per cent. High palatability rating was noted in fruits dipped in ascorbic acid 1-3 per cent. The spoilage of fruits was noted significantly less in fruits treated with ascorbic acid treatments. The highest total soluble solids and ‘b’ value of fruit colour was recorded in the fruits dipped in boric acid 3 per cent. The highest mean fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio and total sugars were noted in the fruits treated with ascorbic acid 3 per cent. The pedicels were properly retained with fruits up to 21 days of storage. The lowest acid content was estimated with boric acid 3 per cent and sodium carbonate 1-2 per cent. Higher retention of vitamin C was observed in fruits with ascorbic acid 2 and 3 per cent treatments. The physiological loss in weight, spoilage and TSS/ acid ratio were increased with prolongation of storage days whereas palatability rating, fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio, acidity, vitamin C were decreased with advancement of storage period. TSS and total sugars increased significantly up to 14 days of storage but followed a decrease at later period of storage. It was concluded that Umran ber kept with pedicel could be stored satisfactorily for 21 days in cold chamber (7ºC) without any major effect on their quality.ThesisItem Unknown A STUDY OF SERVICES AVAILED BY THE FRUIT GROWERS OF CLUSTER-I UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Garg, Sahil; Kaur, PrabhjotThis study was undertaken to know the services availed, satisfaction, problems and suggestions of the fruit growers and problems faced by the extension personnel of cluster I under National Horticulture Mission. Four districts of cluster I namely Bathinda, Faridkot, Ferozpur and Mukatsar were selected. A sample of 120 fruit growers was selected using proportional allocation method and all the extension personnel were selected for the study. For data collection two instruments were prepared. Interview schedule was prepared for fruit growers which had two parts. First part consisted of socio-personal characteristics while second part dealt with services availed, satisfaction, suggestions and problems faced by the fruit growers regarding services of National Horticulture Mission. The findings of the study showed that most of the respondents engaged in fruit cultivation were in the age group of 36 to 53 years, belong to nuclear family, had matriculation as their educational level, operational land holding of 4.40 to 20.02 acres and had fruit growing as their main occupation. Majority of respondents had dairy farming as subsidiary occupation, 12-24 years fruit growing experience, not acquired training regarding fruit growing under NHM. Most of the respondents were medium on extension contacts, mass media exposure, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation. A vast majority of respondents reported that Department of Horticulture was the first source of information regarding services of NHM. A large number of respondents availed service of establishment of new orchard followed by rejuvenation of senile plantation and showed satisfaction regarding various services rendered by NHM. Majority of the respondents gave reasons of satisfaction in descending order timeliness, assistance provided by concerned authorities, good results of services, quality of inputs. Lengthy documentation procedure, less quantity of inputs and amount of subsidy, payment of subsidy in installments were the problems faced by the respondents regarding services under NHM. Quantity of inputs given should be increased, marketing hub should be created for marketing were the suggestions given by the majority of the respondents. Lack of mother plant seed, water logging problem, minimum selling price of fruits and lack of staff were the major problems faced by majority of the extension personnel in providing services under National Horticulture Mission.ThesisItem Unknown Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhjinder Singh; Gill, M. I. S.The present study entitled “Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding” was carried out during year 2015-2016. The research work was conducted at the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Induction of variation is the key to improve existing potential cultivars, lacking few important traits. The guava cultivars Shweta and Lalit are promising, however, lack the traits of commerce, particularly the development of uniform coloured pigmentation on outer skin and hard seeds, respectively. To induce variation, mutation induction approach was adopted. Buds of Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at different doses viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy followed by patch budding of putative mutated buds on L-49 rootstock. Seeds of guava cultivars Lalit and Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 Gy. Generated variants were evaluated for vegetative characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits were observed among generated variants. 