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ThesisItem Open Access A study on adoption of green home norms in modern houses(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harleen Kaur; Gill, Harsharan KaurAdoption of green home norms in modern houses was studied in three smart cities of Punjab viz Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Amritsar to find awareness level of respondents regarding environment and their concern for preserving it, adoption level of green home norms in modern houses and constraints in their adoption. Self-structured interview schedule was designed to conduct a survey. Fifty homes, constructed after 2015 were taken randomly from posh localities of each of these cities comprising a total sample of 150. Majority (86%) of respondents perceived that their housing and life style related practices did not contribute in environment degradation, rather 53 per cent blamed agricultural practices. Seventy per cent respondents did not have sufficient knowledge about environment conservation. Only 14 per cent respondents reported little to acute impact on psychological and physical health. Twenty eight per cent respondents made efforts to avoid use of harmful household chemicals. Norms related to proximity of home to civic amenities and conserving natural topography was partially/not adopted in case of 70.50 and 93.33 per cent respondents. All respondents did not adopt rain harvesting and efficient landscape design for enhancing water use efficiency. Eighty six per cent respondents did not adopt renewable energy systems. Ninety, 86.00 and 93.33 per cent respondents did not dispose off building material waste properly, used recycled material and had on-site waste treatment for organic waste respectively. All respondents had no provision of separate smoking area, carbon dioxide sensors and adequate operable window area. Lack of interest was major constraint for not adopting green home norms followed by lack of awareness and high cost.ThesisItem Open Access Role of farm women in value addition to farm produce(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Martolia, Divya; Narinderjit KaurThe study entitled “Role of farm women in value addition to farm produce” was undertaken to study the existing status of value addition to farm produce in selected households. The study was conducted to determine the role of farm women in value addition to farm produce and to identify the constraints faced by farm women. A self- structured interview schedule was designed to conduct a survey on farm women in rural area of Ludhiana district. For sample selection two blocks from Ludhiana district were randomly selected. Further from each selected block two villages were randomly selected, from each selected village 30 respondents were randomly selected thus making the sample size 120. Results of the study revealed that the existing status of value addition to various farm produce of farm families were reported low, only farm women who were part of women oriented SHG(self help group)were involved in value addition process to farm produce products such as flour, pickle, squash or juice making. Further no value addition in allied farm produce was found in dairy, poultry and bee-keeping as well at secondary and tertiary stage, whereas, few respondents were involved in value addition process in fruits, dairy and honey. The role of farm women in value addition categorized as independently, jointly with other members or no participation. Majority of the farm women were reported no participation at primary stage except in dairy and bee-keeping farm families who had dairy animals and bee boxes participated independently and jointly with other members, whereas, value addition at secondary and tertiary stage mostly performed by farm women who were member of SHG (self help group) only and no value addition was observed in allied farm produce at secondary and tertiary stage. The constraints faced by farm women in value addition to various farm produce was lack of time management due to women involvement in domestic chores, lack of self-confidence, lack of training assistance to farm women, unwillingness to practice value addition because of poor health issue and lack of high cost equipment.ThesisItem Restricted A study on goal setting pattern of farm families of different socio-cultural regions of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Pavneet Kaur; Gill, Harsharan KaurABSTRACT The present study entitled “A study on goal setting pattern of farm families of different socio-cultural regions of Punjab” was undertaken to study the existing goal setting pattern, assess the effect of socio-personal factors of the homemakers on the goal setting pattern and explore the constraints in goal setting and attainment of farm families. The study was conducted on 150 respondents comprising 50 respondents from each cultural zones of Punjab i.e., Majha, Malwa and Doaba represented by Dist. Amritsar (village- Khankot), Shri Muktsar Sahib (village- Hari-Ke-Kalan) and Jalandhar (village-Jamsher Khera) respectively. The goal setting pattern was studied on the basis of a goal being SMART i.e. specific, measurable, agreeable, realistic and timely. Results revealed that overall goal setting pattern of farm families was quite erroneous (overall SMART per cent score of 16.83) with attitude goal setting per cent score of 5.86, leisure 9.45, health 11.55, financial 14.20, career 16.89, educational 17.61, spiritual 22.69 and family goal setting per cent score of 36.44. It was further revealed that long term goal setting pattern of farm families was comparatively better (28.96 per cent) than mid-term (12.62 per cent) and short term (8.93 per cent) goal setting pattern as respondents were found to be wishful in the guise of long term goals and quite poor in organising efforts in the form of mid and short term goals directed towards long term goals. A positive but non significant relationship between the age (0.07), education (0.06), family type (0.10), family size (0.05) and family income (0.07) of the respondents and their goal setting pattern was found. Major constraint faced by the respondents while setting the goals was lack of training to set goals (92.40 per cent) and while achieving the goals was frustration due to successive failure in goal achievement and hopelessness due to persistent struggle with uncertainties (86.41 per cent).ThesisItem Restricted Occupational stress and its management