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ThesisItem Embargo Evaluative study on management practices in kinnow crop with special reference to Phytophthora disease in Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sharma, Ashutosh; Garg, LavleeshThe study entitled “Evaluative study on management practices in kinnow crop with special reference to Phytophthora disease in Punjab was undertaken. 200 kinnow growers were selected from the four Districts with probability proportional to size sampling method. 92, 74, 18, 16 kinnow growers were selected from Fazilka, Hoshiarpur, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Bathinda respectively. Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected personally by interviewing kinnow growers. The age of respondents varied from 27-56 years in which 44.5 per cent belonged to age group of 37-46 years. One third of respondents had medium operational land holding and more than half (55.5%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about kinnow management practices of insect pests, diseases and disorders. More than half (55%) of the respondents procured kinnow plants from recommended sources i.e.PAU nursery. In general respondents applied recommended insecticides for control of insect-pests, disease and disorders. Sodium Hypochlorite was the most cost-efficient Phytophthora management practice among all the other management practices with an average price of 500 Rs. per acre. Highest average yield was obtained with the application of Ridomil Gold among all the other management practices for Phytophthora disease. Average fixed cost for planting of 110 kinnow plants per acre in orchard was 12,300 Rs. In case of average operational cost hoeing, agro-chemicals, irrigation, fertilizers, manures, training & pruning and diesel costed 8,000/- 9,000/-, 1,500/-, 5,100/-, 10,000/-, 5,000/-, and 3,800 Rs. respectively making a combined average total cost of 54,700 Rs. per acre per annum. Around 79 per cent of the respondents faced problem regarding cost of inputs.ThesisItem Embargo Attitude of University students towards gender roles(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nath, Meghali; Sharma, PreetiThe study entitled ―Attitude of University students towards gender roles‖ was conducted to determine the attitude of University students towards gender roles, analyze the factors affecting the attitude of University students towards gender roles and compare the attitudinal difference between female and male students. For this purpose, a survey was conducted by taking a sample of 200 Punjabi students (100 females and 100 males) aged between 20-28 years from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was prepared to collect the data. The results revealed that overall half of the respondents had egalitarian attitude towards gender role. Furthermore, majority of the female students had egalitarian attitude whereas more than half of the male students had transitional attitude towards gender roles. On analyzing the relationship of the independent variables with the attitude of the students, it was found that factors such as birth order, mother‘s education, social interaction and involvement in extra-curricular activities were found to have a positive and significant correlation with the gender role attitude of the respondents. On the other hand, factors such as age, gender socialization by parents and gender discriminatory experiences faced by the students were found to have a negative impact on their attitude. Moreover, parenting type of the parents and caste of the respondents also had a significant association with the gender role attitude of the respondents. Findings suggest that mother‘s education of the students may be considered as a critical step towards nurturing gender sensitized society. Additionally, students are to be encouraged for social interaction with family, friends and advisors and also active involvement in extra-curricular activities.ThesisItem Embargo Exploratory study on entrepreneurial behaviour and adoption of production technology by the chilli growers of Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sunidhi; Dharminder SinghThe study entitled „An exploratory study on entrepreneurial behaviour and adoption of production technology by the chilli growers of Punjab‟ was undertaken with the objective to know the entrepreneurial behaviour of chilli growers, to assess the extent of adoption and to identify the constraints faced by the farmers. The study was conducted in the four districts of Punjab. From each selected district, 30 farmers were randomly selected, thus making a total of 120 respondents. Data was collected by personally visiting the study area and interviewing the farmers. Study revealed that the majority of the respondents were matriculated possessed medium operational land holding and medium level of extension contacts. The study revealed that the majority of the chilli growers possess a medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour with a mean score of 64.88 on eight selected attributes. It was found that nearly sixty of the respondents adopted CH-27, a variety recommended by PAU which had also covered the maximum area. Farmers have also grown several private varieties and purchased the chilli seed from private companies. Majority of chilli growers adopted recommended seed rate and sowing time practices while deviated from recommended crop spacing practices. Chilli