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ThesisItem Restricted Mapping of Phytophthora resistance in intergeneric rootstock population of citrus(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Amandeep Kaur; Sidhu, Gurupkar SinghThe investigations entitled “Mapping of Phytophthora resistance in intergeneric rootstock population of citrus” were carried out in 2020-22. In the present study, screening of Phytophthora related traits of 88 F1 hybrids population (pseudo-testcross) of Rough lemon × Swingle citrumelo was done by spore suspension and filter method. Data were recorded after 90 days of inoculation for different symptoms and growth attributes related to Phytophthora. Phenotypic characterization for qualitative and quantitative characters of F1 hybrids were done based on IPGRI descriptor. Hybrids were showed great variation in percentage of unifoliate, bifoliate and trifoliate leaves, spine length, habitus, branch size, shoot tip colour, young leaf colour, adaxial colour, abaxial colour, leaf lamina shape, leaf apex, leaf margin and petiole colour. Based on the studied 14 attributes, 88 F1 rootstock hybrids revealed different degree of response to Phytophthora. Out of 14 traits, feeder root rot rating, chlorotic leaves and gummosis rating scale (0 to 4), 23 plants were highly susceptible, 19 plants susceptible, 6 plants moderately resistant, 12 plant resistant and 28 plants in highly resistant. In vitro filter method, lesion size was used to find the degree of resistance and observed that 20 were highly susceptible, 19 susceptible, 12 moderately resistant, 13 resistant and 24 in highly resistant. For genotyping, 165 SSR markers were used for parental polymorphism. Further, a genetic linkage map of citrus F1 hybrids has been constructed by using 116 polymorphic SSR markers comprising of 9 linkage groups, spanning a distance of 1476.19 cM. From the identified, twenty six major Quantitative trait loci (QTL), two QTLs for feeder root rot rating observed on chromosome 2 at 32.54 cM and 14.26 cM having Left flanking marker HvSSRCM-241. A total of 2 QTLs (qGR.RL.pau-5 and qGR.RL.pau-8) for gummosis rating were detected on LG5 & LG8. The proportion of the total variation (R2) ranged from 10.98 to 14.52%, respectively. Third experiment was conducted for mass multiplication and conservation of potential hybrids through cutting. Different types of cutting viz., soft, medium and hard wood cuttings from unifoliate and multifoliate hybrids in rainy and spring season were treated with 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm IBA along with control. Among the cutting taken, medium wood cutting during rainy season and spring season in unifoliate performed better in all the parameters whereas during spring season hardwood cutting of multifoliate hybrids performed better. IBA concentration @ 1000 ppm followed by 500 ppm was the best concentration for all the parameters. Overall, the unifoliate hybrids RL×SW-19 & RL×SW-29 and multifoliate hybrids RL×SW-6 & RL×SW-7 were performed better for all the parameters. The phenotypic linkage so constructed will pave the path for high resolution mapping of Phytophthora resistance traits with high throughput marker segregation techniques like genotyping by sequencing on citrus genetic map. Cutting propagation will provide new insights for future mass multiplication from the limited material.ThesisItem Restricted Physiological and anatomical alterations in wilting of guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees and its amelioration using ethylene inhibitor(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Naik, Eslavath Khamdar; Brar, J.S.The guava wilt disease is the foremost threat for guava cultivation not only in India, but also in all major guava growing countries. Hence; the present investigation was planned to get definite information on physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects involved in this malady so that the consequent amelioration strategies may reoriented. In the present investigations, the comparative analysis of wilt affected and healthy plants were carried out over the developmental period and found significant alterations in physiological, anatomical, biochemical characteristics. Complete mortality of wilt affected trees was recorded within six months of symptoms