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EFFECT OF PUTRESCINE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE STORAGE AND QUALITY OF MANGO (Mangifera indica) cv. DUSEHRI
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Madhu Kumari; Harminder Kaur
The investigations on the “Effect of putrescine and calcium chloride on the storage and quality of mango cv.Dusehri” were conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during 2009-2010. In group 1 experiment, mango trees were sprayed with putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solution 10 days before harvest. Fully matured fruits were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes (CFB). In group II experiment, fully matured fruits were dipped in putrescine (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol/l) and calcium chloride (1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) solutions. Thereafter, fruits were dried and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes. Packed fruits from both the groups were stored for 20 days in cold room (13±10C temperature) and 85-90% R.H. Physico chemical analysis of fruits were done after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage. General appearance of fruits was better in treated fruits as compared to highly shrivelled control fruits in both the groups. Treatment of mango fruits with chemicals significantly reduced the physiological fruit weight loss. The maximum reduction in fruit weight loss was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent in both groups. Rotting of fruits was better checked with putrescine and calcium chloride treatments. Minimum rotting percentage was recorded in putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and CaCl2 2.0 per cent. Organoleptic rating was better with treatment CaCl2 2.0 per cent and putrescine 2.0 mmol/l in both the group. Total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio, -carotene content total and reducing sugars increased as the storage period advanced and were higher in control fruits. The acidity of fruits decreased as the storage period increased and maximum decrease in acidity was observed in control fruits. pre harvest spray of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l (T8), calcium chloride 2.0 per cent (T11) and post harvest dip of putrescine 2.0 mmol/l and calcium chloride 2.0 per cent were the best treatments for prolonging the shelf life of mango fruits, by reducing the physiological loss in weight and rotting , delaying ripening and maintaining the fruit quality during storage at 13 ±10C temperature. However post harvest dip of calcium chloride 2.0 per cent was found more effective and economical than pre harvest spray.
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“Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum”
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Neeraj Sharma; Harminder Kaur
The present investigation entitled “Studies on improvement of fruit quality through girdling and thinning in Satluj Purple plum” was carried out in the New Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2009. Plants of Satluj Purple plum planted at 3x1.5 m were used as experimental material. In experiment I, Trunk and limb girdling was done at full bloom and 7,14,21,28 and 35 days after full bloom. All the girdling treatments advanced fruit maturity as compared to control. Least number of days taken for maturity were recorded when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Yield was found to increase and fruit drop was reduced in all the treatments. Maximum yield, fruit weight and size, pulp/stone ratio, colour and better fruit quality in terms of higher TSS, TSS/acid ratio, β-carotene with lower acidity and firmness were observed when limb girdling was done 21 days after full bloom. Healing of the girdle was satisfactory and there was no detrimental effect noticed in any of the treatments. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were decreased and total carbohydrates were increased with the girdling. In experiment II, Hand thinning was done at fruit set and 7, 14,21and 28 days after fruit set. Hand thinning treatments advanced fruit maturity and also resulted better quality of fruits as compared to control. Higher yield fruit weight, size, colour, TSS, TSS/acid ratio and lower acidity and minimum firmness were recorded when hand thinning was done 14 days after fruit set. Significant increase in β-carotene and diameter of thinned fruits was recorded with hand thinning as compared to control. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content were found to decreased whereas total carbohydrates increase with hand thinning treatments.
Open Access
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMPLASM AND F1 HYBRIDS.
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Daljinder Singh; M. I. S, . Gill
The present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2010 to 2013 at P.A.U., Ludhiana and Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh. Thirty five guava genotypes grafted on seedling rootstocks were evaluated for tree, vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits was observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variation, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 7.26 and 6.95 to 35.00 and 33.11 %, respectively. Divergence analysis based on D2 statistic grouped the tested genotypes into six clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in them. Cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V and cluster VI showed intra cluster distance of 55.12, 55.40, 50.70 and 61.84 respectively, indicating sufficient dissimilarity among genotypes for morphological features. Molecular characterization using 80 SSR primer pairs was done enabling cluster analysis of 43 guava genotypes. Among the primers, 78 markers amplified 258 alleles across the 43 genotypes with an average of 3.25 alleles per locus. The highest number of seven alleles per locus was amplified by mPgCIR 32, followed by six alleles per locus by mPgCIR98. The power of discrimination was found to be least (0.00) for markers mPgCIR251 and mPgCIR 414 and highest (0.84) for markers mPgCIR137. Values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 in monomorphic locus (mPgCIR251 and 414) to maximum 0.79 for locus mPgCIR32, with an average 0.47 expected heterozygosity. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from minimum 0.020 (between genotypes 14-10 and 12-11) to 0.590 (between One Kg and Portugal) with an average dissimilarity of 0.322 across all the genotypes. Cluster analysis on the basis of molecular analysis classified the guava genotypes into two major groups having 3 and 40 genotypes each. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers along with the phenotypic data will be useful for choosing the diverse parents for further guava breeding programmes. A total of nine F1 hybrids were generated and vegetative parameters were recorded in different hybrids to distinguish them, as well as SSR markers were also used to confirm the parentage of these hybrids.
