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ThesisItem Open Access Weed Management in Lawn (Cynodon dactylon L.) Calcutta grass var. Sel-1(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Amrinder Singh; Dubey, R. K.Field experiment was conducted in the established lawn of PAU landscape nursery, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during March to December 2017 to manage the sedge and broad leaf weeds in lawn. The experimental plot comprised of (Cynodon dactylon L.) Calcutta grass var. Sel-1. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having eight treatments with three replications. The treatments were 2,4-D amine at 580 g ha-1, metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl at 4 g ha-1, halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1, metsulfuron at 5 g ha-1, carfentrazone ethyl at 20 g ha-1, metsulfuron methyl + carfentrazone ethyl at 25 g ha-1, four hand weedings at 15 days interval and unweeded control. The predominant weed species noticed at experiment site were Anagalis arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Convolvulus arvensis, Malva parviflora, Medicago denticulata, Euphorbia microphylla, Melilotus indica, Rumex dentatus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium album, Gomphrena celosioides, Phyllanthus niruri, Celosia argentea, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Alternanthera philoxeroides,Euphorbia hirta, Oxalis martiana as broadleaf weeds and Cyperus rotundus as sedge.The results indicated that the number of sedge and broad leaf weeds were found to be significantly more in unweeded control. Among herbicide treatments, density of broad leaf weeds decreased to a greater extent in 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1. Halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 decreased weed density of sedge drastically as compared to other herbicides. The weed control efficiency recorded highest in hand weeding at every 15 days interval. Among the herbicides, 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 was recorded higher weed control efficiency and lower dry matter of weeds compared to other herbicide treatments in case of broadleaf weeds. Halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 recorded the highest weed control efficiency and the lowest dry matter of sedge compared to other herbicide treatments. The nutrient uptake by weeds was higher in unweeded control as compared to all other treatments. The nutrient uptake by weeds was lower in 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 followed by metsulfuron methyl + carfentrazone ethyl at 25 g ha-1. Among the herbicide treatments saving in weeding cost over hand weeding (Rs.16755 ha-1) was recorded in 2,4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 which is performed significantly better than other herbicide treatments for control of broadleaf weeds. Saving in weeding cost over hand weeding (Rs.12605 ha-1) was recorded in halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 which is performed significantly better than other herbicide treatments for control of sedge (Cyperus rotundus). So, 2, 4-D amine at 580 g ha-1 and halosulfuron at 67.5 g ha-1 were effective herbicides for management of broad leaf weeds and sedge in lawn respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on plant growth and cormels production of gladiolus(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harmanpreet Kaur; Dhatt, K.K.The present investigations entitled “Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on plant growth and cormels production of gladiolus” were undertaken in the experimental field area of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2017- 2018. The cormels of two varieties of gladiolus namely Punjab Glad-1 and Punjab Pink Elegance were treated with GA3 (150 and 200 ppm), BA (100 and 125 ppm), SA (100 and 150 ppm), Thiourea (1000 and 1500 ppm), KNO3 (1.5 and 2.5 %), Ethrel (250 ppm) and combinations of Thiourea and KNO3 as pre planting dip treatment for 12 hours. The analysis of variance was conducted as per Randomized Block Design. The minimum time to sprouting was recorded with GA3 200 ppm in Punjab Glad-1 (9.57 days) and Punjab Pink Elegance (10.44 days). The maximum sprouting percentage was recorded with GA3 200 ppm in Punjab Glad-1 (97.94 %) and Punjab Pink Elegance (98.81 %). In Punjab Glad-1, maximum plant height (30.72 cm), leaf length (29.18 cm), leaf width (1.05 cm), leaf area (22.98 cm2) and number of leaves per plant (4.48) was recorded under GA3 200 ppm. Similarly, in Punjab Pink Elegance maximum plant height (31.74 cm), leaf length (30.33 cm), leaf width (0.97 cm), leaf area (22.27 cm2) and number of leaves per plant (5.00). The maximum size of cormel was recorded in variety Punjab Glad-1 (2.10 cm) and increase in size was 4.20 times of the initial cormel size when treated with GA3 200 ppm. In variety Punjab Pink Elegance, maximum cormel size was recorded with GA3 200 ppm (2.12 cm) with 4.23 times increase in size of cormel. The maximum cormel weight was recorded with GA3 200 ppm (9.38 g) in Punjab Glad-1 and (9.38 g) in Punjab Pink Elegance.