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ThesisItem Restricted In Vitro Multiplation of Eucalyptus Species(Punjab Agriculture University, 1992) Gill, Rishi Indra Singh; Gill, S. SThesisItem Open Access Studies on the vegetative propagation of paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl.(Department of forestry & N.R College of Agriculture PAU, Ludhiana, 2000) Singh, Paramjit; Dhanda, R. SThesisItem Restricted Bird Community of eucalyptus plantations(Department of forestry & N.R College of Agriculture PAU, Ludhiana, 1994) Rishi, L. B; Sandhu, J. SThesisItem Open Access Effect of poplar-based microclimate on intercultivation of onion(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jyoti Devi; Gill, R.I.S.The present study entitled ‘Effect of poplar-based microclimate on intercultivation of onion’ was carried out at main research area of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2016-2017 and 2017-18. The study was carried out to optimize the planting time of different onion varieties under poplar plantation. An experiment was laid out during three planting times viz. end-December, mid- January and end-January with the four onion varieties viz. Pb-Naroya, PRO-6, PWO-35 and PRSC-10. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with the two environments as main plot, three times of planting as sub-plot and four onion varieties as sub-sub plot. Various growth and yield parameters were recorded for both trees and crops. The onion crop showed positive effect on the tree growth parameters such as tree height, diameter at breast height and crown spread. The average temperature was recorded higher under open conditions as compared to poplar plantation whereas relative humidity was recorded higher under poplar plantation as compared to under open conditions. The average total bulb yield was recorded higher under two-year-old plantation (188 q/ha) as compared to the bulb yield under threeyear- old plantation (175.5 q/ha). The average total bulb yield was recorded higher under open conditions (222.5 q/ha) as compared to poplar plantation (128.5 q/ha). Under open conditions, the mean bulb yield of end-December planted crop (253.1 q/ha) was significantly higher than the mid-January (235.8 q/ha) and end-January (194.5 q/ha) planted crop. Among the varieties, the mean bulb yield was found maximum in PWO-35 (259.5 q/ha) which was followed by Pb-Naroya (235.8 q/ha), PRO-6 (223.6 q/ha) and PRSC-10 (192.4 q/ha). Under poplar plantation parameters viz. number of leaves, plant height, weight of plant before and after curing, average fresh bulb weight, dry matter content and TSS content was recorded maximum in the end-December planted crop which was followed by mid-January and end- January planted crop. Among the varieties, PWO-35 variety performed much better than the other three varieties. Overall, the best combination of planting time and variety in the present study was observed to be end-December planting time and PWO-35 variety.ThesisItem Open Access Growth and biomass production of different Eucalyptus species on riverine soils of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harmandeep Singh; Garg, Rakesh KumarA field experiment entitled “Growth and biomass production of different Eucalyptus species on riverine soils of Punjab” was conducted at University Seed Farm of Punjab Agricultural University Ladhowal, Ludhiana during 2016-17. Five different species of Eucalyptus were studied to compare the growth and biomass production and to investigate the changes in soil physico-chemical properties after one year of harvesting of trees under riverine soils of Punjab. Different parameters for tree growth (tree height, collar diameter, DBH, canopy spread) and tree biomass (fresh stem weight, fresh branch weight, fresh leaf weight and bark biomass) were recorded. Soil parameters (soil pH, EC, soil organic carbon, bulk density, available N, P and K) were also observed. Results of the present study clearly indicated that the tree growth and biomass of clone was maximum in Eucalyptus 288 clone as compared to other four Eucalyptus species. Soil physico-chemical properties were better under tree plantation having organic matter in the form of litter fall as compared to the soil one year after harvesting of plantation. Soil pH, electric conductivity, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased after one year of harvesting.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of poplar canopy management on flower production in marigold(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jagjot SinghPopulus deltoides being a fast growing tree species attains a crown closure within 2-3 years and crown size increases with advancement in the age. The crown plays an important role in changing the microclimatic conditions such as humidity, temperature, light intensity, PAR etc. which influences the physiological processes of the intercrops. To regulate the shade, it is essential to prune the trees to minimize the competition for light between trees and intercrops. In this study marigold was intercropped under poplar with different pruning treatments (50%, 75% and lateral pruning each with topping and no topping) and compared with control. Results showed that PAR and Light intensity decreased under poplar canopyand was observed maximum in the open (control). Temperature was highest in open and lowest under the canopy, while relative humidity was more under the canopy than in open. Maximum growth of marigold plant was observed in open, while among pruning treatments it was maximum under 75% pruning with topping. Fresh flower yield was significantly higher in open grown crop. Among the treatments fresh flower yield was highest in 75% pruning with topping (60.78% less as compared to open) and was decreasing with the decrease in pruning intensity. Pruning treatments have significant effect on the diameter at breast height in poplar. Maximum increment in DBH was recorded in 50% pruning with topping (2.62 cm) as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on variabilities and propagation techniques of Toona ciliata M. Roem under Punjab conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Deepanjli; Dhillon, G. P. S.Toona