21 SSR markers were used for molecular characterization of variants. Out of 21 primers used on 384 mutants, maximum number of mutations were identified for mPgCIR19 primer mapped to linkage group Lg:10 at 85 cM and minimum number of mutants were identified by markers mPgCIR40 and mPgCIR93. A mutant plant L207 generated by irradiating Lalit at 50 Gy resulted variation at maximum (8) different positions within the genome. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into nine clusters and maximum similarity of 100 per cent was showed by B115 and B116. Whereas B201 and B310 showed minimum similarity of 64 per cent. Out of total 384 plants generated, 143 plants were selected on the basis of pigmentation of leaves. 40 SSR primers used for the molecular characterization of pigmented leaf variants generated were identified in M1V0. Out of 40 primers, maximum number of mutants were generated or identified by mPgCIR236 primer and minimum number of mutants were identified by mPgCIR418 and mPgCIR209. Plant S102 of cv. Shweta irradiated at 25 Gy, showed variation at maximum (19) different positions. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into seven clusters. The maximum similarity of 99 per cent was observed in putative mutants B114 and B116, whereas B203 and B107 showed minimum similarity to the tune of 71 per cent. To conclude, the generated mutants have showed diverse variation at morphological (vegetative characters) and molecular level, which is expected to be translated into desired fruit characters for the anticipated traits.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Pardeep Singh; Harminder SinghThe present investigations “Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)”were carried out at the Fruit Research Farm of Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana during 2015. The investigations were planned into two sets of experiments. In the 1st experiment, the foliar sprays of CaCl2 (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%), Borax (1.0% and 1.5%) and their combinations were applied on lemon plants of cv. Punjab Baramasi Lemon in the 1st and last week of May. The 2nd experiment consisted of irrigations at different moisture depletion levels (25%, 50% and 75%) from field capacity, mulching with paddy straw and black polythene sheet and shadenet covering (50%). Among the various nutrient sprays, CaCl2 1.0% was found to be most effective in reducing fruit cracking and fruit drop in lemon. The fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size, juice content, total soluble solids, acidity and fruit yield were also significantly better under this treatment over the control. Among different soil moisture management treatments, mulching with paddy straw + irrigation at 50% moisture from field capacity resulted in least fruit cracking and fruit drop without affecting fruit quality and yield during the present studies.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of pre-harvest sprays of ascorbic acid and calcium chloride on fruit quality and storage life of Flame Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Niraj KumarThe present investigations entitled “Effect of pre-harvest sprays of ascorbic acid calcium chloride on fruit quality and storage life of Flame Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)” were carried out in the New Orchard and Post-harvest Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2012. To improve quality and storage life the pre-harvest prays of ascorbic acid and calcium chloride was given at fruit-set and veraison stage in treatment T1 to T6. The treatment T7 (Bunch thinning + GA3 40ppm) and T8 (75% crop load + Ethephon at verasion @ 400ppm) were also included for comparison. The fruits were harvested at fully ripe stage and brought to laboratory for ascertaining the effect on fruit quality and packaging in CFB boxes (2 kg) lined with LDPE having half sheet of sulphur dioxide generating pad for storage study. The time of ripening was advanced by 5-days in the treatment T8 (crop load 75% + ethephon 400 ppm) as compared to control, while in the treatment T7, in which bunch thinning + gibberellic acid 40 ppm was applied time of ripening was advanced by 3-days.The treatment T7 i.e. bunch thinning + gibberellic acid resulted in significantly higher yield (33.54 kg/vine) followed by treatment T8 (75 % crop load + Ethephon 400 ppm) which was recorded 31.05 kg fruit yield per vine. Likewise, improved fruit quality w.r.t to higher total soluble solids (TSS), lower acidity, higher sugars and anthocyanin content was also recorded in treatment T8 (75 % crop load + Ethephon 400 ppm).In the storage studies, the lowest mean PLW (3.54%) and berry shattering (8.43 %) was recorded in treatment T7 i.e. bunch thinning + gibberellic acid 40 ppm. The treatments in which 75 per cent crop load and 400 ppm ethephon was sprayed recorded maximum (8.00) mean palatability rating, followed by 7.87 palatability score found in treatment (T7) subjected to bunch thinning + GA3 (40 ppm) at the end of storage period. The TSS: acid ratio increased with the advancement in storage period. The highest mean TSS: acid ratio of 42.85 was recorded in treatment T8, i.e. crop load (75 %) + 400 ppm ethephon. The TSS: acid ratio mean was lowest (20.55) in control T9. The present study suggests that the pre-harvest application of 75 per cent crop load + ethephon (@ 400ppm at veraison) should be given for improvement in fruit quality and advancement in ripening in Flame Seedless grapes. While, for extending the storage life vines should be subjected to pre-harvest application of bunch thinning and application of GA3 @ 40 ppm at fruit-set and one week after fruit-set.