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Subject: Forestry × End date: 2020 ×
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    Effect of different planting time on the performance of onion varieties under poplar block plantation
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Ankita; Gill, R.I.S.
    The present study entitled “Effect of different planting time on the performance of onion varieties under poplar block plantation” was carried out at research area of the Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for two years 201819 and 2019-20. The growth, yield and quality parameters of onion varieties planted at different times under poplar block plantation were studied. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with the two environments (poplar and open) as main plot, three planting times (Mid-December, End-December and Mid-January) as sub-plots and six varieties (POH-1, PRO-6, PRO-7, PWO-2, PYO-1 and Punjab Naroya) as sub-sub plots. The soil of the experimental area was loamy sand in texture. Organic carbon content and available N, P and K was observed higher under poplar based agroforestry system than open conditions. The tree growth parameters such as tree height, diameter at breast height and crown spread increased with increase in age of trees (4 to 5 years). Maximum leaf fall under 4 and 5 year plantation was observed from mid-November to end December and complete leafless stage was achieved by mid-January. Leaf area index (LAI) of poplar trees started increasing from mid-March and reached maximum from May onwards with the development of full-fledged canopy. The average temperature was recorded higher under open conditions as compared to poplar plantation whereas relative humidity followed opposite trend of temperature. Under poplar plantation, PAR started increasing from January till first fortnight of April and then it declined. The variety PRO-7 recorded the highest (25.7 t/ha) bulb yield amongst the varieties screened, while mid-December (25.3 t/ha) planted crop gave significantly higher yield than end-December and mid-January planted crop. The percentage reduction in bulb yield recorded under 4-year-old canopy was 34.35 while, under 5-year- old canopy it increased to 36.70. Amongst different varieties, PRO-7 revealed better growth with maximum plant height, number of leaves and desired neck thickness. The average bulb weight (69.04 g, 57.10 g) and bulb diameter (5.31 cm, 5.17 cm) was recorded higher in variety PRO-7 during both the years. Maximum fresh and dry weight of plants were observed in mid-December planting time and it decreased with further delay in planting. PRO-7 is an early maturing variety therefore, it took minimum number of days to bulb initiation, maturity and harvesting. PWO-2 produced significantly higher dry matter content (DMC) as well as total soluble solids (TSS) thus better variety in quality compared to other onion varieties screened. Therefore, based on this study it is concluded that rabi onion variety PRO-7 should be planted in mid-December under poplar-based agroforestry for increasing productivity and diversification of the ecosystem.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studying variation among Eucalyptus clones for growth traits, flowering, and tolerance to gall wasp (Leptocybe Invasa)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Akashdeep Singh; Dhillon, G.P.S.
    Clonal Eucalyptus is the widely adopted by farmers of North-Western India and provides raw material for plywood and paper industries. The present study entitled “Studying variation among Eucalyptus clones for growth traits, flowering and tolerance to gall wasp Leptocybe invasa” was conducted at Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, by recording observations on 3 year old clonal trial, to investigate variation among the fourteen clones for various growth traits, flowering behaviour and incidence of gall wasp. In this study, clone C-413, C-407 and PE-11 were found to be promising ones from growth point of view, whereas, clone PE-11, C-413, C-72 and C-407 were superior in stem quality traits. Profused flowering were recorded in clone PE-7, PE-8 and PE-9, and nil flowering was in case of C-72, PE-12 and PE-14. In clone C-413 and C-407, floral buds were noticed but blossoming did not occurred. The highest honey bee visitation was recorded during afternoon session and maximum visitation on clone PE-9. The maximum incidence was recorded in F-316 and relatively lowest incidence was in case of clone C-413, PE-11, PE-14 and C-72. Gall incidence was recorded to be the highest in the month of April and starts to decrease from May to December and gradually increased January to April. The content of total soluble sugars and total phenol were found higher in the infested leaves whereas the protein content were found higher in the healthy leaves. Clones C-413 and PE-11 were found to be promising ones on basis of combined index score analysis and followed by C-72.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Tree diversity on agriculture landscape in different agro climatic zones of Punjab
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Veer Singh; Avtar Singh
    The present study entitled, “Tree diversity on agriculture landscape in different agro climatic zones of Punjab” was conducted in the different agro climatic zones of Punjab. Purposively five district were selected each belongs to different agro climatic zone. The selected districts were Muktsar, Bathinda, Ludhiana, Nawanshahr and Hoshiarpur. Three sites were selected for observations of tree diversity from each district headquarter in all the four directions, where first observation was at 2-3 km, second at 5-8 km and third at 12-15 km from city. Total number of tree species occurred in the sampled area were evaluated for their frequency, abundance, density, relative density and relative abundance. In this ecological survey a total of 2944 tree in 5 sampled districts were recorded in 60 km2 area. Hoshiarpur district which falls under sub-mountain undulating zone found to be had highest number of trees belonging to 19 species s followed by Bathinda district which falls under western plain zone. It is 600 trees belonging to the 16 species followed by Nawanshahr district which falls under undulating plain zone in which a total of 555 trees belonging to 16 species were recorded, followed by Ludhiana district which falls under central zone in which total of 444 trees belonging to 16 species were recorded and Muktsar comes at last which falls under western zone where we found 575 trees belonging to 13 species. Eucalyptus is found to be most abundant tree species having 591 trees followed by Dalbergia sissoo having 396 trees, followed by Populus deltoides 385 trees and Melia azedarach having 327 trees. The present ecological survey gives a detailed account of tree diversity in different agro-climatic zones of agriculture landscape of Punjab.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    Impact of moisture gradient on seed germination behaviour and uses of root pruner for quality seedlings production in Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth.
