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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of poplar-based microclimate on intercultivation of onion(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jyoti Devi; Gill, R.I.S.The present study entitled ‘Effect of poplar-based microclimate on intercultivation of onion’ was carried out at main research area of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2016-2017 and 2017-18. The study was carried out to optimize the planting time of different onion varieties under poplar plantation. An experiment was laid out during three planting times viz. end-December, mid- January and end-January with the four onion varieties viz. Pb-Naroya, PRO-6, PWO-35 and PRSC-10. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with the two environments as main plot, three times of planting as sub-plot and four onion varieties as sub-sub plot. Various growth and yield parameters were recorded for both trees and crops. The onion crop showed positive effect on the tree growth parameters such as tree height, diameter at breast height and crown spread. The average temperature was recorded higher under open conditions as compared to poplar plantation whereas relative humidity was recorded higher under poplar plantation as compared to under open conditions. The average total bulb yield was recorded higher under two-year-old plantation (188 q/ha) as compared to the bulb yield under threeyear- old plantation (175.5 q/ha). The average total bulb yield was recorded higher under open conditions (222.5 q/ha) as compared to poplar plantation (128.5 q/ha). Under open conditions, the mean bulb yield of end-December planted crop (253.1 q/ha) was significantly higher than the mid-January (235.8 q/ha) and end-January (194.5 q/ha) planted crop. Among the varieties, the mean bulb yield was found maximum in PWO-35 (259.5 q/ha) which was followed by Pb-Naroya (235.8 q/ha), PRO-6 (223.6 q/ha) and PRSC-10 (192.4 q/ha). Under poplar plantation parameters viz. number of leaves, plant height, weight of plant before and after curing, average fresh bulb weight, dry matter content and TSS content was recorded maximum in the end-December planted crop which was followed by mid-January and end- January planted crop. Among the varieties, PWO-35 variety performed much better than the other three varieties. Overall, the best combination of planting time and variety in the present study was observed to be end-December planting time and PWO-35 variety.ThesisItem Open Access Growth and biomass production of different Eucalyptus species on riverine soils of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harmandeep Singh; Garg, Rakesh KumarA field experiment entitled “Growth and biomass production of different Eucalyptus species on riverine soils of Punjab” was conducted at University Seed Farm of Punjab Agricultural University Ladhowal, Ludhiana during 2016-17. Five different species of Eucalyptus were studied to compare the growth and biomass production and to investigate the changes in soil physico-chemical properties after one year of harvesting of trees under riverine soils of Punjab. Different parameters for tree growth (tree height, collar diameter, DBH, canopy spread) and tree biomass (fresh stem weight, fresh branch weight, fresh leaf weight and bark biomass) were recorded. Soil parameters (soil pH, EC, soil organic carbon, bulk density, available N, P and K) were also observed. Results of the present study clearly indicated that the tree growth and biomass of clone was maximum in Eucalyptus 288 clone as compared to other four Eucalyptus species. Soil physico-chemical properties were better under tree plantation having organic matter in the form of litter fall as compared to the soil one year after harvesting of plantation. Soil pH, electric conductivity, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased after one year of harvesting.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of poplar canopy management on flower production in marigold(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jagjot SinghPopulus deltoides being a fast growing tree species attains a crown closure within 2-3 years and crown size increases with advancement in the age. The crown plays an important role in changing the microclimatic conditions such as humidity, temperature, light intensity, PAR etc. which influences the physiological processes of the intercrops. To regulate the shade, it is essential to prune the trees to minimize the competition for light between trees and intercrops. In this study marigold was intercropped under poplar with different pruning treatments (50%, 75% and lateral pruning each with topping and no topping) and compared with control. Results showed that PAR and Light intensity decreased under poplar canopyand was observed maximum in the open (control). Temperature was highest in open and lowest under the canopy, while relative humidity was more under the canopy than in open. Maximum growth of marigold plant was observed in open, while among pruning treatments it was maximum under 75% pruning with topping. Fresh flower yield was significantly higher in open grown crop. Among the treatments fresh flower yield was highest in 75% pruning with topping (60.78% less as compared to open) and was decreasing with the decrease in pruning intensity. Pruning treatments have significant effect on the diameter at breast height in poplar. Maximum increment in DBH was recorded in 50% pruning with topping (2.62 cm) as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on variabilities and propagation techniques of Toona ciliata M. Roem under Punjab conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Deepanjli; Dhillon, G. P. S.Toona ciliata is an important timber yielding and agroforestry tree species, occurs extensively on farmlands throughout India. With the objective to determine extent and nature of variations in seed and seedling growth traits, thirty six phenotypically superior genotypes were identified from twelve different locations across Punjab and Himachal Pradesh following the baseline method. The tree characteristics used were tree height, clear bole height and girth