ciliata is an important timber yielding and agroforestry tree species, occurs extensively on farmlands throughout India. With the objective to determine extent and nature of variations in seed and seedling growth traits, thirty six phenotypically superior genotypes were identified from twelve different locations across Punjab and Himachal Pradesh following the baseline method. The tree characteristics used were tree height, clear bole height and girth with the mean of 13.20 m, 3.79 m and 94.54 cm respectively. Seed sources viz., S1 (Talwara), S2 (Kamahi Devi) and S6 (Chabutra) exhibited higher values for tree characteristics. Seeds were collected from each plus tree and progenies were raised and evaluated for growth and biomass traits under nursery conditions, department of Forestry & Natural Resources, PAU, Ludhiana. Considerable variations were observed in seed length (1.20-1.56 cm), 100 seed weight (704.63-846.62 mg), germination percent (27.00 -67.25 %), survival percent (62.50-87.97 %), seedling height (8.69-28.65 cm), number of leaves (27.4266.25), dry shoot weight (0.99-1.93 g) and dry root weight (0.58-1.67 g) among seed sources. Progenies obtained from seed sources S1 (Talwara), S2 (Kamahi Devi), and S3 (Ludhiana) exhibited outstanding performance for growth and biomass traits. Simple correlation coefficient among seed traits, germination behaviour, growth and biomass traits of progenies was also estimated. The correlation matrix revealed that highly significant and positive correlation exists between seed weight and germination percent, germination percent and survival percent, seedling height and collar diameter, seedling height and dry shoot weight, therefore improvement in one trait is bound to make positive response in the correlated trait. The higher estimates of genotypic coefficient of variability, phenotypic coefficient of variability and heritability (broad sense) were found for seed traits suggesting additive gene control in the inheritance of these traits. The genotypes G1 and G7 were outstanding in respect of most of the growth and biomass traits and can be used as the genetic stock for the production of quality planting material on large scale for afforestation and reforestation programmes. Results suggest that T3 (cold water treatment for 48 hrs) and T5 (hot water treatment for 48 hrs) are effective treatments to break the seed dormancy and enhance the seed germination in this species.ThesisItem Open Access Studying adaptability of Eucalypts clones to water logged and effluent irrigated environments(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Dhillon, Parmeet Singh; Dhillon, G.P.S.The present study entitled ‘Studying adaptability of Eucalypts clones to water logged and effluent irrigated environments’ was carried out at different locations during 2016 to 2018. Nine Eucalyptus clones were studied under effluent irrigated conditions. Survival varied from 95 to 100 per cent and differences among clones were non-significant. Clone C-413 was observed as most promising clone regarding mean height. In terms of DBH, PE-5 attained the highest and PE-8 got the lowest rank. In the second experiment, eight clones were studied under three different soil types. Out of three soil types- S1 (Normal soil), S2 (Salt affected soil) and S3 (Mixed soil), all the clonal plants raised in S1 soil registered maximum plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves and branches. Significantly lowest values were found under S2 (Salt affected soil). Significant differences among clones were observed for all growth traits recorded at various ages. Clone PE-11 showed the maximum plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves; clones C-405 and PE-11 recorded significantly higher values in terms of number of branches. S1 (Normal soil) showed the maximum values for dry shoot and root biomass. Under salt affected conditions, the relative ranking of Eucalyptus clones for stem biomass were PE-11> C-2169 >P-27> P-23> C- 405 > C-2135 > P- 48> C-2013. The third experiment had two clones viz. PE-1 and C-413, were studied under two water table depths (30 cm and 60 cm). The differences between the clones as well as between the water table depths were found to be significant. At 60 cm water table depth, the height and collar diameter were significantly higher. The performance of clone C-413 was found significantly superior to PE-1 in terms of mean height. With respect to collar diameter, non-significant differences were found between the clones. The present study revealed huge variation in Eucalyptus clones for various abiotic stresses.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of microbial consortium (Bio-fertilizer) on growth and nutrient uptake of Poplar clones in nursery(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gurinder Singh; Avtar SinghThe present study “Effect of microbial consortium (Biofertilizer) on growth and nutrient uptake by poplar clones in nursery” was conducted in teaching area, Department of Forestry and Natural resources, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2015-2016. The influence of different doses of microbial consortium (biofertilizer) addition to nine different poplar clones in nursery on growth and nutrient uptake was studied. In present study different doses of biofertilizers showed the significant variation for collar diameter, leaf area, biomass accumulation, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration (%) except plant height and also revealed significant differences for accumulation of N, P and K. Study also revealed that the interaction between different doses of biofertilizers and clones shows the significant results for collar diameter, leaf area, plant height, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration(%) except in plant biomass. The application of microbial consortium (biofertilizers) increases the growth parameters, and nutrient uptake in plants. Application of microbial consortium resulted in enhanced growth for most of the characters and can be applied as alternative to chemical fertilizer for enhanced growth and better nutrient uptake in Populus deltoides plants.