among young working women from nuclear families of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ch. Olivia Devi; Bal, Sharanbir KaurOccupational stress is stress related to one’s job. It often stems from unexpected responsibilities and pressures that do not align with a person’s knowledge, skills, or expectations, inhibiting one’s ability to cope. Women are especially likely to experience these sources of stress, since they still carry more of the burden of childcare and domestic responsibilities than men. The double pressure of work is having an impact on the growing creed of working women while the number of nuclear families is accentuating the problem due to withdrawal of the support system. Looking at the rising number of working women and increasing amount of stress and its impact on home environment, the present study entitled “ Occupational stress and its management among young working women from nuclear families of Ludhiana city” was undertaken to assess occupational stress and contributing factors in selected categories of young working women, to study the impact of occupational stress on working women and family environment and to identify the coping styles adopted for managing the occupational stress. The study was conducted with a sample of total 150 respondents, 50 each from different professional group namely, private school teachers, nurses from private hospitals and private bank employees were selected from the age group of 25-40 years of age. Results showed that almost all of the respondents were found to be having medium level of stress. It can be further seen that half of the respondents fall in the age group of 31-35 years, were having income of Rs. 20001to 40000per month, working for 8 to 9 hours per day and average distance from work place to home was between 1 to 5 km for 69.33% respondents. Among the factors contributing to stress, time pressure gave more stress followed by related to work factors.The impacts of stress on the respondents show that impact on physiological health is the most as compared to others followed by impact on maintaining the house. As for coping styles it can be seen that the respondents only sometimes takes care of their personal needs but always try to have good relationship with their family members.ThesisItem Restricted Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Batra, Sakshi; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City” was undertaken to check the knowledge of heads of family regarding existing residential building bye-laws, their adherence to residential building bye-laws and reason for their non-adherence to existing residential building bye-laws in Ludhiana city. A sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly from areas under Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. An interview schedule was prepared to collect data from the respondents. The list of existing residential building bye-laws was obtained from Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. The findings of the study revealed that there was positive correlation of education of head of the family and year of construction of house with the adherence to residential building bye-laws in sample-I i.e. localities under Improvement Trust Ludhiana. Whereas, in sample-II i.e. localities under Municipal Corporation Ludhiana the education of head family, family income and year of construction was positively correlated with the adherence to residential building bye-laws. The level of adherence to residential building bye-laws was high in sample-I because majority (90.00%) houses were planned by architect and in sample-II the level of adherence was upto medium level because around half (48.33%) of the houses were constructed before purchase.ThesisItem Open Access Online shopping trend among women of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Diksha; Surinderjit KaurThe present study was undertaken with the objectives to assess the online shopping behaviour of selected respondents and to gain insight into the factors contributing to online shopping preferred products for online purchase and to study the problems related with online shopping. The study was conducted in Ludhiana city of Punjab. Five localities viz; Punjab Agricultural University Campus, Sarabha Nagar, Kitchlu Nagar, Bhai Randhir Singh Nagar and Model town were selected purposively. From each of the selected locality, 35 households having internet connection and experience of online shopping were selected through snow ball sampling technique. Thus 175 women constituted the sample for the study. The findings of the study revealed that around 90.00 per cent of the respondents used internet daily for communication/chatting and for online shopping as per their requirement. Majority of the respondents i.e 60.00 per cent did online shopping for self and 81.71 per cent respondents made payments for online shopping through cash on delivery mode. The findings further revealed that the most influencing factor for online shopping was convenience, followed by discount/offers, wider choice, easy delivery of products and easy return policy. The respondents mainly purchased small items of their personal use but they were still hesitant to shop online for major household items. The results regarding problems of online shoppers revealed that out of 175 respondents 50 respondents faced problem while online shopping. their main problems was difficulty in inspecting the quality of products. But still they were satisfied with online shopping experience and showed their willingness to shop online in future.