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Yadwinder Singh; Avtar Singh
    The present investigation entitled “Impact of moisture gradient on seed germination behaviour and uses of root pruner for quality seedlings production in Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth.” was carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) studied influenced significantly germination parameters of Siris viz., germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value and hypocotyl length. The control treatment (pure water) had highest germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value and hypocotyl length. There were decreases in all the studied germination parameters with increase in concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The different irrigation interval (days) followed for seedling production exhibited that different moisture gradients in nursery soil affected significantly the seedling growth parameters viz., seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number of leafs per seedling, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, nutrient uptake in leafs (N,P,K) and root : shoot ratio. There were decreases in all the studied growth parameters (except root : shoot ratio) recorded with increase in irrigation interval studied. Out of the three container size of hyco-trays studied, the container size (volume of each cell) of 300 cc had significantly the highest seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, total chlorophyll, nitrogen content in leaf, phosphorus content in leaf, potassium content in leaf and root; shoot ratio as compared to container size 93 cc and 150 cc. There were increase in all the studied growth parameters (except root: shoot ratio) studied with increase in size of root containers, which could be attributed to more growing media and nutrients, and higher water holding capacity in large sized containers.
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    Progeny testing and standardization of macropropagation of Toona ciliata M. Roem under Punjab conditions
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Kundal, Mohit; Thakur, Sapna
    The present investigation entitled “Progeny testing and standardization of macropropagation of Toona ciliata M. Roem under Punjab conditions” was conducted in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources during 2018-19. Superior one year old progenies of twenty four genotypes from eight seed sources viz. Talwara, Kamahi Devi, Ludhiana, Sujanpur, Salouni, Chabutra, Shah Tarai and Suhari Takoli were selected from previous nursery trial and were evaluated for growth under field conditions for one year. Seed source (S3) Ludhiana exhibited outstanding performance for growth parameters. Among genotypes, progenies of S3G7 (Ludhiana), S3G8 (Ludhiana), S1G1 (Talwara) and S2G4 (Kamahi Devi) performed better for growth traits. Juvenile stem cuttings treated with different concentrations of IBA and NAA (500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm and 2000 ppm) were planted in two media i.e., vermiculite and Soil:Sand:FYM (1:1:1) in hyco-trays under mist chamber conditions. Cuttings treated with IBA 500 ppm and planted in vermiculite media gave better results for sprouting per cent, rooting per cent, survival per cent and average root length. Moderate heritability with moderate genetic gain was observed for branch angle and plant height. Highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation was observed for plant height with collar diameter, number of branches and straightness score and collar diameter with number of branches. The genotypes were clustered into three distinct groups with maximum diversity of (30.68) between cluster I and cluster III.
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    Priming of Acacia nilotica seeds to improve germination and seedling growth
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arjun Singh; Avtar Singh
    The present study “Priming of Acacia nilotica seeds to improve germination and seedling growth” was conducted at teaching area of department of Forestry & Natural Resources in the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The field experiment was conducted during two seasons i.e. Rainy season (July 2017) and autumn season (February 2018). Experiment consists of 10 seed priming treatments with KCl, NaCl and CaCl2 at 5, 10 and 15 Mmole and hydro priming (control). Among the season of sowing, significant increase in germination, growth and biomass parameters was observed in Rainy season than Autumn season. Among seed priming chemicals highest germination parameters viz. germination percentage, germination peak value, mean daily germination and germination value were recorded maximum in seeds treated with KCl 10 Mmole while the minimum for NaCl 5 Mmole. In case of growth attributes viz. seedling height, number of branches per plant, collar diameter, root length and root diameter were higher for treatment i.e CaCl2 10 Mmole, CaCl2 Mmole, KCl 15 Mmole, KCl 10 Mmole and KCl 10 Mmole respectively. Biomass parameters viz. shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight were recorded highest in calcium chloride 15 Mmole, CaCl2 10 Mmole, CaCl2 10 Mmole and CaCl2 10 Mmole, respectively. While seed priming with NaCl recorded lower growth and biomass attributes of seedlings. In general it can be concluded that seed priming with CaCl2 and KCl are suitable primer for increasing seed germination and growth and biomass of Acacia nilotica seedlings.