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GENETIC DIVERSITY IN GRAPES USING MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND DNA MARKERS(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2010) Ajitpal Singh; Gill, M.I.SThe present investigation was conducted on “Study on genetic diversity in grapes using morphological traits and DNA markers”. The objective of this study was to estimate the diversity among 26 grape accessions maintained at New Orchard of Punjab Agricultural University. Genetic diversity among accessions was estimated using morphological traits and SSR marker data. 30 primer pairs resulted in amplification of 1201 putative alleles in 26 genotypes with an average of 46.19 alleles per genotype. PIC values ranged from as low as 0.47 to as high as 0.59 with an average of 0.38 for all 30 primers. On basis of SSR data, dendrogram clustered 26 genotypes into two major groups. The lowest similarity coefficient (0.50) was shown between major group I consisting of all cultivated varieties and hybrids and major group II consisting of all the rootstocks. The dendrogram based on SSR markers showed no congruence with morphological data. The dendrogram of 30 genotypes was constructed based on ten morphological markers. The genotypes were divided into five groups with genetic similarity values ranging from 0.46 to 0.90. The diversity analysis using morphological markers was not in agreement with pedigree of 30 genotypes. Using molecular markers data the grape germplasm was clearly subdivided into cultivars and rootstocks indicating that for assessing the genetic diversity, molecular markers were more reliable and authenticated. Key Words: Genetic diversity, Grapes (Vitis vinifera),, morphological traitsThesisItem Open Access Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Daisy and W. Murcott mandarins(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Davinder Kumar; Sidhu, Gurupkar SinghThe present investigation entitled “Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Daisy and W. Murcott mandarins” was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2014-2016. Maximum seed germination of Daisy (87.2%) and W. Murcott mandarins (86.2%) on basal MS medium with minimum level of contamination (0.0%) was observed when seeds were treated with HgCl2 (0.1%) for 5 m + Bavistin (0.5%) for 10 m and HgCl2 (0.2%) treatment for 3 m respectively. In Daisy, mean maximum shoot regeneration 60.8 per cent was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) whereas it was maximum (74.3%) in nodes irrespective of the media used. Maximum shoot regeneration from nodal (88.4%) and root segments (62.2%) was recorded on MS fortified with BAP (1.5 mg/l). Similarly, it was maximum in internodes (40.4%) on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) and in leaves (78.4%) on MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott, mean maximum regeneration 74.0 per cent was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) irrespective of explants used and overall 81.5 per cent regeneration was recorded in nodes. Maximum shoot regeneration was recorded in nodal segments (98.2%) on MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/l) and it was followed by leaf (88.8%), internodes (88.4%) and roots (36.4%) on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l), MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) irrespective of explant used and MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.5 mg/l). Maximum shoot proliferation in Daisy mandarin was observed on MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l) whereas highest number of shoots per explant was 2.60 and maximum shoot length (3.64 cm) was recorded in MS + BAP (2.5 mg/l) + GA3 (0.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott maximum proliferation was on MS + BAP (3.0 mg/l) with (2.56) shoots per explants. Whereas the maximum average shoot length of 3.46 cm was recorded on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l) + GA3 (0.5 mg/l). Maximum rooting percentage (70.6) in Daisy mandarin were observed on ½ MS + IBA (1.0 mg/l), earliest root induction (11.2 days) and maximum number of roots per shoot (2.2) on MS + IBA (0.5 mg/l). In W. Murcott earliest root induction (12.4 days) maximum rooting (68.4%) and maximum number of roots per shoot (2.4) were observed on ½ MS + IBA (0.5 mg/l).
