Loading...
Thesis
Browse
16 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Restricted Exploring chrysanthemum genotypes (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) to overcome pre-fertilization barriers for improvement of self and cross compatibility traits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2024) Shaik Rehana; Madhu BalaThe present investigations entitled “Exploring chrysanthemum genotypes (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) to overcome pre-fertilization barriers for improvement of self and cross compatibility traits” were undertaken at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana during 2020-2023. In the present study, twenty chrysanthemum genotypes were evaluated for various morphological attributes, among which Punjab Shyamli (cut flower), Punjab Shingar (loose flower), Gul-e-Sahir, Haldi Ghati and Punjab Mohini (pot culture) were identified as promising genotypes. The same genotypes were explored for self-incompatibility traits through selfing and further categorized as self-compatible (SC: 4 genotypes), partially self-compatible (PSC: 9 genotypes) and self-incompatible (SI: 7 genotypes). Various pre-fertilization barriers i.e., low pollen germination, inhibition of pollen tube growth on stigma and degeneration of embryo sac were identified as potential causes of failure of autogamy. Cross-compatibility was also assessed by evaluating the reproductive traits following crossing in ten genotypes and found that, all the genotypes were cross compatible. The SI (7) and PSC (9) genotypes identified from experiment-1 were subjected to various special pollination techniques i.e., early bud pollination, delayed pollination, GA3 @ 50 mg L-1, mentor pollination and gamma irradiation (100 Gy for 15 seconds) and the best results were achieved with the mentor pollination technique in various SI and PSC genotypes. Furthermore, a segregating population of fifteen selfed and twenty crossed F1 progenies was raised from the seeds obtained in experiments1 and 2 which were evaluated for various morphological and reproductive traits. From the F1 population, three superior hybrids viz., S₁₀P₁ (Himanshu selfed), C₁P₁ (Gul-e-Sahir x Gauri) and C₂P₁ (Reagan Emperor x Himanshu) were identified and forwarded for further improvement.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of year-round planting on growth, flowering, seed production and Alternaria blight disease progression in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Punjab Gainda No 1(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Rakesh Kumar; Ranjit SinghThe present investigations entitled “Effect of year-round planting on growth, flowering, seed production and Alternaria blight disease progression in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Punjab Gainda No 1” were undertaken at research farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2021-23. In this study, three different experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of year-round transplanting on growth, flower, seed production and Alternaria blight disease progression. The seeds were sown on raised nursery beds during each month starting from January throughout the year. The seedlings were transplanted to the main field every month when they have achieved the transplantable height. Morphological parameters viz., plant height, plant spread, number of primary and secondary branches, bud diameter and bud length and yield traits: number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, weight of flower and flower yield per plant, chlorophyll spad value, number of seeds per flower and seed yield per plant were recorded highest in when crop was transplanted on 15th August followed by 15th July while maximum carotenoid content in flower was recorded when transplanting was done on 15th July. However, days taken for bud appearance, days taken for color break stage, number of days taken for full flower opening and days to seed harvesting were recorded earlier in crop transplanted on 15th October followed by 15th September. Seed quality parameters viz., 1000 seed weight, germination percentage, seedling vigour index -I and II, electrical conductivity, membrane leakage, dehydrogenase activity, total soluble sugars, total starch content, total soluble proteins, total free amino acids, amylase activity were obtained higher in seedlings transplanted on 15th August followed by 15th July. In third experiment disease incidence and severity both parameters were recorded higher in percent on 15th October transplanting and maximum area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and higher apparent infection rate were also recorded when transplanting was done on 15th October followed by 15th September.ThesisItem Restricted Combining ability and heterosis studies in a diallel cross of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Bolagam Ravikumar; Dhatt, K. K.The current investigation entitled "Combining ability and heterosis studies in a diallel cross of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)" was investigated at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2019 to 2022. Six inbred lines of periwinkle namely P1 (Vi-15-1), P2 (Vi-13-2), P3 (Vi-16), P4 (Vi-15-2), P5 (Vi-29) and P6 (Vi-14-3) were crossed in full-diallel fashion with an objective of identifying superior cross-combinations for high specific combining ability and qualitative traits and determine the inheritance of flower colour and size. The six inbred lines and their thirty cross combinations were evaluated for plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, internode length, corolla tube length, days to flowering, duration of