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Content Analysis of PAU Kisan App for Major Crops
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Urmila Krishna; Lakhwinder Kaur
The present study entitled “Content Analysis of PAU Kisan App for Major crops” was undertaken with objectives to analyse the content of app under major crops, to study the reactions of readers towards it, to find out the problems faced by users and to get suggestions of users. Total five crops were selected and under each crop two districts having maximum area of production was selected for the study. From the list procured from Directorate of Extension education 150 farmers were selected. Similarly, 30 ADOs were selected from Integrated Human Resource Management System (iHRMS). The data was collected with the help of interview schedule. The study revealed that 54 per cent of the respondents belonged to age group of 17 to 34 years and 50.66 per cent were graduate. One third of the respondents had medium land holding. The reading ease category of content was standard and fairly difficult. Photographs were completely available but clarity was less for many of them. The sufficiency level of content found high as compared to package of practices. The headings given were completely suitable and percentage of technical term used varied between 7.50 per cent to 14.05 per cent. Majority felt the interface of app less attractive. The findings of the study further reported that more than half of the respondents opinioned that sentence used was moderate in length, language was easy to understand and information was completely available. They also felt high level of understandability (55.33%) and trustworthiness (50.66%), medium level of timeliness (47.33%) and relevancy (50.66%). The independent variables viz. total land holding, mass media exposure, innovativeness, and extent of participation in extension activities significantly related to perceived understandability, trustworthiness and relevancy of app. Major problems faced by respondents were lack of contact number of subject matter specialists, lack of in-depth information, faulty feedback facilities, lack of timely updates and poor network connectivity. The major suggestion put forward was to include options for posting queries and online purchase, elaborate information, include value addition and price information.
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Evaluative study on management practices in kinnow crop with special reference to Phytophthora disease in Punjab.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sharma, Ashutosh; Garg, Lavleesh
The study entitled “Evaluative study on management practices in kinnow crop with special reference to Phytophthora disease in Punjab was undertaken. 200 kinnow growers were selected from the four Districts with probability proportional to size sampling method. 92, 74, 18, 16 kinnow growers were selected from Fazilka, Hoshiarpur, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Bathinda respectively. Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected personally by interviewing kinnow growers. The age of respondents varied from 27-56 years in which 44.5 per cent belonged to age group of 37-46 years. One third of respondents had medium operational land holding and more than half (55.5%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about kinnow management practices of insect pests, diseases and disorders. More than half (55%) of the respondents procured kinnow plants from recommended sources i.e.PAU nursery. In general respondents applied recommended insecticides for control of insect-pests, disease and disorders. Sodium Hypochlorite was the most cost-efficient Phytophthora management practice among all the other management practices with an average price of 500 Rs. per acre. Highest average yield was obtained with the application of Ridomil Gold among all the other management practices for Phytophthora disease. Average fixed cost for planting of 110 kinnow plants per acre in orchard was 12,300 Rs. In case of average operational cost hoeing, agro-chemicals, irrigation, fertilizers, manures, training & pruning and diesel costed 8,000/- 9,000/-, 1,500/-, 5,100/-, 10,000/-, 5,000/-, and 3,800 Rs. respectively making a combined average total cost of 54,700 Rs. per acre per annum. Around 79 per cent of the respondents faced problem regarding cost of inputs.