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on genetic variability in open cultivated Hybrid Tea roses (Rosa hybrida L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jobanpeet Singh; Grewal, H.S.The present studies entitled, “Studies on genetic variability in open cultivated Hybrid Tea roses (Rosa hybrida L.)” were carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2016-2018. The 20 cultivars of Hybrid Tea had been evaluated to find out the genetic variability among the different vegetative and floral traits in open field condition. The cultivar ‘Taj Mahal’ ‘Snehdare’ and ‘Acapella’ produced large size of flower with good stem length and vase life whereas, the cultivars ‘Netajee’, ‘Ace of Heart’, ‘Modern Art’ and ‘Acapella’ formed less number of thorns making their suitability for cut flower purpose. The highest value of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) was obtained for number of flowering stems (52.32 %) followed by thorn density (39.80 %), pollen viability (31.46 %) and number of shoots (28.25 %) whereas, moderate value observed for flower size (10.54 %), days to opening of flower (15.94 %), days to colour development (17.41 %) and days to bud formation (18.14 %). The highest value of Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was obtained for number of flowering stems (57.88 %) followed by thorn density (45.16 %), pollen viability (36.61 %) and number of shoots (34.70%), whereas moderate value of PCV observed for flower size (15.31 %) and days to opening of flower (19.74 %). The estimates of PCV were higher than the corresponding GCV values for all the traits indicated the influence of environment in the expression of these traits. The highest estimate of heritability (h2) was observed for plant height (82.69 %) followed by thorn density (82.67 %), number of flowering stems (81.71 %) and vase life (81.17 %) whereas, the highest genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of flowering stems (97.37 %) followed by and thorn density (72.05 %). The high estimation of heritability (h2) was coupled with high genetic advance for number of flowering stems and thorn density per 10 cm of stem indicating them as important traits for selection process.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological variability and DUS characterization of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for pot culture(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Kaushal, Shweta; Madhu BalaThe present investigations entitled “Morphological variability and DUS characterization of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes for pot culture‟‟ were carried out at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during 2017-2018 to study the morphological variability and DUS characterization of fifteen genotypes namely Anmol, Arka Kirti, Autumn Eyes, Bidhan Mum, Bindiya, Dark Eyes, Dolly Pink, Gul-e-Sahir, Himanshu, Little Pink, Puncho, Punjab Anuradha , Pusa Aditya , Pusa Chitraksha, White Staphour of chrysanthemum in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRD). Significantly maximum plant height (57.25 cm) and flower diameter (8.19 cm) was recorded in cv. White Staphour while the minimum plant height (20.19 cm) was recorded in cv. Bindiya and the minimum flower diameter was recorded in cv. Dolly Pink (3.50 cm). The maximum number of branches (9.78) and number of flowers (106.89) were recorded in cv. Anmol whereas, the minimum branches (3.88) and flower number (24.98) were observed in cv. Bindiya. Cultivar Puncho exhibited the maximum plant spread (54.78 cm) while the minimum was recorded in cv. Bidhan Mum (28.99 cm). The minimum days to first flower bud appearance (71.00 days), days to colour shown stage (87.00 days) and days to flower opening (95.00 days) were recorded in cv. Punjab Anuradha whereas the maximum days to first flower bud appearance (112.00 days), colour shown stage (128.00 days) and flower opening (136.00 days) were recorded in cv. Anmol. Flowering duration was found to be maximum (29.21 days) in cv. Anmol while minimum (23.55 days) was found in cv. Himanshu. Cultivar Anmol exhibited vegetative phase for 15.47 weeks while cv. Punjab Anuradha found to have vegetative phase for 9.14 weeks. On the basis of maturity cv. Punjab Anuradha was early maturing variety (9.14 weeks) whereas cv. Anmol was the late maturing (15.47 weeks) among all the genotypes under study. All the fifteen genotypes were morphologically characterized according to DUS guidelines given by PPV & FRA.