flowering, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, follicle length and number of seeds per follicle in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. Analysis of variance was highly significant for all the vegetative and flowering characters indicating presence of genetic variability in the genotypes. The analysis of variance for combining ability was highly significant for growth and flowering characters indicated presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions. The parents P5 (Vi-29) and P1 (Vi-15-1) were recorded preferable GCA effects for most of the traits. These were considered as good general combiners for crossing programmes. The cross combination of Vi-13-2 × Vi-29 had significant positive maximum SCA effects for plant height, plant spread and number of primary branches per plant. The follicle length and number of seeds per follicle were recorded highly significant positive SCA values in the combination of Vi-29 × Vi-14-3. The high significant positive reciprocal effects were recorded for plant height, leaf breadth, number of flowers per plant and number of seeds for follicle in the cross combination of Vi-14-3 × Vi-29. The plant spread, duration of flowering and corolla tube length were shown high significant positive reciprocal results in cross combination of Vi-14-3 × Vi-13-2. The highly significant positive heterobeltiosis was present in the progenies of Vi-29 × Vi-14-3, Vi-13-2 × Vi-29 and Vi-15-1 × Vi-14-3 for most of the studied traits. High to moderate values for phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were shown for majority of the studied characters, recapitulate the presence of variability. The range of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations among the parental lines was 5.35-34.41% and 3.96-34.02%, respectively. The PCV and GCV was 4.14-25.49% and 4.01-24.94% for the cross combinations, respectively. The heritability varied from 46.74-97.77% and 50.62-98.73% for the parental lines and cross combinations, respectively. It indicated that the traits were highly heritable to following generations. The average genetic advance as per cent mean was observed as 8.00-50.21% and 6.03-69.29% among the inbred lines and cross combinations, respectively. The flower colour and size were segregated with 3:1 (monohybrid), 9:3:4 (supplementary gene action), 9:6:1 (polymeric gene action) and 9:3:3:1 (typical dihybrid) in F2 generation of fifteen selected crosses from diallel crosses.ThesisItem Embargo Salt stress induced morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in ornamental tree species(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nagar, Kamal Kishor; Dubey, R. K.The present investigations entitled “Salt stress induced morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in ornamental tree species” were undertaken at Landscape Nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 202022 to screen salinity tolerant ornamental tree species for green of salt affected land. One year old seedlings of fifteen tree species were grown in 10” earthen pots containing soil: FYM (2:1) during first week of February 2020. After one month of transplanting, different concentrations of NaCl viz., 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM were given with irrigation water from March 2020 to January 2022. All the parameters were recorded at four-month interval. The salt treatments significantly (p<0.05) affected the morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters of ornamental tree species. On the basis of investigations, the tree species were categorized as salt tolerant and salt sensitive. Salt tolerant trees include Delonix regia, Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia fistula, Pongamia pinnata, Plumeria alba, Mimuspos elengi, Butea monosperma, Callistemon lanceolatus and Erythrina variegata whereas, salt sensitive include Jacaranda mimosifolia, Bauhinia purpurea, Koelreutaria paniculata, Millettia ovalifolia, Lagerstromia speciosa and Putranjiva roxburghii. The growth parameters slightly increased or maintained in tolerant trees, whereas in salt sensitive trees, growth parameters decreased with an increase in salt concentration during January 2021 and January 2022. The maximum per cent increase in number of branches (19.02%), survival percent (94.36%), reducing sugar (16.94%) at the concentration of (100 mM NaCl) and upper epidermis thickness (45 µm), palisade thickness (128.05 µm), lower epidermis thickness (42 µm), palisade cell length (70.23 µm), palisade cell diameter (32 µm), intercellular space (16.4%) was recorded in C. Lanceolatus at 200 mM NaCl, whereas, during May 2020 to January 2022, minimum per cent decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves (26.50%), fresh and dry weight of root (26.78 %) and fresh and dry weight of stem (11.54%), was also observed in the same species at 200 mM NaCl. During May 2020 to January 2022, the maximum per cent increase plant height (21.23%), lea area (20.94%), phenol (33.33%) and carotenoid (8.91%) was recorded in E. variegata. In C. fistula tree species maximum percent increase number of leaves (10.23%), plant spread (6.36%), protein (8.33%) and starch (17.33%) at the concentration of 50 mM NaCl. RLWC (5.28 %) and proline (12%) was found in P. alba at 200 mM NaCl. The maximum total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proteins, RLWC, starch, reducing sugar and minimum proline and soluble sugars was observed during rainy season. Osmolyte concentration was more during January. As the level of NaCl in soil increased, EC also increased. It is difficult to maintain the EC during rainy season as due to dilution effect as well as leaching of salts, consequently