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ThesisItem Open Access Pollen storage study in Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Simarjit Kaur; Dhatt, K.K.The present investigations entitled ‘Pollen storage study in Gladilous (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)’ were undertaken in the experimental field area and laboratory of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2016-17. The experimental material comprised of two varieties ‘Punjab Glance’ as female parent and ‘Yellow Stone’ as male parent. The corms of both the varieties of gladiolus were planted at 15 days interval from October–December to obtain fresh pollen and flowers for pollination. Pollen grains of variety Yellow Stone packed in plastic vials were stored in desiccator at ambient temperature, desiccator with CaCl2 at ambient temperature, desiccator under refrigerator, desiccator with CaCl2 under refrigerator (5˚C), lower cabin under refrigerator (5˚C), freezer (-4°C) for 16 weeks from January-April. Pollen stored under different storage methods was used for determination of pollen viability and pollinating the floret of Punjab Glance along with fresh pollen. Maximum pollen viability was recorded under freezer i.e. 82.87%. Pollen stored under freezer retained pollen viability for longer duration and it was 85.09% after 11weeks and pollen viability decreased to 49.58% after 16 weeks of storage. The capsule setting (61.97%) and number of seeds per capsule (35.42) were maximum when floret pollinated with pollen stored in freezer. Maximum pollen length (29.45µm) and width (15.44µm) obtained under freezer. Pollen of the gladiolus can be stored for longer duration under freezer condition up to 11 weeks of storage without any serious loss of viability. Maximum seed germination (67.12%) was recorded from the seed of flowers pollinated by pollen stored in freezer and it was comparable. The pollen of gladiolus can be stored in freezer (-4˚C) up to 2½ month for obtaining good seed set and pollen viability.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of chemical treatment, method and time of sowing on seed germination of ornamental trees(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Marry Santhi Sundeep; Grewal, H.S.The present investigations entitled “Effect of chemical treatment, method and time of sowing on seed germination of ornamental trees” were carried out at the Research Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2015- 2017. Ten trees were selected namely Alstonia scholaris, Cedrella toona, Chukrasia tabularis, Delonix regia, Jacaranda acutifolia, Koelreuteria paniculata, Melia azedarach, Mimusops elengi, Peltophorum ferrugineum and Putranjiva roxburghii with water soaking, mechanical and chemical scarification treatments. Chemical scarification was given by H2SO4 (50%), KNO3 (0.3%) and thiourea (0.5%). In sub treatments method of sowing i.e. 1) polythene bags 2) raised bed and the sowing was done in June and March to find out the best method of sowing season. Treatments were replicated three times under factorial randomized block design. Maximum germination under mechanical scarification was noted in Delonix regia, Melia azedarch in March and Cedrella toona and Chukrasia tabularis in June while under chemical scarification maximum germination percentage was recorded in Mimusops elengi, Peltophorum ferrugineum and Putranjiva roxburghii with H2SO4 treatment over mechanical and control. KNO3 treatment resulted in higher germination percentage in Alstonia scholaris and Jacaranda acutifolia than other treatments. However, the treatment of Koelreuteria paniculata seeds failed to initiate germination in in both the seasons in polythene bags as well as on raised bed. Days taken to germination was less under H2SO4 treatment in Delonix regia and Mimusops elengi but in Alstonia scholaris, Jacaranda acutifolia and Cedrella toona minimum days taken for germination were recorded in KNO3 treatment. The maximum seedling height was observed in June as compared to March. Numbers of leaves were more in June in polythene bags as compared to March on raised beds. Maximum survival percentage was recorded in of Alstonia scholaris, Delonix regia and Mimusops elengi in KNO3 treatment. Maximum leaf area was recorded in Alstonia scholaris in KNO3 treatment but in Mimusops elengi, Peltophorum ferrugineum and Putranjiva roxburghii maximum leaf area was recorded H2SO4 treatment.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of IBA and planting time on propagation of Rose (Rosa hybrida Vill.