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Vashista, Nishtha; Parminder SinghThe study entitled “Studies on the effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)” was carried out in Rabi season of 2017 and 2018 at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. The overall objective of the study is to standardize the water and nitrogen requirement through drip irrigation for better flower yield in African marigold. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications to study the effect of irrigation (1.2 ETc, 1.0 ETc, 0.8 ETc, 0.6 ETc and flood irrigation) and fertigation with (WSF @ 60% RDF, 80% RDF, 100% RDF) on African marigold. The data on growth, floral and yield attributes were recorded and statistically analysed. Growth parameters in terms of plant height, plant spread, stem diameter, number of branches, size of flower were recorded higher with treatment combination of I0N3 (Flood irrigation with fertilizer application with urea @ 100% RDF) for both the years 2017 and 2018. Yield attributes such as number of flowers per plant, number of flowers per unit area (m2), flower weight per plant were recorded best with treatment combination of I3N3 (1.0 ETc + fertigation with WSF @ 100% RDF) for years 2017 and 2018.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic analysis for plant growth and floral parametres in pansy (Viola tricolor L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sarpreet Kaur; Dhatt, K.K.The present studies entitled "Genetic analysis for plant growth and floral parametres in pansy (Viola tricolor L.)" were undertaken at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2013-2015. Five inbred lines of pansy were used for the experiment and crosses were attempted in diallel. The results pertaining to the analysis of variance for experimental design and combining ability were highly significant for all the characters. P3 (Pa-32) was found as the best general combiner for plant height at first flowering, plant height at peak flowering, plant spread, days to first flower opening, duration of flowering and flowers per plant. The cross P1 × P3 had highest significant sca values for plant height at first flowering, plant height at peak flowering flowers per plant and flower size. The cross P1 × P3 exhibited maximum heterosis for plant height and plant spread. The highest magnitude of heterosis was observed in P4 × P3 for flower count. The maximum phenotypic coefficient (19.60%) was found with flowers per plant followed by plant height at peak flowering (18.84%). Higher genotypic coefficient (18.97%) was found with number of flowers per plant followed by plant height at peak flowering (18.71%).The heritability ranges between 49.01% and 98.71% for different parametres. The estimates of genetic advance (%) varied from 4.61 to 38.30.ThesisItem Open Access Pollen storage study in Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Simarjit Kaur; Dhatt, K.K.The present investigations entitled ‘Pollen storage study in Gladilous (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)’ were undertaken in the experimental field area and laboratory of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2016-17. The experimental material comprised of two varieties ‘Punjab Glance’ as female parent and ‘Yellow Stone’ as male parent. The corms of both the varieties of gladiolus were planted at 15 days interval from October–December to obtain fresh pollen and flowers for pollination. Pollen grains of variety Yellow Stone packed in plastic vials were stored in desiccator at ambient temperature, desiccator with CaCl2 at ambient temperature, desiccator under refrigerator, desiccator with CaCl2 under refrigerator (5˚C), lower cabin under refrigerator (5˚C), freezer (-4°C) for 16 weeks from January-April. Pollen stored under different storage methods was used for determination of pollen viability and pollinating the floret of Punjab Glance along with fresh pollen. Maximum pollen viability was recorded under freezer i.e. 82.87%. Pollen stored under freezer retained pollen viability for longer duration and it was 85.09% after 11weeks and pollen viability decreased to 49.58% after 16 weeks of storage. The capsule setting (61.97%) and number of seeds per capsule (35.42) were maximum when floret pollinated with pollen stored in freezer. Maximum pollen length (29.45µm) and width (15.44µm) obtained under freezer. Pollen of the gladiolus can be stored for longer duration under freezer condition up to 11 weeks of storage without any serious loss of viability. Maximum seed germination (67.12%) was recorded from the seed of flowers pollinated by pollen stored in freezer and it was comparable. The pollen of gladiolus can be stored in freezer (-4˚C) up to 2½ month for obtaining good seed set and pollen viability.