growers were applying more than recommended doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassic fertilizers. More than half of the chilli growers had applied more than the recommended number of irrigations. Majority (52.50%) of the chilli growers had a medium overall adoption index regarding recommended chilli production technology whereas 30 per cent of the farmers had high adoption index. Scarcity of labour at the time of picking, fluctuation in marketing prices, costly hybrid seed, problems in identifying the pests or diseases and poor quality produce due to rains were the most severe constraints as perceived by the chilli growers. Education, experience in chilli cultivation, mass media exposure, extension contacts and social participation had positive and significant relationship with adoption index. Results of the regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between the entrepreneurial behaviour index and adoption index.ThesisItem Open Access Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.ThesisItem Restricted Behavioural intentions of vegetable growers for adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in Punjab, India and Nakuru, Kenya.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Cherotich, Carolyne; Manmeet KaurThe present study was undertaken to examine vegetable growers‘ risk perception, their awareness of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), determinants of their intentions, and the applicability of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) among vegetable growers to adopt GAP in Punjab, India, and Nakuru, Kenya. Primary data was collected by surveying 200 randomly selected vegetable growers comprising 100 in Punjab and 100 in Nakuru. Vegetable growers were randomly selected from a list obtained from the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nakuru County. An interview schedule was developed and used for data collection. Findings revealed that the majority of the vegetable growers in the two regions were of medium age, male, and had marginal landholdings. Vegetable production was a more profitable enterprise in Punjab than in Nakuru. Production occurred under different risk conditions with market risks, institutional risks, weather and climate change risks, and production risks perceived as the leading sources of challenges among the farmers in the two regions. A majority of the vegetable growers were unaware of GAP standards for vegetable production, with many deviating from the expected standards in their vegetable production activities. Most of the vegetable growers identified production costs, market exclusivity, training, government support, and access to labor as the key determinants to the use of GAP in their activities. The findings further revealed that behavioral intention to adopt GAP by vegetable growers is predicted by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Socio-personal and economic traits had no significant influence on the intention to adopt GAP among vegetable growers. Perceived risks highly influenced the farmers' intention to adopt GAP, with the relationship being of more significance in Punjab than in Nakuru. Beliefs about the consequences of behavior, such as higher income if GAP is adopted; beliefs regarding the influence of people of importance to the vegetable growers; and the perception that vegetable growers are in control had a significant impact on their attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is highly applicable to the study of behavioral intention among vegetable growers. The study revealed the need for training and capacity building of vegetable growers regarding GAP, the need for partnerships and linkages with extension service providers, agrochemical companies, agricultural universities, and other institutions in GAP training and awareness creation. There is also a need for a price premium for vegetables produced following GAP standards and sufficient infrastructural support from the government to encourage the adoption of GAP.ThesisItem Restricted Effectiveness of opinion leaders in the agricultural information dissemination(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sidharth. S; Manmeet KaurThe kinetics of mechanisms involved in the diffusion of innovations has lead to the conceptual framework of diffusion studies as we see of now. The concept of opinion leaders and innovativeness and how their influence can drastically bring about changes within a social contagion has been widely studied throughout many fields, but it has been still underutilised in agricultural sector. For this reason, a quasi-experimental design was formulated in which three villages (two experimental and one control) were selected using multi-stage sampling. All the farmers within the three villages were selected as the respondents for the study. A baseline survey was conducted in all three villages to identify the opinion leaders as well as to identify the adoption status of PAU recommended vegetable nutrition garden. An intervention in the form of a training package (skill enhancement regarding vegetable nutrition garden management techniques, effective communication skills and motivational approaches to encourage farmers for innovation adoption) and incentives in the form of PAU vegetable seed kits were given to the opinion leaders of the first experimental group. The opinion leaders within the second experimental group were just given PAU