resulted in reduced level of EC. On the basis of morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters during the 1st and 2nd year of the experiment, tree species were classified as salt tolerant and susceptible. From these, plants highly salt tolerant and the salt susceptible tree species were planted at PAU regional research station, Bathinda. The maximum increase in plant height (4.08 m) in C. fistula, Number of branches per plant (12.0) C. lanceolatus, Stem girth (150.17 mm) A. auriculiformis, Plant spread (1.92 m) C. lanceolatus and survival percentage (100 %) in C. lanceolatus, Pongamia pinnata and C. fistula was observed in saline water irrigated tree species.ThesisItem Restricted Development of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for loose flower with photo and thermo-insensitivity through inter-varietal crosses(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Brar, Poonamjeet Kaur; Bala, MadhuThe present investigations entitled “Development of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for loose flower with photo and thermo-insensitivity through inter-varietal crosses” were undertaken at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping and Department of Plant Breeding, PAU, Ludhiana, during the year 2019 to 2022. The study consisted of inter-varietal crossing for development of new hybrids for loose flower production with thermo and photo insensitivity and to determine the self incompatibility analysis in chrysanthemum. In first experiment, five cultivars of chrysanthemum namely Punjab Shingar, Ratlam Selection, Punjab Gold, Gul-e-Sahir and Yellow Delight were selected and six crosses were made. From six crosses total 35 hybrids were obtained and all showed setting of seeds after crossing. Hybrid seedlings along with parentage population were evaluated for morphological and flowering characters. The highest number of seeds per flower head (8.00) were found in cross between Punjab Shingar x Punjab Gold, highest seed germination percentage i.e. 40.00 % and seedling vigour of (48.00) was recorded in cross between Punjab Shingar x Gul-e-Sahir. In second experiment, the hybrids developed were evaluated for morphological and flowering parameters and wide variations with regard to flower shape, size and other growth characters were recorded. In self incompatibility analysis, artificial and natural self-pollinations were performed and pollen germination along with pollen tube growth was analyzed. Among 25 varieties, only 9 cultivars set seed in natural selfing and 12 set seed in artificial selfing that indicated the self compatibility of varieties. Pollen tube growth was also observed in 12 varieties showing their self compatibility. The incompatible varieties can be further used for improvement of breeding programmes.ThesisItem Restricted Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Maninderpal Singh; Dhatt, K. K.The current experiment entitled "Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.)" was conducted at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2018 to 2020. Eight inbred lines of periwinkle viz. P1 (Vi-15-1-3-4), P2 (Vi-24-2-3-5), P3 (Vi-81-3-2-2), P4 (Vi-63-4-6-7), P5 (Vi-15-2-6-5), P6 (Vi-14-3-7-6), P7 (Vi-14-9-6-5) and P8 (Vi-13-2-3-1) were crossed in half diallel fashion (excluding reciprocals) with an objective of identifying the lines with high general and crosses with high specific combining ability, to assess the gene action and to estimate the extent of heterosis for growth and flowering characteristics. The eight parental lines along with their twenty eight F1 hybrids were evaluated in Randomized Block Design having three replications. The observations recorded on plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, leaf width, leaf length, petiole length, internodal length, days to flowering, flowering duration, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, corolla tube length and follicle length revealed highly significant results; indicating the presence of sufficient variability. The results for the analysis of variance for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were also found to be highly significant for different growth and flowering characters which indicated the presence of both additive and non additive gene action. Based on GCA effects, the parents P5 and P8 were regarded as best general combiners for most of the traits and may be used in breeding programme for population improvement in desirable direction. Studies on specific combining ability of the crosses indicated that the cross combinations P12, P15, P17, P18, P25, P28, P35, P38, P45 and P46 were having superior results for most of the characters studied. The variances due to GCA were higher for plant height, leaf width, petiole length, days to flowering and corolla tube length, suggesting the control by additive gene action and selection can be useful in their improvement. While, the estimates of SCA variances were higher for plant spread, number of branches per plant, leaf length, internodal length, flowering duration, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter and follicle length; indicating the presence of non-additive gene action in the expression of these traits and heterosis breeding can be employed for their improvement. Heterosis studies revealed that majority of the hybrids exhibited better and mid-parental heterosis in desired direction for most of the characters studied. The crosses viz. P12, P17, P18, P28, P36, P38, P46 and P78 recorded significant heterobeltiosis for various characters. High to moderate estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for majority of the traits studied, reiterating the presence of