with the mean of 13.20 m, 3.79 m and 94.54 cm respectively. Seed sources viz., S1 (Talwara), S2 (Kamahi Devi) and S6 (Chabutra) exhibited higher values for tree characteristics. Seeds were collected from each plus tree and progenies were raised and evaluated for growth and biomass traits under nursery conditions, department of Forestry & Natural Resources, PAU, Ludhiana. Considerable variations were observed in seed length (1.20-1.56 cm), 100 seed weight (704.63-846.62 mg), germination percent (27.00 -67.25 %), survival percent (62.50-87.97 %), seedling height (8.69-28.65 cm), number of leaves (27.4266.25), dry shoot weight (0.99-1.93 g) and dry root weight (0.58-1.67 g) among seed sources. Progenies obtained from seed sources S1 (Talwara), S2 (Kamahi Devi), and S3 (Ludhiana) exhibited outstanding performance for growth and biomass traits. Simple correlation coefficient among seed traits, germination behaviour, growth and biomass traits of progenies was also estimated. The correlation matrix revealed that highly significant and positive correlation exists between seed weight and germination percent, germination percent and survival percent, seedling height and collar diameter, seedling height and dry shoot weight, therefore improvement in one trait is bound to make positive response in the correlated trait. The higher estimates of genotypic coefficient of variability, phenotypic coefficient of variability and heritability (broad sense) were found for seed traits suggesting additive gene control in the inheritance of these traits. The genotypes G1 and G7 were outstanding in respect of most of the growth and biomass traits and can be used as the genetic stock for the production of quality planting material on large scale for afforestation and reforestation programmes. Results suggest that T3 (cold water treatment for 48 hrs) and T5 (hot water treatment for 48 hrs) are effective treatments to break the seed dormancy and enhance the seed germination in this species.ThesisItem Open Access Studying adaptability of Eucalypts clones to water logged and effluent irrigated environments(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Dhillon, Parmeet Singh; Dhillon, G.P.S.The present study entitled ‘Studying adaptability of Eucalypts clones to water logged and effluent irrigated environments’ was carried out at different locations during 2016 to 2018. Nine Eucalyptus clones were studied under effluent irrigated conditions. Survival varied from 95 to 100 per cent and differences among clones were non-significant. Clone C-413 was observed as most promising clone regarding mean height. In terms of DBH, PE-5 attained the highest and PE-8 got the lowest rank. In the second experiment, eight clones were studied under three different soil types. Out of three soil types- S1 (Normal soil), S2 (Salt affected soil) and S3 (Mixed soil), all the clonal plants raised in S1 soil registered maximum plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves and branches. Significantly lowest values were found under S2 (Salt affected soil). Significant differences among clones were observed for all growth traits recorded at various ages. Clone PE-11 showed the maximum plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves; clones C-405 and PE-11 recorded significantly higher values in terms of number of branches. S1 (Normal soil) showed the maximum values for dry shoot and root biomass. Under salt affected conditions, the relative ranking of Eucalyptus clones for stem biomass were PE-11> C-2169 >P-27> P-23> C- 405 > C-2135 > P- 48> C-2013. The third experiment had two clones viz. PE-1 and C-413, were studied under two water table depths (30 cm and 60 cm). The differences between the clones as well as between the water table depths were found to be significant. At 60 cm water table depth, the height and collar diameter were significantly higher. The performance of clone C-413 was found significantly superior to PE-1 in terms of mean height. With respect to collar diameter, non-significant differences were found between the clones. The present study revealed huge variation in Eucalyptus clones for various abiotic stresses.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of microbial consortium (Bio-fertilizer) on growth and nutrient uptake of Poplar clones in nursery(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gurinder Singh; Avtar SinghThe present study “Effect of microbial consortium (Biofertilizer) on growth and nutrient uptake by poplar clones in nursery” was conducted in teaching area, Department of Forestry and Natural resources, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2015-2016. The influence of different doses of microbial consortium (biofertilizer) addition to nine different poplar clones in nursery on growth and nutrient uptake was studied. In present study different doses of biofertilizers showed the significant variation for collar diameter, leaf area, biomass accumulation, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration (%) except plant height and also revealed significant differences for accumulation of N, P and K. Study also revealed that the interaction between different doses of biofertilizers and clones shows the significant results for collar diameter, leaf area, plant height, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration(%) except in plant biomass. The application of microbial consortium (biofertilizers) increases the growth parameters, and nutrient uptake in plants. Application of microbial consortium resulted in enhanced growth for most of the characters and can be applied as alternative to chemical fertilizer for enhanced growth and better nutrient uptake in Populus deltoides plants.ThesisItem Open Access Growth and biomass production in different bamboo species in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jasveer Singh; Sharma, RajniThe present study was carried out at University Seed Farm Ladhowal, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, Punjab during 2015-16. Different bamboo species viz., Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa nutans, Bambusa tulda, Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were selected and