development at all three locations. With the objective of amelioration strategy, CoCl2 with was sprayed at varied concentrations {0: ppm (wilted control), T2: 50 ppm, T3: 100 ppm, T4 :150 ppm and T5: water spray (healthy control)} at three distinct locations (L1, L2, L3). The treatments of CoCl2, resulted stability with respect to biochemical and physiological changes in plants during initial days and plants were able to survive and consequent improvement all the parameters was observed with the onset of spring season and new flush. Among all treatments CoCl2 @ 150 ppm was more effective for increasing leaf area index, leaf density, leaf thickness, ascorbic acid, leaf water content, though the lower concentration of 50 and 100 ppm were found effective. To confirm the pathogenicity in guava wilt disease, two-year-old guava plants, planted in 26-inch cemented pots were subjected to repeated fungal inoculation (Fusarium solani) with and without stem as well as root injuries singly and in combinations. The results revealed that the fungal inoculations in the rootzone of the plants could not affect the plants, whereas, the inoculation along with root and root+stem injury resulted about 90 % mortality of plants, which was again confirmed by isolating the culture from the shoot tips of the plants. Similarly, in our last experiment, 90 experimental trees exhibiting wilt symptoms were tagged and subjected to different treatments to assess the physiological, anatomical, biochemical, nutritional, fruit yield and quality parameters. The observations recorded on 0, 30, 90, 180 and 300 days revealed significant improvement in plant growth and developments after 90 days of application and values rises significantly the end of observation period (180 to 300 days) and plants resumed the growth as normal. Among all treatments, T4 (150 ppm @CoCl2) followed by T3 (100 ppm @ CoCl2) and T2 (50 ppm @ CoCl2) gave promising results for pigment levels, photosynthetic rate, canopy volume, leaf area index, leaf density and root density. Biochemically, maximum improvement in treated trees was recorded after 180 days of treatments. Data on ethylene and auxin exhibited significant rise in the excised leaves of both wilted and healthy plants initially followed by decline after 8 hours, but at faster rate in wilted plants. From the investigations, it may be inferred that the pathogens are not a primary cause of guava wilt disease. The mechanical root injury or other abiotic stress factors acts as a primary cause to makes the plants prone to be attacked by the pathogen infections. Triggered ethylene level and consequent amelioration of wilting plants using ethylene inhibitor corroborated the hypothesis of investigations.ThesisItem Embargo Studies on post-harvest behaviour of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) under low temperature storage conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Sukhjit Kaur; Jawandha, S.K.The present investigation entitled ‘Studies on post-harvest behaviour of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) under low temperature storage conditions’ was conducted in the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2019 and 2020. In experiment-I, physiological mature and uniform fruits of peach cultivars ‘Flordacrest’, ‘Valley Grande’, ‘Flordagrande’, ‘Tropic Beauty’, ‘Partap’, ‘Early Grande’, ‘Flordaglo’, ‘Tropic Snow’, ‘Tropic Sweet’, ‘Parbhat’, ‘Flordaprince’, ‘Punjab Nectarine’ and ‘Suncoast’ were packed separately in CFB (corrugated fiber board) boxes and stored at 0-1ºC and 90-95% relative humidity for 40 days. In experiment -II, physiological mature and uniform fruits of peach cultivar ‘Shan-i-Punjab’ were dipped in aqueous solutions of sodium nitroprusside (0.50 mM, 1.0 mM & 2.0mM), salicylic acid (0.5 mM, 1.0 mM & 2.0 mM) and ascorbic acid (0.5 mM, 1.0mM & 2.0 mM) for 5min and control fruits dipped in water only. Peach fruits under various treatments were packed separately in CFB boxes and stored at 0-1ºC and 90-95% relative humidity for 40 days. In experiment -III, physiological mature and uniform fruits of peach cultivar ‘Shan-i-Punjab’ were coated with different edible surface coatings of beeswax (0.50 %, 1.0 % & 2.0 %), chitosan (0.25 %, 0.50% & 1.0%) and sodium alginate (0.50 %, 1.0 % & 2.0 %) and control fruits were kept uncoated . These