variability. The PCV showed a range of variation from 5.36% to 30.73%; while the GCV varied from 5.21% to 26.22%. The heritability estimates had a range of 56.08 to 94.57% in the broad sense and all the characters were having high or moderate values, showing that the characters were highly heritable to the next generations. Genetic advance as percent of mean ranged from 10.44 to 46.09 percent. Moderate to high heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, petiole length, internodal length, number of flowers per plant, and follicle length which indicated the control by additive gene action and selection can be used. For internodal length, days to flowering and flowering duration the occurrence of moderate heritability along with moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean suggested that these traits were controlled by both additive and non-additive gene actions; while flower diameter and corolla tube length had high heritability along with moderate advance suggesting that these were controlled by non-additive gene action, so these can be improved by using heterosis breeding. The correlation coefficients exhibited positive association of number of flowers per plant with plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, flowering duration, and days to flowering; both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. As per the path analysis, the selections based on flowering duration, plant spread and days to flowering will improve the number of flowers per plant significantly through direct and indirect selection. The result of analysis of variance for F2 generation revealed highly significant mean sum of squares for all the vegetative and flowering traits among various genotypes. High to moderate heritability was observed for most of the parameters in F2 generation, while varying from 24.40 to 91.96%. Genetic advance as per cent of mean varied from 3.71 to 25.10%. The estimation of correlation and path analysis revealed that number of flowers per plant was associated with plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, flowering duration and days to flowering.ThesisItem Restricted Induced mutagenesis using physical and chemical mutagens in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Anuradha; Parminder SinghThe present investigations entitled “Induced mutagenesis using physical and chemical mutagens in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)” were undertaken at Research farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2018-2020. In this study, experiments were conducted to standardize dose of physical mutagen (gamma radiations) and chemical mutagen (EMS) for induction of mutations in M1 and M2 generations. Different doses of gamma rays used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 Gy and different concentration of EMS were 0, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6% to treat marigold seeds of variety „Punjab Gainda No.1‟. The optimum dose of LD50 for marigold was been worked out as 166.50 Gy for gamma rays and 0.49 % for EMS concentration by probit analysis of survival percentage. The seeds treated with gamma rays resulted in decrease in germination percentage, survival percentage, field survival percentage, plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, number of flowers per plant, flower size, ray floret length and width, fresh weight and dry weight of flower and number of seeds per flower with increase in dose of gamma rays while the lower dose of gamma rays at 50 Gy has stimulating effect on plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, flower size, ray floret length, ray floret width, fresh weight of flower, dry weight of flower and number of seeds per flower. The treatment with EMS resulted in decrease in germination percentage, survival percentage, field survival percentage, plant height, plant spread, number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, number of flowers per plant, flower size, ray floret length and width, fresh weight and dry weight of flower and number of seeds with increase in concentration of EMS. Parameters such as leaf abnormalities percentage, floral abnormalities percentage, morphological abnormal plant percentage, days to bud appearance, days to first flower, days to 50% flowering and days to full bloom and flowering duration increased with increase in gamma ray doses and EMS at highest doses in experiment. Visible variations were induced by treatment with both mutagens with respect to change in height, plant stature, variations in leaves from colour to shape of leaves, leaf variegations with EMS, variations in floral colours from yellow-orange to yellow color, flower shape and size of disc and ray florets. One sectorial chimera with different shades from orange to yellow-orange colour in one flower was also observed at 0.5% EMS dose.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on genetic diversity in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) through hybridization, cytological and molecular approaches for commercial traits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Anu Bala; Madhu BalaThe present investigations entitled “Studies on genetic diversity in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) through hybridization, cytological and molecular approaches for commercial traits” were undertaken at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics and Fruit Molecular Biotechnology Lab in School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2016-19. The study consisted of genetic diversity analysis of diverse genotypes of chrysanthemum through cytological, molecular studies and hybridization for commercial traits. Thirty chrysanthemum