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Brar, Jagseer Singh; Dubey, R.K.The present study entitled, “Effect of IBA and planting time on propagation of rose (Rosa hybrida Vill..)” were carried out at Landscape Nursery, Punjab Agricultural University. Rose is the number one cut flower of the world, belonging to family Rosaceae, genus Rosa. The conventional method of rose propagation involves budding on one year old field established rootstock plants. For multiplication of plants, cutting is simplest way of propagation for desirable varieties. There are relatively few varieties that develop roots, so exogenous application of growth promoters is essential. In order to study the effects of different concentrations of IBA (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) on rooting of different varieties (English Holiday, Eiffel Tower, Don Don, Confetti and Iceberg) of rose during planting times viz. February, July, October and December, an experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) using semi-hardwood cuttings. It was found that 500 ppm IBA resulted in maximum number of roots (15.66), number of leaves (22.33), the percentage of survival (50%), shoot length (13.23 cm), fresh weight of roots (4.80 g), leaves (8.13 g) and stem (5.93 g), dry weight of roots (4.36 g), leaves (5.13 g) and stem (4.33 g) and took minimum days (13) for leaf bud initiation whereas maximum root length (7.80 cm) was found in 1000 ppm IBA, but control treatment had the lowest effect on the traits of rooting in rose cutting. Among different varieties, Eiffel Tower was found to be best in terms of different traits, whereas variety English Holiday and Confetti didn't respond to any of the planting times and treatments. Cuttings planted in February showed the highest effect on their evaluated traits with a significant difference with those planted in July and October, whereas in December planting time, zero survival rate was observed.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated weed management of rose (Rosa hybrida var. Konfetti)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Lakhbir Singh; Dubey, R.K.The present study “Integrated weed management of rose (Rosa hybrida var. Konfetti)” was carried out at Floriculture Department Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2016-17 to study the effect of pre-emergence herbicides and different mulching materials on weed population, vegetative and floral parameters of Rosa hybrida var. Konfetti by using the following treatments, Black polythene mulch (200 μ), Paddy straw mulch (4.5 kg/m2), Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha, Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha, Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + Paddy straw mulch (4.5 kg/m2), Hand weeding (Monthly interval) and Weedy check. Each treatment contained fifteen plants replicated thrice under the Randomized Block Design. The result of experiment showed that Black polythene mulch (200 μ) was found to be the very effective weed control method for controlling weed population. During both the seasons i.e. summer and winter season, the maximum plant height (64.00 cm and 52.35 cm), plant spread (50.03 cm and 45.67 cm), number of branches per plant (8.3 and 7.9), number of flowering buds (9.53 and 11.40), flower diameter (4.08 cm and 6.94 cm), flowering stalk length (11.36 cm and 14.15 cm) was observed under black polythene mulch (200 μ) treatment followed by the Hand weeding (Monthly interval) treatment in both seasons i.e. summer and winter season, respectively. The minimum days taken to flowering (37.71 days) and longer flowering duration (17.97 days) was also observed under black polythene mulch (200 μ) treatment. The minimum value of all the observations recorded was found to be in the weedy check. The highest average minimum and maximum monthly soil temperature were found under the black polythene mulch (200 μ) during both the seasons. Thus the present investigation revealed that among all the mulch materials used, black polythene mulch (200 μ) was found more effective in improving soil hydrothermal properties, weed suppression, growth and flowering of Rosa hybrida var. Konfetti.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological characterisation of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) genotypes under Punjab conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Manpreet Kaur; Madhu BalaThe aim of this study was to evaluate the tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) genotypes collected from different regions of India under Punjab conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, PAU Ludhiana during 2016-2017. The experiment consisted of total eight single type cultivars of tuberose namely Local Single, Prajwal, Shringar, Mexican Single, Sikkim Selection, Calcutta Single, Phule Rajni and Pune Local Single were evaluated on the basis of their different growth and yield parameters. Among these cultivars evaluated, ‘Prajwal’ took minimum days for spike emergence (81.73 days), minimum days for opening of first floret (114.33 days), exhibited maximum plant height (54.53cm),spike length (90.53 cm) rachis length (42.00 cm),number of spikes per clump (4.80) and duration of flowering (34.27 days).Number of floret per spike and length of floret was recorded maximum in ‘Calcutta Single’ (46.60) which was at par with ‘Prajwal’ (45.93) and ‘Prajwal’(5.85 cm) was at par with ‘Calcutta Single’(5.78 cm) respectively. ‘Prajwal’ is also a good multiplier and produced significantly more bulbs and bulblets (2.93 and 18.40) respectively in