coated and uncoated peach fruits were shade dried and packed separately in CFB boxes and stored at 0-1ºC and 90-95% relative humidity for 40 days. Both treated and untreated cold stored peach fruits of all these three experiments were analyzed for different physico-chemical attributes and enzymatic assays on 0,10th, 20th, 30th and 40th day of storage. Results revealed that fruits of peach cultivar ‘Flordacrest’ registered longer postharvest life with acceptable fruit quality upto 30 days under low temperature storage conditions. Peach fruits cultivar ‘Shan-i-Punjab’ treated with sodium nitroprusside 1.0 mM (experiment-II) and beeswax 2.0%(experiment-III) coating delayed the ripening process and preserved the fruit quality attributes up to 30 days of cold storage period. Fruits from these both treatments registered the lowest weight loss, spoilage and retained higher fruit firmness, sensory quality, total soluble solids, sugars, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total carotenoids, total phenolics content and total antioxidant activity under low temperature storage conditions. Alongwith this, these treatments (sodium nitroprusside 1.0 mM ; beeswax 2.0% coating) to peach cultivar ‘Shan-i-Punjab’ fruits also delayed the polyphenol oxidase, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase & cellulase enzyme activities during cold storage period.ThesisItem Embargo Biochemical characterization and gene expression analysis of pulp pigmentation specific genes in pummelo(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Mandeep Kaur; Rattanpal, H.S.The present study aimed at morphological and biochemical characterization of pummelo genotypes grown under the subtropical condition of North India along with gene expression analysis for pulp colour developmental genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Morphological characters of pummelo genotypes were studied as per International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Italy descriptors for citrus. A wide range of genetic diversity was observed for fruit length (102.1-158.6 mm), fruit diameter (98.8-146.7 mm), peel thickness (10.9-21.8 mm), fruit weight (427.2-1150.0 g), peel weight (179.7-526.2 g), juice content (76.6-221.3 ml) and seed number per fruit (51.0-132.0) whereas, a relatively narrow range of genetic diversity was observed for flower length (30.0-41.4 mm), number of petals (4-5) and the number of segments (15.0-20.0). The highest fruit size was recorded in NRCC Pummelo5 and PTF-1. Basic fruit quality attributes and components of the antioxidant defense mechanism were estimated colorimetrically. Among biochemical attributes (total soluble sugars, titratable acidity, total sugars, sucrose and reducing sugars), NRCC Pummelo-3 and PTF-4 had the best quality fruits on account of the maximum sugar-acid ratio. Relatively higher content of vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids, o-dihydroxy phenols and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH and activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase) was recorded in PTF-4 and NRCC Pummelo3. With respect to the volatile composition of pummelo genotypes as determined by GC-MS analysis, a total of thirty and sixty one volatile compounds were identified in pummelo peel oil and juice, respectively. Limonene was observed as the most predominant compound in pummelo peel oil as well as juice. Additionally, the expression of pulp pigmentation-specific genes in pummelo genotypes including pink-fleshed (NRCC Pummelo-3 and PTF-4) and white-fleshed (Local) was studied. The genes upstream of the lycopene biosynthesis (HDS, HDR, DXS, DXR, PDS, PSY, ZDS, ZISO, CRTISO and PLIS) were up-regulated whereas the genes downstream of the lycopene biosynthesis (ε-LCY, ε-CHX, β-CHX, CCD1, CCD4, AAO3, A1CYP707, A3CYP707 and A4CYP707) were down-regulated. Relative expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes was the highest in NRCC Pummelo-3 than PTF-4 with respect to Local genotype. The information generated may assist fruit breeders to shortlist the genotypes in hybridization programs for the development of nutritionally-enriched cultivars.ThesisItem Embargo Morphological and Molecular characterization of coloured genotypes of guava for yield and quality traits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Solanki, Shivendu