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Attitude of University students towards gender roles
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nath, Meghali; Sharma, Preeti
The study entitled ―Attitude of University students towards gender roles‖ was conducted to determine the attitude of University students towards gender roles, analyze the factors affecting the attitude of University students towards gender roles and compare the attitudinal difference between female and male students. For this purpose, a survey was conducted by taking a sample of 200 Punjabi students (100 females and 100 males) aged between 20-28 years from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was prepared to collect the data. The results revealed that overall half of the respondents had egalitarian attitude towards gender role. Furthermore, majority of the female students had egalitarian attitude whereas more than half of the male students had transitional attitude towards gender roles. On analyzing the relationship of the independent variables with the attitude of the students, it was found that factors such as birth order, mother‘s education, social interaction and involvement in extra-curricular activities were found to have a positive and significant correlation with the gender role attitude of the respondents. On the other hand, factors such as age, gender socialization by parents and gender discriminatory experiences faced by the students were found to have a negative impact on their attitude. Moreover, parenting type of the parents and caste of the respondents also had a significant association with the gender role attitude of the respondents. Findings suggest that mother‘s education of the students may be considered as a critical step towards nurturing gender sensitized society. Additionally, students are to be encouraged for social interaction with family, friends and advisors and also active involvement in extra-curricular activities.
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Comparative assessment of different methods of paddy cultivation during Covid-19
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Singla, Sahil; Kamalpreet Kaur
The study entitled “Comparative assessment of various methods of paddy cultivation during Covid-19” was undertaken to study the opinion of farmers, comparative analysis among various methods of paddy cultivation during Covid-19, prospects and constraints faced by farmers during Covid-19 after adoption of different paddy cultivation technologies. From each agro-climatic zones of Punjab (total five districts were selected for the purpose of study). A list of respondents who were using DSR, mechanical transplanting and conventional transplanting technologies for paddy cultivation during Covid-19 was obtained from the CAO/KVKs of each district. From each district 10 respondents was selected from the selected method during Covid-19. Thus, a total sample of 150 respondents for the study. Interview schedule was used to collect the data. Majority of respondents were in between 38-52 years of age group and had nuclear families, had education level upto matric, medium operational land holding and annual income less than eight lakhs. Majority of respondents had medium mass media exposure and extension contacts whereas low participation in extension activities during Covid-19. Maximum number of the respondents had average opinion regarding DSR, mechanical transplanting and conventional transplanting method of sowing. Majority of respondents wants to increase their area under DSR. Less requirement of labour, number of irrigation, fuel consumption was observed in direct seeded rice as compare to other methods of paddy cultivation. Majority of respondents faced infestation of weed problem in DSR, affordability of machines in mechanical transplanting and high labour cost in conventional transplanting during Covid-19.
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Adoption of cultivation practices and marketing techniques by potato growers of Doaba region of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Koundal, Smeeksha; Kuldeep Singh
The study entitled “Adoption of cultivation practices and marketing techniques by potato growers of Doaba region of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the extent and level of adoption, various potato marketing channels, economics of potato cultivation and constraints faced by the potato growers in adoption of recommended potato cultivation practices. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur district were selected for the study. From each district 100 potato growers were selected, total 200 potato growers. The data were collected through interview schedule. The findings revealed that majority of the potato growers from both the districts belonged to the age group of 42-59 years, had gained education up to senior secondary level, medium level of extension contacts, mass media exposure and low level of social participation. In Jalandhar potato was sown in October and in Hoshiarpur potato was sown in September by majority of the potato growers. Recommended seed rate, size and spacing of potato cultivation was adopted by majority of the potato growers from both the districts. In Jalandhar seed potato and in Hoshiarpur table potato was cultivated by majority of potato growers. From Jalandhar 62.81 per cent and from Hoshiarpur only 35.92 per cent of total seed production was sold to other states.Lack of government marketing facilities at right price, wide prices fluctuation, high fertilizer‟s cost and labour unavailability at right time was the major constraints faced by potato growers from both the districts.