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EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON STORAGE LIFE AND QUALITY OF BER CV. UMRAN
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Salveen Kaur; JS, Bal
The investigations on “Effect of chemicals on storage life and quality of ber cv. Umran” was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana during year 2011. The fruits were harvested at peak maturity period (29th March) along with pedicel and were dipped in ascorbic acid, boric acid and sodium carbonate (1, 2, 3 %) each for 5 min. Treated fruits were packed in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of 2 Kg capacity and kept in cold chamber at 7ºC temperature and 90-95 per cent RH. The fruits were analysed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The lowest physiological loss in weight was found in ber fruits treated with ascorbic acid 2 per cent and sodium carbonate 1 per cent. High palatability rating was noted in fruits dipped in ascorbic acid 1-3 per cent. The spoilage of fruits was noted significantly less in fruits treated with ascorbic acid treatments. The highest total soluble solids and ‘b’ value of fruit colour was recorded in the fruits dipped in boric acid 3 per cent. The highest mean fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio and total sugars were noted in the fruits treated with ascorbic acid 3 per cent. The pedicels were properly retained with fruits up to 21 days of storage. The lowest acid content was estimated with boric acid 3 per cent and sodium carbonate 1-2 per cent. Higher retention of vitamin C was observed in fruits with ascorbic acid 2 and 3 per cent treatments. The physiological loss in weight, spoilage and TSS/ acid ratio were increased with prolongation of storage days whereas palatability rating, fruit firmness, pulp/stone ratio, acidity, vitamin C were decreased with advancement of storage period. TSS and total sugars increased significantly up to 14 days of storage but followed a decrease at later period of storage. It was concluded that Umran ber kept with pedicel could be stored satisfactorily for 21 days in cold chamber (7ºC) without any major effect on their quality.
Open Access
Assessment of genetic divergence and hybridization studies in pomegranate germplasm
(PAU, 2013) Raina, Dimpy; Gill, P.P.S.
The present investigation entitled ―Assessment of genetic divergence and hybridization studies in pomegranate germplasm‖. The objectives of this study were to assess genetic diversity based on horticultural traits, characterization of pomegranate genotypes using DNA markers, effectiveness of pollen storage conditions and exploration of the possibilities of F 1 hybrid production during year 2011-12. A significant and wide range of variation was observed among genotypes for various quantitative characters. Higher coefficient of variation was observed for characters like number of hermophrodite flowers per tree (26.67), number of fruits per tree (20.55), yield per tree (22.73), acidity (11.62) and TSS/acid ratio (13.23). ‗Ganesh‘ recorded maximum yield (21.16 kg/plant), fruit weight (309.3 g), aril weight (31.62 g /100 aril weight), peel weight (103.42 g) and TSS (13.39 %) but with minimum juice per cent (28.54 %). Mridula was observed promising for fruit length (6.75 cm), fruit breadth (7.85 cm), TSS/Acid ratio (51.18) and less in acidity (0.26 %). Highest juice per cent (67.26) and lowest TSS (11.0 %) was found in ‗Anar Shirin‘. Jhodpur White had highest number of hermophrodite flowers (338.3) and fruits per tree (60.84). The yield per tree was found correlated positively with fruit weight, aril weight and peel weight and negatively with juice per cent. The clustering of genotypes into eight different clusters was based on mean values of quantitative characters. The maximum inter -cluster distance of 72.74 was observed among genotypes of the cluster V and VII and minimum (23 .85) between the cluster IV and III. The principal component analysis showed that more than 82 per cent of the variability observed for quantitative characters in different pomegranate