vegetable seed kits while the control group was not given any treatment. A post-survey was then conducted to ascertain the effects of intervention on these experimental units. It was found that the training had positively influenced the adoption status as well the behaviour of the opinion leaders within the first experimental group leading to a significant increase in adoption level of PAU recommended vegetable nutrition garden among the fellow farmers as well. The second experimental group experienced a small but insignificant change in adoption status while the control group did not record any change in the adoption status.ThesisItem Open Access Aspirations of rural youth in plain and sub-mountainous area of Punjab: A comparative analysis(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Joshi, Divyata; Dhaliwal, R. K.The research was undertaken with the objectives to study awareness about agricultural development schemes, aspirations, attitude of rural youth towards agriculture and allied sectors as an occupation and to determine the perceived constraints in achieving aspirations and choosing agriculture as an occupation. The study was conducted in plain and sub-mountainous area of Punjab. From each zone four blocks were selected randomly. Further, two villages from each block and fifteen youth from each village were selected. A total of 240 respondents were selected. The data was collected through interview schedule. The results of the study revealed that among the socio-economic profile, youth from sub-mountainous area had higher educational level. However, the variables viz. occupation, occupation of head of the family, farming experience, size of land holding and annual income were found to be significantly higher among the rural youth of plain area. Communication characteristics were found to be higher among the youth of plain area. A significantly higher number of respondents from plain zone had willingness for migration. The finding revealed that more than half of the rural youth had medium level of awareness about the developmental schemes. For centrally sponsored scheme half of the respondents were found to have low level of awareness. Whereas for state sponsored schemes medium level of awareness was found among the 45 per cent of the respondents. The awareness among the rural youth of plain area was found significantly higher regarding these schemes. For youth development schemes, medium level of awareness was found among the respondents. The analysis of aspirations of rural youth revealed that more than half of the respondents had medium level of aspirations. Further, the occupational, entrepreneurial, economic and overall aspirations were significantly higher in rural youth of plain. It was found that rural youth had moderately unfavourable attitude towards agriculture as an occupation and a significantly higher number of respondents of plain area had positive attitude towards farming. The findings revealed that infrastructural and other constraints were the most perceived constraints among the rural youth and were significantly higher in sub-mountainous area. Psychological factors were found to be most perceived in the choosing agriculture as an occupation and significantly higher among the rural youth of sub-mountainous zone. Correlation analysis showed that family size, farming experience, land holding, annual income, extension agency contact and participation in extension activities had significant positive relationship with aspirations, attitude and awareness about agricultural development schemes.ThesisItem Restricted Experimental study on effectiveness of videos on crop residue management technologies(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sukhjinder Singh; Sharma, AnilThe study was planned with the objectives to study the gain in knowledge of the respondents after watching informative videos, to ascertain the effectiveness of the videos related to paddy straw management, to study the satisfaction level of the farmers towards quality of videos on crop residue management. A multi-stage sampling procedure, a quasi- experiment design, a pre and post tests along with control group was applied. Four informative videos on crop residue management techniques, in-situ residue management, ex-situ residue management and fertilizer application were treatment in the study. Primary data was generated through structured interview schedule. The data analysis frequency, percentages, t-test, paired t-test and chi square were used. The results show that before treatments, there was non-significant difference in knowledge score between control and experimental group. However, after exposure to the videos a significant difference was observed in knowledge score from the residue management technologies videos. Majority of the respondents were found to be effective regarding different technical and scientific aspects of informative videos. Majority of the respondents were found to be satisfied with the videos in terms of language used and accuracy & credibility etc. The socio- personnel characteristics such as age, education, size of land holding were found to be significantly associated with satisfaction of respondents towards videos. Thus videos can be used as an effective medium of transferring agricultural information and enhancing knowledge of recommended technologies among the farming community.ThesisItem Open Access Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.