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Exploratory study on entrepreneurial behaviour and adoption of production technology by the chilli growers of Punjab.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sunidhi; Dharminder Singh
The study entitled „An exploratory study on entrepreneurial behaviour and adoption of production technology by the chilli growers of Punjab‟ was undertaken with the objective to know the entrepreneurial behaviour of chilli growers, to assess the extent of adoption and to identify the constraints faced by the farmers. The study was conducted in the four districts of Punjab. From each selected district, 30 farmers were randomly selected, thus making a total of 120 respondents. Data was collected by personally visiting the study area and interviewing the farmers. Study revealed that the majority of the respondents were matriculated possessed medium operational land holding and medium level of extension contacts. The study revealed that the majority of the chilli growers possess a medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour with a mean score of 64.88 on eight selected attributes. It was found that nearly sixty of the respondents adopted CH-27, a variety recommended by PAU which had also covered the maximum area. Farmers have also grown several private varieties and purchased the chilli seed from private companies. Majority of chilli growers adopted recommended seed rate and sowing time practices while deviated from recommended crop spacing practices. Chilli growers were applying more than recommended doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassic fertilizers. More than half of the chilli growers had applied more than the recommended number of irrigations. Majority (52.50%) of the chilli growers had a medium overall adoption index regarding recommended chilli production technology whereas 30 per cent of the farmers had high adoption index. Scarcity of labour at the time of picking, fluctuation in marketing prices, costly hybrid seed, problems in identifying the pests or diseases and poor quality produce due to rains were the most severe constraints as perceived by the chilli growers. Education, experience in chilli cultivation, mass media exposure, extension contacts and social participation had positive and significant relationship with adoption index. Results of the regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between the entrepreneurial behaviour index and adoption index.
Open Access
Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj Kumar
The study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.
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Effectiveness of opinion leaders in the agricultural information dissemination
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sidharth. S; Manmeet Kaur
The kinetics of mechanisms involved in the diffusion of innovations has lead to the conceptual framework of diffusion studies as we see of now. The concept of opinion leaders and innovativeness and how their influence can drastically bring about changes within a social contagion has been widely studied throughout many fields, but it has been still underutilised in agricultural sector. For this reason, a quasi-experimental design was formulated in which three villages (two experimental and one control) were selected using multi-stage sampling. All the farmers within the three villages were selected as the respondents for the study. A baseline survey was conducted in all three villages to identify the opinion leaders as well as to identify the adoption status of PAU recommended vegetable nutrition garden. An intervention in the form of a training package (skill enhancement regarding vegetable nutrition garden management techniques, effective communication skills and motivational approaches to encourage farmers for innovation adoption) and incentives in the form of PAU vegetable seed kits were given to the opinion leaders of the first experimental group. The opinion leaders within the second experimental group were just given PAU vegetable seed kits while the control group was not given any treatment. A post-survey was then conducted to ascertain the effects of intervention on these experimental units. It was found that the training had positively influenced the adoption status as well the behaviour of the opinion leaders within the first experimental group leading to a significant increase in adoption level of PAU recommended vegetable nutrition garden among the fellow farmers as well. The second experimental group experienced a small but insignificant change in adoption status while the control group did not record any change in the adoption status.
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Experimental study on effectiveness of videos on crop residue management technologies
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sukhjinder Singh; Sharma, Anil
The study was planned with the objectives to study the gain in knowledge of the respondents after watching informative videos, to ascertain the effectiveness of the videos related to paddy straw management, to study the satisfaction level of the farmers towards quality of videos on crop residue management. A multi-stage sampling procedure, a quasi- experiment design, a pre and post tests along with control group was applied. Four informative videos on crop residue management techniques, in-situ residue management, ex-situ residue management and fertilizer application were treatment in the study. Primary data was generated through structured interview schedule. The data analysis frequency, percentages, t-test, paired t-test and chi square were used. The results show that before treatments, there was non-significant difference in knowledge score between control and experimental group. However, after exposure to the videos a significant difference was observed in knowledge score from the residue management technologies videos. Majority of the respondents were found to be effective regarding different technical and scientific aspects of informative videos. Majority of the respondents were found to be satisfied with the videos in terms of language used and accuracy & credibility etc. The socio- personnel characteristics such as age, education, size of land holding were found to be significantly associated with satisfaction of respondents towards videos. Thus videos can be used as an effective medium of transferring agricultural information and enhancing knowledge of recommended technologies among the farming community.

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