culms of these species were collected from FRI Dehradun. Different growth parameters viz., plant height (m), clump diameter (cm), number of culms per clump, culm diameter (cm) and inter-node length (cm), and biomass parameter viz., culms fresh weight and culms dry weight (t/ha), and quality parameters viz., hollowness (cm), fiber length (µm) and specific gravity were recorded during study period. Bambusa nutans was found best for clump diameter, culm diameter and inter-node length, whereas, Bambusa bambus for clump height and Bambusa balcooa for number of culms per clump. The highest biomass production was recorded in Bambusa nutans and the lowest in Bambusa balcooa. The Bambusa balcooa was found best for hollowness characters. This revealed that elasticity was best in Bambusa balcooa. Maximum fibre length was recorded in Dandrocalamus strictus that is good for pulp, whereas, specific gravity was highest in Bambusa tulda.ThesisItem Open Access Developing prediction models for biomass components of Tectona grandis L.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Anmoldeep Singh; Saralch, Harmeet SinghThe present investigation entitled ‘DEVELOPING PREDICTION MODELS FOR BIOMASS COMPONENTS OF Tectona grandis L’ was carried out at the University Seed Farm, Ladhowal, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during the year 2015-16. Tectona grandis belonging to family Verbenaceae is widely distributed and economically important species for timber and furniture. Species is being planted at many places in Punjab and many farmers are showing interest in the species. Keeping in view of its encouraging response under Punjab conditions, so for no biomass prediction models/equations are available to ascertain the growing stock, which will be a usually handy tool to know the biomass. The proposed study was a step formed in this direction. Among many models developed by using different tree growth parameters [Height (H), girth at breast height (GBH) and GBH2×H)], the best fit equations were found with Linear and exponential regression functions using GBH and GBH2×H parameters as independent factor with various dependent factors [total green and dry biomass (TGB & TDB), total above and below ground green (AGB & BGB) and dry biomass (ADB & BDB)]. Among developed models, the logarithm function i.e. TGB = 240.794ln GBH - 668.336 and quadratic equation TGB = 0.029GBH2+7.853GBH-53.814 with approximately the same Adj. R2 0.94 and 0.92, respectively were found best fit lines to predict total green and dry biomass of tree. Similarly, for above ground green and dry biomass, logarithm function AGB=204.418lnGBH591.945 with Adj. R2 value of 0.94 and quadratic function AGB = -0.001GBH2H+5.195GBH26.301 with Adj. R2 value of 0.93 both were found best fit to predict above ground biomass and for below dry ground green and biomass prediction. The power function BFB = 3.257GBH(0.714) with maximum Adj. R2 value of 0.71 followed by exponential function BFB = 29.668e(0.011GBH) with Adj. R2 value of 0.67 and logarithm function BFB = 43.243lnGBH-112.919 with minimum Adj. R2 value of 0.66 were significantly found best fit. Even the regression coefficient of the logarithm and quadratic function were very high but in validation these models shows less reliability in prediction for higher and lower GBH class components so we give preference to linear and exponential functions due to there more compatibility with all components in all GBH classes. Biomass expansion factor (BEF) showed decreasing trend as the range of the girth classes increased. For different GBH classes, the values of BEF ranged from 1.61 to 1.24 and with increase in girth class.ThesisItem Open Access Developing prediction models for biomass components of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Krishan Kumar; Gill, R.I.S.The present investigation entitled DEVELOPING PREDICTION MODELS FOR BIOMASS COMPONENTS OF Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) was carried out at the University Seed Farm, Ladhowal, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, during the year 2015-16. Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) belongs to family Verbenaceae is a moderately fast growing, most widely distributed and economically important species for timber, fuel and pulp production. It has been introduced recently in Punjab and showing encouraging results but no biomass prediction models/equations are available to ascertain its growing stock, which usually is a handy tool to know the biomass. The proposed study was a step taken in this direction. The best fit equations were found with polynomial regression functions using DBH and DBH2*H parameters as independent factor with dependent factors as total green and dry biomass (TGB & TDB), total above and below ground green (AGB & BGB) and dry biomass (ADB & BDB). The polynomial models TGB (9558.813 DBH2 - 864.442 DBH – 57.263) and TDB (4108.320 DBH2 + 127.773 DBH + 6.375) with maximum Adj. R2 value of 0.986 and 0.973, respectively were found best fit lines to predict total green and dry biomass. Similarly for above-ground green and dry biomass the polynomial functions AGB = 7400.147 DBH2 494.264 DBH + 24.284 and ADB = -23.509 (DBH2×H)2 + 241.634 DBH2×H+ 0.571 with maximum Adj. R2 of 0.984 and 0.972 respectively were found best fit and for below-ground green and dry biomass prediction, polynomial function BFB = 2298.654 DBH2 - 427.945 DBH + 36.369 and BDB = 1187.836 DBH2 – 230.039 DBH + 20.127 with maximum Adj. R2 value of 0.952 and 0.951, respectively were found best fit. Although the regression coefficient of the linear and polynomial function was very high but in validation these models show less reliability in prediction for higher and lower DBH class components so preference was given to power functions due to there more compatibility with all components in all DBH classes. Biomass expansion factor (BEF) showed decreasing trend as the range of the girth classes increased. For different GBH classes, the values of BEF ranged from 1.36 to 1.17 and with increase in girth class, the low BEF indicated that the proportion of the stem in comparison to other parameters increased in total tree biomass.