comparison to the other cultivars whereas minimum bulbs and bulbets was recorded in cv. ‘Mexican Single’. From the above study it can be concluded that among all the single tuberose cultivars, ‘Prajwal’ performed best in all the growth, flowering and yield parameters under Punjab conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sewage water with different potting media on growth and flowering of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and Celosia (Celosia cristata L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mann, Gagandeep Singh; Dubey, R.K.The present study was conducted to evaluate the Interactive effect of treated sewage water and organic potting media on growth and flowering of Tagetes erecta Linn. and Celosia cristata Linn. Four main organic potting media Soil + Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Cocopeat + FYM, Burnt Rice husk (BRH) + FYM and Cocopeat + BRH + FYM were used and plants were irrigated with Tap water (100%), Sewage water (100%), Tap water + Sewage water (25%:75%), Tap water + Sewage water (50%:50%) and Tap water + Sewage water (75%:25%). Maximum plant height (47.88 cm), plant spread (23.80 cm), number of branches / plant (8.80), early bud appearance (49.26 days), early flowering (66.28 days), more number of flowers/plant (34.37), more duration of flowering (57.01 days), larger flower size (5.27 cm) and individual flower life (11.03 days) of marigold were observed in Cocopeat + BRH + FYM. Sewage water (100%) showed maximum plant height (45.08 cm), plant spread (23.44 cm), number of branches/plant (9.03), early bud appearance (48.67 days), early flowering (67.96 days), more number of flowers/plant (32.55), more flowering duration (54.38 days), larger flower size (5.33 cm) and individual flower life (10.51 days) in marigold.In celosia maximum plant height (69.63 cm), plant spread (30.22 cm), number of branches/plant (11.80), early bud appearance (51.06 days), early flowering (66.90 days), more number of flowers/plant (34.03), more duration of flowering (73.13 days), larger flower size (21.32 cm) and individual flower life (17.94 days) were observed in Cocopeat + BRH + FYM. Sewage water (100%) showed maximum plant height (61.94 cm), plant spread (28.04 cm), number of branches/plant (10.33), early bud appearance (53.03 days), early flowering (68.84 days), more number of flowers/plant (32.29), more flowering duration (69.31 days), larger flower size (20.05 cm) and individual flower life (17.43 days) in celosia. Cocopeat + BRH + FYM shows the maximum pH (7.73), percent available N (0.89%), percent available P (0.55%), percent available K (1.03%), total porosity (83.1 %), BRH + FYM shows maximum EC (5.40 dS/m). Sewage water (100%) shows maximum pH (7.73), EC (2.10 dS/m), N (0.91mg L-1), P (1.67 mg L-1) and K (24.13 mg L-1). Tap water shows minimum N, P and K.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of putrescine and benzyl adenine (BA) on growth and flowering in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Taranjit Singh; Madhu BalaThe aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of putrescine and benzyl adenine (BA) on vegetative growth, flowering and post-harvest keeping quality parameters in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Punjab Shymli. The rooted cuttings of the variety were transplanted in the first week of August in the field and different concentrations of growth regulators were applied after pinching. The total of 7 treatments including putrescine (50, 100 and 150 ppm) and BA (100, 150 and 200 ppm) as well as control were used. In the research, the treatments consist of 3 replications and 25 plants/plot and the experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, PAU Ludhiana during kharif season 2016-17. Foliar application of treatments was applied at two different stages, one at bud initiation stage and second at the stage when the flower buds were fully developed. The data on various vegetative, floral and post-harvest parameters was collected and critically evaluated. Application of BA significantly increased floral (days to colour shown, days to flowering, flower diameter, number of branches/plant, cut stem length) as well as post-harvest (vase life, final flower diameter, water absorbed etc.) parameters. BA @ 200 ppm showed the best results in most of the floral and post-harvest characteristics, followed by BA @ 150 ppm. It can be concluded that benzyl adenine (BA) @ 200 ppm was found to be the most effective in delaying the floral parameters and enhanced the vase life of the cut stems of chrysanthemum.ThesisItem Restricted Standardization of drying techniques of different ornamental plants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Shailza; Grewal, H.S.The present investigations “Standardization of drying techniques of different ornamental plants” were conducted at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2015-17 to workout best drying technique suitable for drying plant parts of different plant species. These plant parts were initially subjected to (i) inverted-, (ii) vertical- and, (iii) water- drying