Pratap Singh; Arora, N. K.The investigations on morphological and molecular characterization of coloured genotypes of guava for yield and quality traits was carried out during year 2018-19 and 2019-20 for phenotypic and genotypic characterization of coloured guava genotypes, development and validation of new F1 hybrids based on morphological and molecular characterization and linkage map construction of F2 population of Punjab Kiran variety. The results revealed that highest tree height (5.77 m) was recorded in genotype AC 8-6 whereas lowest tree height was found in CISH G-5 (4.45m), maximum tree spread (2.61m) was recorded in genotype AC 6-2. The minimum tree spread was found in AC 8-6 (2.13 m) and the highest tree volume was recorded (79.21 m3) was recorded in genotype AC 5-7. The minimum tree volume was found in AC 1-4 (45.67 m3), maximum fruit weight (211.33g) was recorded in genotype AC 8-6, Maximum thickness of outer flesh (1.77mm) was recorded in genotype AC 5-7, minimum thickness of outer flesh whereas AC 6-4 (1.00mm). maximum Core diameter (211.33g) was recorded in genotype AC 8-6 whereas minimum Core diameter was recorded in AC 5-7 (3.93mm), coloured guava genotypes showed higher range of variation in skin colour, the maximum “L” value was recorded in genotype AC 8-6 (66.71) and minimum was recorded in AC 5-2 (60.22). Maximum “a” value recorded in AC 5-7(7.11) and minimum recorded in AC 10-5 (3.29). Maximum “b” value recorded in AC 8-6 (26.64) and minimum recorded in AC 5-7 (21.69). The highest yield (43.17 kg/tree) was recorded in genotype AC 6-2 whereas lowest yield (Kg/tree) was found in AC 5-2 (39.67 kg/tree).The genotypes were grouped into two type based on their shape, they were round and oblong in shape. The highest value of TSS (10.73 %) was recorded in genotype CISH G-5, whereas, the lowest TSS (8.33%) was found AC 5-2, The titrable acidity (0.37 %) was recorded minimum in AC 5-2. Maximum titrable acidity (0.62%) in AC 10-5., The maximum Vitamin C content (123.37 mg/100 g of pulp) was recorded in genotype AC 8-6. And the minimum Vitamin C content was found AC 10-5 (98.45 mg/100 g of pulp, maximum total Sugar (6.94) was recorded in genotype CISH G-5. Minimum total Sugar was found in AC 10-5 (4.163), The number of seeds per fruit varied between 143.67 to 213.00 number of fruits in coloured guava genotypes. 100 seed weight ranged from 0.94 to 1.67 and recorded maximum in AC 8-5 and lowest in AC 10-7. The individual fruit seed weight ranged from 1.91 to 3.41 g and maximum in AC 8-5 and found lowest in AC 10-7, Seed weight per 100 g of pulp varied between 0.50 to 0.89 Seed weight per 100 g of pulp in coloured guava genotypes, High PCV value for the all traits as compare to ECV and GCV represents variability less affected by environmental factors. Estimate of heritability (h2) ranges from 0.54- 0.95, Highest positive correlation was observed with core diameter and fruit weight among the selected genotypes, path coefficient analysis (genotypic & phenotypic correlation) vitamin C content, total sugar, seed characters. Directly or indirectly all other characters are showed positive or negative effects toward yield. In cluster analysis and Mahalnobis Euclidean distance by Tocher method 10 genotypes were classified in 4 clusters. Characterization of genotypes was done using KASP markers based on marker data, coloured genotypes of guava grouped in 3 clusters .True F1 were identified using KASP marker. F2 progeny individuals of hybrid, Punjab Kiran using polymorphic markers between G-1 and 17-16 and generated three linkage group plotted on 3 chromosomes.ThesisItem Open Access Improvement in storage life of pear fruit with edible coatings loaded with salicylic acid(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sinha, Aeshna; Gill, P P SThe present investigations entitled „Improvement in storage life of pear fruit with edible coatings loaded with salicylic acid‟ were conducted in the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2019 and 2020. In experiment I-fruit were applied with composite coatings of chitosan (CH) + salicylic acid (SA) and beeswax (BW) + salicylic acid (SA) and individual CH, BW and SA treatments at different concentrations and stored under cold temperature conditions (0-1 ºC and 90-95% RH) for 67 days. In