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    Genetic study of Eucalyptus clones for growth and wood traits
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Pavneet Kaur; Dhillon, G.P.S.
    Eucalyptus is widely adopted by farmers of North-western India and provides raw material for plywood and paper industries. The present study entitled “Genetic study of Eucalyptus clones for growth and wood traits” was conducted at Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to investigate variation among the clones for various growth and wood traits. From an established replicated clonal trial, data were recorded on growth traits of ten clones. Two trees from each of the four rotations were felled and wood samples at four heights base, 25, 50 and 75 % of total height for working out volume (over bark and under bark) of all logs. Data on bark thickness, heartwood content and log end splits were recorded. Specific gravity, fibre length, fibre width, holocellulose content were estimated following the established methods. Significant differences were found among the clones for all the growth and wood traits, the clone P-46 and P-23 were promising for growth traits. Per tree volume (over bark) ranged from 0.083 m3 to 0.247 m3. Specific gravity varied from 0.71 to 0.77 with the maximum value in clone 3021. The clone 2013 showed maximum holocellulose (70.05%) followed by clone 413 and minimum percentage was recorded in clone 3021. Sampling height also had significant influence on bark thickness, softwood heartwood ratio, wood specific gravity, fibre traits and holocellulose content. All the traits witnessed significant reduction in values with the increase in the sampling height, except for softwood heartwood ratio and holocellulose content which recorded significant increase with the bole height. Growth traits showed significant and highly positive correlation with diameter volume, bark thickness, split index and holocellulose content. The heritability varied from 0.44 (diameter) to 0.78 (volume over bark). Clone P-48 and P-46 ere promising ones on basis of index score analysis.
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    Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) varieties for their growth and yield performance under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex. Marsh) block plantation
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sanjaykumar Bijakal B; Gill, R.I.S.
    The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) varieties for their growth and yield performance under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex. Marsh) block plantation” was carried out at main research area of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2018-19. The study was carried out to screen the suitable shade tolerant turmeric varieties under poplar plantation. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with the two environments (poplar and open) as main plot, and ten turmeric varieties viz. PH-1, PH-2, PH-8, PH-21, PH-22, PH-24, PH-42, KMC-11, KMC-12 and SD-3 as sub-plot. Various growth and yield parameters were recorded for both trees and crops. The turmeric crop showed positive effect on the tree growth parameters such as tree height, diameter at breast height and crown spread. The average temperature was recorded higher under open conditions as compared to poplar plantation whereas relative humidity was recorded higher under poplar plantation as compared to open conditions. The variety SD-3 recorded the highest yield in both the environments and yield was significantly higher than rest of the varieties. After SD-3, turmeric variety PH-24 recorded the second highest dry yield in both environments and it was at par with check PH-2. There was 79 per cent weight loss when fresh rhizomes were processed into dry weight. Average yield reduction of 43% was observed when turmeric grown under four-year-old poplar block plantation as compared to open conditions, the yield reduction varies with varieties. Lowest dry yield was recorded in variety PH-8. The curcumin content increased by 4.95 per cent when turmeric was grown under poplar as compared to the open conditions. The variety PH-42 recorded the highest per cent curcumin content (4.52) and it was significantly higher than rest of the varieties. Though the variety PH-42 was not in the top three high yielding varieties still it produced the highest curcumin yield [163.53 kg ha-1 in open and 95.37 kg ha-1 under poplar]. Although the yield of SD-3 was the highest but the white colour of its rhizomes may not be acceptable for commercial production. Overall, it is better to grow the variety PH-42 to get more curcumin yield and the variety PH-24 to get more dry powder yield.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on seed source variability of Dalbergia sissoo and macro-propagation of Dalbergia latifolia
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gurpinder Singh; Dhillon, G.P.S.
    The present study entitled “Studies on seed source variability of Dalbergia sissoo and macro-propagation of Dalbergia latifolia” was carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab), during the period 2016-18. The study was conducted to observe variations due to seed sources collected from different locations under nursery conditions. Two to three superior trees per location were selected from each of the 15 seed sources. Significant differences among the seed sources and genotypes were observed for pod length, pod width and number of seeds/pod. Significant variations were also observed for various germination indices like germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value and germination value, and various growth characters like shoot length, root length, shoot dry biomass and root dry biomass. The biochemical studies also revealed significant variations among the seed sources for total soluble sugars and total soluble proteins. Superior seed source was identified by using index scores based on different germination and growth characters. Seed source 7 collected from Patiala obtained the highest score, while seed source 3, 11 and 13 from Jodhpur, Nangal and Barnala, respectively obtained the lowest score. In macro-propagation study, the cuttings of Dalbergia latifolia treated with IBA (0 ppm, 2000 ppm, 4000 ppm and 6000 ppm) were planted in mist chamber conditions in three seasons i.e. Dec-Jan, March-April and July-Aug. Non-significant results were obtained for sprouting percentage during all the seasons. No rooting was observed in any treatment.