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of chemical treatment, method and time of sowing on seed germination of ornamental trees(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Marry Santhi Sundeep; Grewal, H.S.The present investigations entitled “Effect of chemical treatment, method and time of sowing on seed germination of ornamental trees” were carried out at the Research Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2015- 2017. Ten trees were selected namely Alstonia scholaris, Cedrella toona, Chukrasia tabularis, Delonix regia, Jacaranda acutifolia, Koelreuteria paniculata, Melia azedarach, Mimusops elengi, Peltophorum ferrugineum and Putranjiva roxburghii with water soaking, mechanical and chemical scarification treatments. Chemical scarification was given by H2SO4 (50%), KNO3 (0.3%) and thiourea (0.5%). In sub treatments method of sowing i.e. 1) polythene bags 2) raised bed and the sowing was done in June and March to find out the best method of sowing season. Treatments were replicated three times under factorial randomized block design. Maximum germination under mechanical scarification was noted in Delonix regia, Melia azedarch in March and Cedrella toona and Chukrasia tabularis in June while under chemical scarification maximum germination percentage was recorded in Mimusops elengi, Peltophorum ferrugineum and Putranjiva roxburghii with H2SO4 treatment over mechanical and control. KNO3 treatment resulted in higher germination percentage in Alstonia scholaris and Jacaranda acutifolia than other treatments. However, the treatment of Koelreuteria paniculata seeds failed to initiate germination in in both the seasons in polythene bags as well as on raised bed. Days taken to germination was less under H2SO4 treatment in Delonix regia and Mimusops elengi but in Alstonia scholaris, Jacaranda acutifolia and Cedrella toona minimum days taken for germination were recorded in KNO3 treatment. The maximum seedling height was observed in June as compared to March. Numbers of leaves were more in June in polythene bags as compared to March on raised beds. Maximum survival percentage was recorded in of Alstonia scholaris, Delonix regia and Mimusops elengi in KNO3 treatment. Maximum leaf area was recorded in Alstonia scholaris in KNO3 treatment but in Mimusops elengi, Peltophorum ferrugineum and Putranjiva roxburghii maximum leaf area was recorded H2SO4 treatment.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of IBA and planting time on propagation of Rose (Rosa hybrida Vill.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Brar, Jagseer Singh; Dubey, R.K.The present study entitled, “Effect of IBA and planting time on propagation of rose (Rosa hybrida Vill..)” were carried out at Landscape Nursery, Punjab Agricultural University. Rose is the number one cut flower of the world, belonging to family Rosaceae, genus Rosa. The conventional method of rose propagation involves budding on one year old field established rootstock plants. For multiplication of plants, cutting is simplest way of propagation for desirable varieties. There are relatively few varieties that develop roots, so exogenous application of growth promoters is essential. In order to study the effects of different concentrations of IBA (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) on rooting of different varieties (English Holiday, Eiffel Tower, Don Don, Confetti and Iceberg) of rose during planting times viz. February, July, October and December, an experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) using semi-hardwood cuttings. It was found that 500 ppm IBA resulted in maximum number of roots (15.66), number of leaves (22.33), the percentage of survival (50%), shoot length (13.23 cm), fresh weight of roots (4.80 g), leaves (8.13 g) and stem (5.93 g), dry weight of roots (4.36 g), leaves (5.13 g) and stem (4.33 g) and took minimum days (13) for leaf bud initiation whereas maximum root length (7.80 cm) was found in 1000 ppm IBA, but control treatment had the lowest effect on the traits of rooting in rose cutting. Among different varieties, Eiffel Tower was found to be best in terms of different traits, whereas variety English Holiday and Confetti didn't respond to any of the planting times and treatments. Cuttings planted in February showed the highest effect on their evaluated traits with a significant difference with those planted in July and October, whereas in December planting time, zero survival rate was observed.
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