experiment II-similar treatments were given as in experiment I and fruit were stored under supermarket storage conditions (20-22ºC and 80-85% RH) for 20 days. Both treated and untreated fruit were analyzed for different physico-chemical attributes and enzymatic assays on 30th, 45th, 60th, and 67th day for cold stored fruit, while the sampling for fruit stored under supermarket conditions were done on 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th day of storage. The experiment was laid out in CRD (Factorial). It was concluded that under both cold and supermarket storage conditions, the composite coatings of BW 2 % loaded with SA 2 mM efficiently delayed the ripening process and preserved the fruit quality attributes in pears up to 67 and 20 days of storage period, respectively. Fruit applied with this coating recorded the lowest weight loss, membrane permeability & MDA content and maintained fruit firmness, sensory quality, TSS, sugars, titratable acidity, TPC & total antioxidant activity. BW 2 % + SA 2 mM coatings lowered the PPO activity & inhibited the incidence of internal browning and efficiently postponed the respiration rate and activities of PME, PG & cellulase enzymes.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on irrigation scheduling and fertigation in kinnow mandarin(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Anil Kumar; Harminder SinghThe present investigation entitled “Studies on irrigation scheduling and fertigation in kinnow mandarin” was under taken at Dr. J C Bakshi PAU RRS, Abohar during the 2018-19 and 2019-20. In Experiment 1 combination of three level of irrigation (100%, 75% & 50% ET) and three level of fertigation (100%, 75% and 50% RDF) were tried along with flood irrigation and 100% RDF. Tree receiving irrigation @ 100% ET and fertigation @75% RDF recorded higher vegetative growth (tree girth, spread, height and canopy volume), reproductive growth (fruit set, number of fruits and fruit yield), physiological parameters (RLWC, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll) and produced fruit of better quality (grade, weight, size, TSS, TSS/acid ratio, juice content and ascorbic acid) as compared to control. The optimum growth yield and fruits of better grades and quality were obtained in kinnow tree received irrigation @ 75% ET and fertigation @ 75% RDF. In Experiment 2 the recommended dose of nitrogen (100%, 75% and 50%) and Phosphorous (100%, 75% and 50%) were applied in equal splits in five stages of Kinnow trees. Irrigation was applied @100% ET to all the trees and were tried along with flood irrigation @100% ET and100% RDF. Vegetative growth, reproductive growth, physiological parameters and fruit quality was better in trees receiving 100% nitrogen and 100% phosphorous closely followed by 75% nitrogen and 75% phosphorous during the present studies. In Experiment 3. The potassium fertigation (Muriate of potash@ 1000g, 750g and 500g) was applied at fortnightly intervals in 2, 3 and 4 splits during February, May, July and September to Kinnow trees. Irrigation at 100% ET and fertigation of nitrogen and phosphorus @RDF was applied uniformly in all the trees. Trees receiving MOP in four splits recorded higher vegetative and reproductive growth and produced fruits of better quality as compared to two and three splits application, three foliar application and control. Potassium fertigation @500g MOP applied in 4 splits was found to be economical in terms of growth, yield and fruit quality.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on canopy management in pear(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sukhchain Singh; Gill, Parmpal SinghThe present investigations “Studies on canopy management in pear” were conducted at Fruit Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana during the years 2016 and 2017. Pear plants (cvs. Patharnakh, Punjab Beauty, Punjab Soft) trained on Espalier, Cordon and Y-trellis training systems were evaluated for eco-physiological, fruit quality and production parameters. In 1st experiment, photosynthesis efficiency of leaves was high in plants trained on Espalier system with maximum PAR and followed by Y-trellis system. Efficiency of eco-physiological parameters in pear cultivars was higher in the upper and middle canopy portions as compared to lower canopy portions