techniques in Experiment 1. Among all the drying techniques in Experiment 1, the maximum dry weight and minimum moisture loss (%) was observed in water dried plant parts, however, the least time for drying was observed in inverted and vertical drying techniques. Among all the plant species only Juniperus chinensis, Bougainvillea var. Torch Glory and Koelreutaria panniculata performed the best in Experiment 1. In Juniperus chinensis, only inverted dried foliage showed very good (4.83) overall acceptability immediately after drying. In Bougainvillea var. Torch Glory, both inverted and vertical dried flower bracts scored excellent (5.00) overall acceptability while in Koelreutaria panniculata, inverted, vertical and water dried pods showed excellent (5.00) overall acceptability. Inverted dried foliage of Juniperus chinensis was acceptable for only 2.5-3 months after drying because of high shattering extent while the dried flower bracts of Bougainvillea var. Torch Glory were acceptable for 5 months after drying. The dried pods of Koelreutaria panniculata showed very good acceptability even after 6 months of drying, however, the shape retention was the best in inverted drying. The plant parts which did not dry well in Experiment 1 were subjected to Experiment 2. It was found that flowers of Jatropha pandurifolia were not suitable for drying with any of the techniques. The foliage of Tabernaemontana divaricata was the best preserved through glycerine, however, the preserved foliage had better quality for only 2-3 months after treatment. In Murraya paniculata, glycerine preservation and press drying technique showed the best results and scored 5.00 (excellent) for overall acceptability immediately after drying. The foliage of Terminallia mentalis dried the best through press drying technique, however, it showed poor acceptability (2.67) after 3 months. Grevillea robusta performed the best in press drying and glycerine preservation technique. The foliage of Nephrolepis exaltata performed the best in glycerine preservation only. In Raphis excelsa, press drying technique showed good results after drying, however, the dried foliage was acceptable for only 2-3 months.ThesisItem Restricted Varietal response of gladiolus to planting time for off season flower production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Chaudhary, Nidhi; Dhatt, K.K.The present investigation entitled “Varietal response of gladiolus to planting time for off season flower production” was undertaken in the field area of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2015-2016. The corms of seven varieties of gladiolus namely Anglia, Punjab Lemon Delight, Alexander the Great, CPG, Punjab Glance, Sylvia and Novalux were planted at 15 days interval from 15th July to 15th October. The analysis of variance was conducted for plant growth, floral parameters and corm production as per Split Plot Design. Planting done on 15th July and 15th August took the maximum time to sprout i.e. 20.11 and 20.74 days, respectively, and the minimum time was recorded under 15th October planting (10.90 days). The minimum time for sprouting was recorded in variety Punjab Glance (8.87 days) while Sylvia took the longest time to sprout (21.27 days). First planting done on 15th July took longer time from corm sprouting to flowering (87.10 days). Total time from corm sprouting to flowering was recorded as 80.24 days under 1st August and 72.83 days under 15th August planting. Among the varieties, Anglia and Punjab Lemon Delight were early to flower which took 64.48 and 71.96 days, respectively. The plant height in early plantings of 15th July, 1st August and 15th August was recorded as 71.70, 79.34 and 79.59 days, respectively, which was comparatively less than late plantings. Similarly, the spike length in 15th July planting was the shortest (61.38 cm) bearing 7.95 florets per spike. Flower quality in terms of spike length (95.50 cm) and florets per spike (12.68) was recorded as the best in variety Alexander the Great. Variety Punjab Glance was recorded to have the biggest floret size (8.52 cm). The maximum flowering duration (15.58 days) was recorded under 1st September planting and in variety Alexander the Great (17.95 days). The maximum number of corms and cormels (1.63 and 18.88, respectively) were recorded under 15th October planting. The size of corms and cormels (4.05 cm and 1.93 cm) and weight of corms (43.85 g) was also recorded as maximum under 15th October planting. The maximum number of corms (1.59) were recorded in variety Novalux followed by Punjab Glance (1.50) while maximum corm size (3.85 cm) and corm weight (41.00 g) was recorded in variety Alexander the Great. The maximum cormel number (33.92) per plant was recorded in variety Punjab Glance while maximum cormel size (1.87 cm) was recorded in variety CPG. The vase life of 10.31 days was recorded as the longest under 1st October planting. Amongst the varieties, the longest vase life of 10.51 days was recorded in variety Alexander the Great followed by variety Punjab Glance (10.04 days).