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic study of lighting conditions in rural and urban homes of Ludhiana district(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Bhalla, Shinam; Narinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Ergonomic study of lighting conditions in rural and urban homes of Ludhiana district” was undertaken to study the existing general and task lighting conditions in rural and urban homes of Ludhiana district. The study was conducted to assess the impact of inadequate lighting conditions on human health and to prepare instructional booklet suggesting guidelines for adequate lighting conditions based on ergonomic recommendations. The first part of the study comprised of household survey in rural and urban homes. For rural sample, one block was randomly selected and further from the selected block two villages was randomly selected. A sample of thirty home makers was also randomly selected from each selected village thus making rural sample of 60 homemakers. Whereas for the selection of the urban respondents, one zone out of four of Ludhiana city was randomly selected, out of further two localities were randomly selected, and from each selected locality 30 respondents were randomly selected thus making urban sample 60. So, the total sample size comprised 120 i.e. 60 from both rural and urban area. A total of 22 female home makers from the sample of field survey having the permissible limits of physiological parameters were selected for field experiment. Results of the study revealed that from both urban and rural area maximum of the respondents preferred to work in natural light. In urban and rural area people were aware of all light sources except halogen bulbs. Most of the respondents used CFLs for their daily activities and economically ranked these first. Various visual discomforts like declined vision, eye strain, glare in eyes, were observed due to inadequate light. Likewise, some psycho-emotional problems (frustration, irritation, anger) were also faced due to poor lighting. The subjective scales used also highlighted that respondents felt visual discomforts due to insufficient lighting and improper placement of light fixtures resulting in awkward positioning of neck, back and arms. Thus causing pain in neck, lower back, upper back and shoulders. Therefore, lighting of the house should be ergonomically designed which can help to maintain the good working posture and ultimately reduce the musculoskeletal and visual problems. Further, objective scales applied on selected objects also showed that the posture of bending, cervical flexion, bent wrist and unsupported feet were under high risk and for these; corrective measures were required. These corrective measures could be achieved by adequate lighting, right positioning of light fixtures and type of light source.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of indoor plants on household environment in Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Akriti; Bal, Sharanbir KaurThe present study entitled “Effect of indoor plants on household environment in Ludhiana city” was undertaken to know the existing practices regarding the indoor plants adopted by homemakers in the houses of Ludhiana city, to measure the effect of indoor plants on household environment and to develop and test the efficacy of instructional booklet for the knowledge empowerment regarding control of pollution with indoor plants. Study was carried out in two randomly selected zones (Zone-B and Zone-D) of Ludhiana city. From each selected zone, three localities (Zone-B = Harcharan nagar, Bhagat singh colony, Ziwan nagar and from Zone-D = Hakikat nagar, Dugri phase 1, Krishna nagar) were further selected randomly. From each selected locality 20 respondents living in 300 to 500 square yards houses and indoor plants were purposively selected thus making total sample of 120 respondents. Results of the study revealed that majority of the homemakers were aware about indoor plants but had low knowledge regarding different cultural practices of indoor plants. Air-quality monitor, hygrometer and thermometer were used for objective assessment and modified scale Odour Awareness Scale (OAS) was used. In all the rooms where indoor plants were placed showed improvement in air quality both in the case of Carbon-dioxide where majority of the houses lie in limit 501-999 ppm and in case of Carbon-monoxide where majority of the houses lie in limit 0-3.5ppm. All the areas showed that both the gases were well within the permissible limit (permissible limit 1000 ppm for carbon-dioxide whereas permissible limit 9ppm for carbon-monoxide). Also showed improvement in humidity level where majority of the houses had humidity limit above 60% and temperature limit above 24oC where permissible limit is 60%. OAS revealed that people had maximum awareness for the pleasant odours (MS=3.59). Therefore, it is concluded that significant knowledge empowerment was observed in respondents after providing instructional booklet to them.ThesisItem Open Access PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR FOR SELECTED HOUSEHOLD ITEMS: A STUDY OF RURAL AND URBAN HOMEMAKERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Inderpreet Kaur; Savita, BatishThe present study was conducted in rural and urban area of Ludhiana district with objectives; to know the purchase behaviour of rural and urban home makers for selected household items, to examine the factors influencing purchase behavior, to study the problems experienced by respondents while making purchases and to suggest guidelines for the empowerment of respondents. Sixty respondents each from rural and urban area were taken as sample of the study. Household items viz. processed food items and kitchen equipment were selected. Data were collected through personal interview. Results revealed that respondents from both the area were not following wise purchase practices viz. making of budget, deciding about what, when and from where to buy, remaining alert during weighing, checking of government seal on weights, checking for quality assurance marks, getting and checking cash memo etc. Checking of government seal on weights was least considered purchase practice as nearly 95.00 per cent of the respondents from both the area did not check it. More than 80.00 per cent of the rural respondents never get and check the cash memo whereas 76.67 per cent of the urban respondents sometimes followed this practice. Respondents were facing various problems like short weight, adulteration, misbranding, overpricing, duplicity, poor quality, false packaging, out-dated products and substandard material, duplicate parts, false guarantee, poor after sales service, no exchange facility regarding kitchen equipment. Nearly 80.00 per cent of the rural respondents and 60.00 per cent of the urban respondents were not able to recognize the original quality assurance marks from the deceptive ones and were also unaware about the consumer protection rights. More than 95.00 per cent of the respondents never sought justice for their grievances by approaching consumer court. In spite of facing so many problems a small percentage i.e. 03.33 per cent of the respondents in rural area and nearly 10.00 per cent of the respondents in urban area were those who took actions against the business malpractices.