genotypes. Genetic divergence among the genotypes was estimated by 47 SSR markers. Six SSR markers (Pom010, ABRII-MP28, PGCT046, PGCT088, PGCT112 and PGCT037) showed monomorphic pattern and 41 showed polymorphic patterns with amplification of alleles ranging from 2 to 4. PIC value ranged from 0 and 0.66 (PGCT093) among 41 polymorphic primers. The UPGMA clustering grouped the genotypes into three main clusters I, II and III. The cluster I comprised of one genotype followed by the cluster II which contained eight genotypes, whereas, sub-cluster IIIA contained 12 genotypes, five and four in sub-cluster IIIB and IIIC, respectively. Genetic similarity values between genotypes ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 and dissimilarity was only 0.17. Maximum pollen viability was observed at -200 C storage temperature for 9 weeks and highest viable pollens found in Ganesh (95 %) followed by ‗Mridula‘ (94.7 %), ‗Jyoti‘ (92.7 %) and ‗Kandhari‘ (92 %). Highest pollen germination was recorded in Ganesh (78.9 %) followed by ‗Mridula‘ (75.8 %), Jyoti (58.9 %) and minimum in ‗Kandhari‘ (51.6 %). In hybridization study of pomegranate genotypes 80.47 per cent success rate in terms of fruit set after crossing was achieved. Highest fruit set observed in ‗Mridula‘ x ‗Ganesh‘ (85.54%) and lowest in ‗Mridula‘ x ‗Kandhari‘ (76.61 %). Five SSR primer pair (PGCT093, PGCT059, PGCT097, PGCT111, and ABRII-MP42) was found to produce the polymorphic alleles to confirm the hybridity of hybrids.
Open Access
A STUDY OF SERVICES AVAILED BY THE FRUIT GROWERS OF CLUSTER-I UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Garg, Sahil; Kaur, Prabhjot
This study was undertaken to know the services availed, satisfaction, problems and suggestions of the fruit growers and problems faced by the extension personnel of cluster I under National Horticulture Mission. Four districts of cluster I namely Bathinda, Faridkot, Ferozpur and Mukatsar were selected. A sample of 120 fruit growers was selected using proportional allocation method and all the extension personnel were selected for the study. For data collection two instruments were prepared. Interview schedule was prepared for fruit growers which had two parts. First part consisted of socio-personal characteristics while second part dealt with services availed, satisfaction, suggestions and problems faced by the fruit growers regarding services of National Horticulture Mission. The findings of the study showed that most of the respondents engaged in fruit cultivation were in the age group of 36 to 53 years, belong to nuclear family, had matriculation as their educational level, operational land holding of 4.40 to 20.02 acres and had fruit growing as their main occupation. Majority of respondents had dairy farming as subsidiary occupation, 12-24 years fruit growing experience, not acquired training regarding fruit growing under NHM. Most of the respondents were medium on extension contacts, mass media exposure, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation. A vast majority of respondents reported that Department of Horticulture was the first source of information regarding services of NHM. A large number of respondents availed service of establishment of new orchard followed by rejuvenation of senile plantation and showed satisfaction regarding various services rendered by NHM. Majority of the respondents gave reasons of satisfaction in descending order timeliness, assistance provided by concerned authorities, good results of services, quality of inputs. Lengthy documentation procedure, less quantity of inputs and amount of subsidy, payment of subsidy in installments were the problems faced by the respondents regarding services under NHM. Quantity of inputs given should be increased, marketing hub should be created for marketing were the suggestions given by the majority of the respondents. Lack of mother plant seed, water logging problem, minimum selling price of fruits and lack of staff were the major problems faced by majority of the extension personnel in providing services under National Horticulture Mission.