irrespective of various trellis training systems. Spur formation, flower bud density and relative pattern of fruiting were also higher in middle and upper canopy portions. Vegetative growth in terms of trunk cross sectional area was higher in plants trained on Espalier and Y-trellis system. Larger size fruits were harvested from plants trained on Cordon system but with less TSS, fruit acidity and firmness whereas highest TSS and fruit acidity was found under Espalier system. Smaller size fruits with maximum fruit firmness were found under Y-trellis system. Fruit yield and production efficiency was highest in plants trained on Espalier system of pear cv. Patharnakh. In pear cvs. Punjab Beauty and Punjab Soft, yield related parameters were alike under Espalier and Y-trellis system. In 2nd experiment, plant growth regulators; BA (400, 600, 800 ppm), BA (600 ppm) + GA3 (200, 400, 600 ppm) and heading back treatments (60, 75 and 90 cm from ground level) were applied on one-year-old pear plants to promote feathering. Maximum feathering and mean crotch angle of feathers with main axis in pear cultivars were recorded with the application of BA (400 ppm and 600 ppm) whereas minimum feathering was recorded under headed plants at 90 cm. Vegetative growth and foliar nutrient status of pear plants improved by the application of plant growth regulators as compared to heading of plants at different heights.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their utilization in heterosis breeding(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Meena, Om Prakash; Dhaliwal, M. S.A total of 17 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were evaluated under the low (E1 and E3) and the high (E2 and E4) temperature regimes of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Based on pollen sterility and pollen release score, 10 lines namely CMS4611A, CMS4614A, CMS4622A, CMS4624A, CMS4626A, CMS46213A, CMS463D2A, CMS463D13A, CMS463D14A and CMS463L5A have been identified as temperature stable. The lines showed normal fruit and seed setting ability under the open pollination conditions, and have commercially acceptable fruit traits. The marker analysis of three selected CMS A- and their respective CMS B-lines showed that the genome recovery of the recurrent parent in CMS4611A, CMS4626A and CMS463D13A was estimated to be 98.8, 98.9 and 96.6%, respectively. Three CMS lines and 20 potential restorer lines were evaluated in a Line × tester mating design to estimate combing ability and heterosis over the better parent and two standard checks over three environments viz. the early season (E1), the main season (E2) and the late season (E3). Over the environments, the estimates due to GCA lines, GCA testers and SCA crosses were significant for all the 15 plant growth, yield and quality traits, except due to GCA lines for number of primary branches plant-1. The magnitude of the additive variance (σ2A) was more than the non-additive variance (σ2D) for all the traits studied except for number of primary branches plant-1 in E2, E3, and across the three environments; and for plant height, plant spread and number of fruits plant-1 in E3. The CMS line CMS463D13A and the testers SL 475, IS 268, PP 402, FL 201 and C 142 were identified for use in breeding to develop high yielding genotypes with superior horticultural traits for early, main and late season environments. Hybrids were identified for different crop seasons and for different purposes. Pooled across the environments, the cross CMS463D13A × IS 268 was good specific combiner for total yield palnt-1, number of primary branches plant-1, fruit weight, number of seed fruit-1, capsaicin content and SHU, and involved good × good GCA parents. The maximum mean better parent heterosis over environments was exhibited for total yield plant-1 (35.29%), followed by number of primary branches plant-1 (17.96%), number of seed fruit-1 (12.46) and number of fruits plant-1 (11.43%). The crosses CMS463D13A × SL 475, CMS463D13A × VR 523, CMS463D13A × YL 581 and CMS463D13A × IS 268 performed consistently superior over environments in respect of per se and standard heterosis for total yield plant-1, fruit weight and fruit length, and CMS463D13A × SL 475 for total yield plant-1, capsaicin content and SHU. These crosses are recommended for multi-location testing.