genotypes were selected from chrysanthemum germplasm maintained at PAU, Ludhiana for cytological studies. Young flower buds were used for preparation of slides and a range of ploidy level 2n=52-116 recorded among all selected chrysanthemum cultivars. In molecular characterization SSR markers were used to study genetic diversity of thirty chrysanthemum genotypes. Total 17 SSR‟s were selected and among these 15 markers exhibited polymorphism and remaining two were monomorphic. Fifteen polymorphic markers demonstrated relatively high level of polymorphism as out of total 53 alleles produced, 47 were polymorphic showing 92.22 % polymorphism. Genotypes were clustered into two main clusters based on the variability of 15 polymorphic SSR markers. In hybridization twenty-one crosses were made between cultivars belonging to early and main season group. Among twenty-one crosses seed set was recorded in sixteen crosses and germination per cent was observed in fourteen crosses only. Maximum number of seeds per flower head were found in cross Ratlam Selection x Reagan Emperor (11.00), highest seed germination percentage (40.00 %) was recorded in cross between Basanti x Reagan Emperor and seedling vigour found highest (60.00) in cross between Basanti x Reagan Emperor. Hybrids developed from inter crossing of chrysanthemum genotypes were evaluated for various morphological characters and showed variation with respect to flower colour and flower type can be used for different purposes like for pot culture, exhibition purpose and for loose flower production etc. From the effective positive response in terms of various investigations under study, it can be concluded that chromosomal and molecular study helped to estimate genetic diversity which is the most essential pre-requisite as it plays an important role in developing new and novel desired forms through breeding and selection. Polyploidy found could be further helpful for breeding programmes and new cultivars could be developed by addition or deletion of chromosomes in cultivars with known ploidy level. Hybridization helps in development of segregating population having different range of flower colour and height and can be used for different floricultural purposes.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of protocol for indoor vertical garden using different nutrient formulations and light intensities(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gautam, Bharti; Dubey, R.K.The present investigations entitled “Optimization of protocol for indoor vertical garden using different nutrient formulations and light intensities” were undertaken at Landscape Nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2017-19. The study consisted of two experiments, the first experiment was initiated to evaluate indoor ornamental plants and determine the optimum nutrient formulations for successful installation of an indoor vertical garden. For this, fifteen indoor ornamental plant species were selected and grown in soilless media consisting of cocopeat, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio 3:1:1 with four concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution (25 % (NF I), 50 % (NF II), 75 % (NF III) and 100 % (NF IV) of Hoagland‟s solution). The fifth treatment (NF V) included self-composed nutrient formulation (Azeezahmed 2014). The plant species were evaluated on the basis of various growth parameters (survival percentage, plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf thickness, internodal length, plant spread, leaf area, fresh and dry plant biomass, root density, maximum shoot and root length), physiological parameters (leaf chlorophyll content, leaf carotenoid content, relative leaf water content), biochemical parameters (proline content) and plant leaf nutrient analysis (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S). Experimental design was Factorial Completely Randomized Design keeping three replications in each treatment. NF IV (100 % of the Hoagland‟s solution) was significantly better compared with other treatments in terms of growth, physiological, biochemical characters and nutrient accumulation of the plants under indoor conditions. Best five species screened on the basis of performance of various parameters studied were Schefflera arboricola, Dracaena godseffiana, Philodendron salloum, Syngonium podophyllum and Scindapsis aureus. The results of the first year experiment were further used in the second experiment in which the best nutrient formulation along with the selected plant species were used in the indoor vertical garden under different light intensities. The screened indoor plants were planted in the pots filled with media containing cocopeat : perlite : vermiculite in the ratio 3:1:1 arranged as vertical structures (611” x 43”) aligned to the walls of the interiors of a room. Four such structures were fabricated. Each frame was artificially illuminated with different light intensities i.e. the first frame with the light intensity ranging between 700-1100 lux, second 1100-1500 lux, the third frame 1500-1900 lux and the fourth frame was control with 150-250 lux (no artificial light illumination). These light intensities were PWM controlled. The plant species were evaluated on the basis of their response towards different light intensities w.r.t. growth, physiological, biochemical and plant leaf nutrient parameters. From the most effective positive response in terms of various parameters under study, it can be concluded that Philodendron salloum responded best to LI I (700-1100 lux), Scindapsis aureus and Dracaena godseffiana to LI II (1100-1500 lux) and Schefflera arboricola and Syngonium podophyllum to LI III (1500-1900 lux).