Open Access
Effect of pre-harvest application of nutrients and growth regulator on storage life and quality of peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Arvind Preet Kaur
The present investigations entitled, “Effect of pre-harvest application of nutrients and growth regulator on storage life and quality of peach cv. Shan-i-Punjab” were carried out in the Department of Horticulture PAU, Ludhiana during the years 2010 and 2011. Peach trees of cv. Shan-i-Punjab were sprayed with CaCl2, Boric acid and KNO3 (all at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 per cent) and GA3 (20, 40 and 60 ppm), one and two weeks before harvesting. Fruits after harvesting at hard mature stage were transported to the laboratory. The fruits of uniform size and free from diseases, bruises were selected, washed, dried, packed in CFB boxes and kept upto 35 days in cold stores and 6 days under ambient conditions. The cold stored fruits were analyzed after 24, 48 and 72 hrs at different storage intervals. 2.0 per cent KNO3 advanced fruit maturity and improved fruit quality in terms of TSS, size, weight, colour and palatability rating. During cold storage, 2.0 per cent CaCl2 treated fruits helped in reducing PLW, spoilage, fruit colour degradation and improved fruit quality. Phenolic content decreased whereas carotene content and activity of PME increased with the advancement of storage period in all the treatments. The levels of N, K, B and Ca both in leaves and fruits were higher in the treatments where the respective chemicals were applied. The shelf life of cold stored fruits declined rapidly after 24 hrs in all the treatments. Under ambient storage, 2.0 per cent CaCl2 helped in reducing PLW with average fruit quality upto 2 days. The present study showed that the fruits treated with 2.0 per cent CaCl2 can be stored upto 28 days of cold storage without any spoilage and good palatability rating.
Open Access
Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhjinder Singh; Gill, M. I. S.
The present study entitled “Induction and molecular characterization of guava variants generated through mutation breeding” was carried out during year 2015-2016. The research work was conducted at the Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Induction of variation is the key to improve existing potential cultivars, lacking few important traits. The guava cultivars Shweta and Lalit are promising, however, lack the traits of commerce, particularly the development of uniform coloured pigmentation on outer skin and hard seeds, respectively. To induce variation, mutation induction approach was adopted. Buds of Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at different doses viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy followed by patch budding of putative mutated buds on L-49 rootstock. Seeds of guava cultivars Lalit and Shweta were exposed to gamma rays at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 Gy. Generated variants were evaluated for vegetative characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits were observed among generated variants. 21 SSR markers were used for molecular characterization of variants. Out of 21 primers used on 384 mutants, maximum number of mutations were identified for mPgCIR19 primer mapped to linkage group Lg:10 at 85 cM and minimum number of mutants were identified by markers mPgCIR40 and mPgCIR93. A mutant plant L207 generated by irradiating Lalit at 50 Gy resulted variation at maximum (8) different positions within the genome. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into nine clusters and maximum similarity of 100 per cent was showed by B115 and B116. Whereas B201 and B310 showed minimum similarity of 64 per cent. Out of total 384 plants generated, 143 plants were selected on the basis of pigmentation of leaves. 40 SSR primers used for the molecular characterization of pigmented leaf variants generated were identified in M1V0. Out of 40 primers, maximum number of mutants were generated or identified by mPgCIR236 primer and minimum number of mutants were identified by mPgCIR418 and mPgCIR209. Plant S102 of cv. Shweta irradiated at 25 Gy, showed variation at maximum (19) different positions. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers grouped mutants into seven clusters. The maximum similarity of 99 per cent was observed in putative mutants B114 and B116, whereas B203 and B107 showed minimum similarity to the tune of 71 per cent. To conclude, the generated mutants have showed diverse variation at morphological (vegetative characters) and molecular level, which is expected to be translated into desired fruit characters for the anticipated traits.
Open Access
Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Pardeep Singh; Harminder Singh
The present investigations “Studies on the effect of nutrients and soil moisture management to reduce fruit cracking in lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm)”were carried out at the Fruit Research Farm of Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana during 2015. The investigations were planned into two sets of experiments. In the 1st experiment, the foliar sprays of CaCl2 (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%), Borax (1.0% and 1.5%) and their combinations were applied on lemon plants of cv. Punjab Baramasi Lemon in the 1st and last week of May. The 2nd experiment consisted of irrigations at different moisture depletion levels (25%, 50% and 75%) from field capacity, mulching with paddy straw and black polythene sheet and shadenet covering (50%). Among the various nutrient sprays, CaCl2 1.0% was found to be most effective in reducing fruit cracking and fruit drop in lemon. The fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size, juice content, total soluble solids, acidity and fruit yield were also significantly better under this treatment over the control. Among different soil moisture management treatments, mulching with paddy straw + irrigation at 50% moisture from field capacity resulted in least fruit cracking and fruit drop without affecting fruit quality and yield during the present studies.

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