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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of lifestyle on health status of farming families in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Saikia, Anadi Ranjan; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe study entitled “Effect of lifestyle on health status of farming families in Punjab” was undertaken to assess the different lifestyle components and health status of the farming community from the three socio-cultural zones of Punjab i.e. Doaba, Malwa and Majha. An interview schedule was prepared for the collection of the data. It was found that majority of the respondents had medium dietary diversity, nutrition intake, physical activity, stress management, personal health habits and availed medium medical advice. Interestingly meal frequency of the respondents was high with low substance abuse, and thus, the farming families of Punjab were found to have a moderate lifestyle. There was gender difference in stress management and nutrition intake. There was also significant difference among the three zones for dietary diversity, physical activity and in availing medical advice. The study reported that majority of the people from the farming families had good overall health. The physical health of majority was good while mental health was average. There was gender difference in physical and mental health of farming community. Also across the three zones there was significant difference in respect to physical health of farming community. The findings of the study revealed that there is positive and significant relation between lifestyle and health. On the basis of the results of the current study, a booklet has been prepared which can be popularized among the farming community to improve their life style and overall health.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge of farming families regarding environmental pollution in Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pratiksha; Sharma, PreetiThe study entitled „Knowledge of farming families regarding environmental pollution in Punjab‟ was conducted to assess the knowledge level of respondents regarding causes, effects and mitigating practices for environmental pollution and to ascertain the relationship of socio-personal characteristics with knowledge level of farming families. Data was collected from five agroclimatic zones i.e. central plain zone, sub-mountain undulating zone, undulating plain zone, western plain zone and western zone of Punjab state. From each of the selected agro climatic zone, fifteen farm families were selected randomly, the male and female heads of the family were chosen for responses, thus, in total 150 respondents were randomly selected. Data was collected using pre-tested structured interview schedule. A knowledge test was developed and pre tested for its reliability and validity. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings of the study revealed that a large percentage of the respondents belonged to the 40-50 years age, were matriculate, nearly two fifth respondents had nuclear family having 5-7 family members. Majority of the respondents had occasional use of newspaper, regular use of television, occasional use of smart phone and rare use of social media and applications. Majority of the respondents, most of the times contacted Veterinary officer under cosmopolite extension agents and progressive farmers under localite extension agents. Male respondents‟ social participation was higher than female respondents. Majority of the respondents had high level of knowledge about causes of air and soil pollution while most of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about causes of water pollution. Majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding effects of air, water and soil pollution. Majority of the respondents across all agro-climatic zones had high level of knowledge for mitigation of air pollution, medium for water and low for mitigation of soil pollution. Overall, a large percentage of respondents had good amount of knowledge about causes and effects of environmental pollution but they had less knowledge about mitigation strategies for environmental pollution and very few households practised mitigation strategies to combat environmental pollution. It was ascertained that socio-personal characteristics such as education, family size, annual income, mass media exposure positively and significantly affect the knowledge of the respondents. It is suggested that to increase the knowledge level of the respondents, extension trainings should be organized with more emphasis on mitigation strategies to combat environmental pollution. Farm families of Punjab need to be updated more about causes of water pollution. Innovative behaviour change communication strategies need to be applied to improve the practical application of knowledge gained. Media mix to be used for disseminating knowledge about environmental pollution.ThesisItem Open Access Problems and prospects of paddy straw management technologies in Bathinda district(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amanjot Kaur; Prabhjot KaurThe study entitled “Problems and prospects of paddy straw management technologies in Bathinda district” was undertaken to study the status and prospects of paddy straw management technologies and problems faced by farmers in the adoption of paddy technologies. The study was conducted in Bathinda district of Punjab. All the nine blocks of Bathinda district were selected and from each block one village was selected randomly, so nine villages were selected for the study. Total of 135 respondents comprising 15 respondents were selected randomly from each village for the purpose of study. Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected personally by interviewing respondents. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were of the middle age group (41-53 years), had education up to matriculate and having small (2.5-5 acres) operational land holding. Majority of the respondents had low extension contacts and medium category of mass media exposure, innovativeness and risk bearing capacity. Respondents had awareness regarding happy seeder, baler, super straw management system, chopper-cum-spreader but not aware about cutter-cum-spreader, use of straw for composting. Majority of respondents adopted happy seeder in 2017, baler, super straw management system, mulcher and chopper-cumspreader in 2018. In 2019, majority of respondents adopted baler technology for managing paddy straw. Area under baler and mulcher in future will be increase by respondents. Problems of insect-pest, rodents were increased after adopting technologies like happy seeder, chopper-cum-spreader and mulcher. Technologies like baler, mulcher and chopper-cumspreader were not available to majority of respondents on time.ThesisItem Restricted Adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) technologies in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) based cropping system: Evidence from Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Harpal Kaur; Mohapatra, LopamudraThe study entitled “Adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) technologies in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) based cropping system: Evidence from Punjab’’ was undertaken with the objectives to ascertain the extent of adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) technologies in potato based cropping system, to determine the factors affecting adoption of INM technologies and to analyze the constraints faced by farmers in the adoption of INM technologies. A total of 180 farmers were randomly selected as respondents for the study from the three agro-climatic zones namely sub-mountain undulating zone, central plain zone and western zone of Punjab state. All the farmers follow potato based cropping system. Two crop rotations were found in these agro-climatic zones viz; Paddy-Potato-Maize and Paddy-Potato-Wheat. The data was collected with help of questionnaire constructed for the respondent farmers. The findings revealed that the farmers of both the crop rotations were not applying recommended doses of manures and fertilizers in various crops. The application of zinc (micronutrient) is not recommended in potato crop by PAU but farmers were applying it. On contrary to this, the recommended timing and method of fertilizer and manure application is followed by majority of the farmers of both the rotations. Further the findings revealed that in both the crop rotations farmers were under adoption level of recommended practices of INM. Results of the binary regression analysis revealed that a positive and significant relation was found between the independent variables value orientation, risk orientation and level of extension contacts with adoption of various recommended INM practices. The findings also revealed that among the constraints production constraint, organizational constraints and economic constraints are the major ones which hinders the adoption on INM practices. It can be concluded that demonstrations should be laid down on farmer’s field and the need appraisal of farmers for adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management practices is required, so that they can decide how to manage their production as well as health of crop in a better wayThesisItem Open Access Opinion of farmers” regarding crop diversification in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jobanjit Singh; Garg, LavleeshThe rice-wheat cropping pattern in the State of Punjab create some serious issue related to agriculture such as, decline in the water table, deterioration of soil fertility, loss of biodiversity, and microorganism, emergence of new insect pest etc. Farmers of the Punjab intensively use fertilizer and pesticides especially in case paddy crops which lead to deterioration of ground water table and soil fertility etc, in view these facts this study was conducted to know Opinion of farmers” regarding crop diversification in Punjab with objective; opinion of farmers regarding crop diversification, Socio-economic reasons for non-adoption of crop diversification, Suggestion of farmers regarding crops diversification. The study was conducted in three randomly selected districts followed by six randomly selected block (two from each district) further twelve village were randomly selected (two from each block). From each selected village 15 respondents from non-adopters category and 6 adopters, (2 from each small, medium and large category) were selected. In this way total 21 farmers were selected from each village and total 252 respondents comprised the sample of the study. Out of these 252 respondents 72 respondents were adopter and 180 respondents were non-adopter. The response of the respondent was recorded through questionnaire was used for the adopters and non-adopters to study opinion of the respondents regarding crop diversification. Findings of the study revealed that majority of respondents adopters and non-adopters belonged to middle age group, adopters were literate having qualification upto senior secondary level, while non- adopters had metric level education, majority of adopters and non- adopters belonged to nuclear family, majority of adopters had large land holding while non-adopters had small land holding, adopters prefer internet and non- adopters were prefer whatsapp, adopters and non-adopters were more participative in cooperative societies and influenced from pesticide dealers. Majority of non-adopters were preferred to grow maize-wheat crop rotation if government provides minimum support price (MSPs). Majority of non-adopters responded that lack of marketing facilities, lack of minimum support price (MSPs) in case of other crops, youth is getting away from agriculture these are the socio-economic reasons that hinder the adoption of crop diversification. Various suggestions were provided by respondents and majority said that government should provide Minimum Support Price on all crops for enhancing the adoption of crop diversification. On the basis of the major findings of the study concluded that the government should provide basic input for alternative crops and also provides assured marketing as well as minimum support price (MSPs) for all alternative to uplift the crop diversification index in estate of Punjab.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge of Kinnow cultivation and post-harvest handling among Kinnow growers in Fazilka district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amit Kumar; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Knowledge of Kinnow cultivation and post-harvest handling among Kinnow growers in Fazilka district of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the knowledge level of Kinnow cultivation, extent of adoption of selected recommended practices and post-harvest handling techniques followed by respondents. The study was conducted in Fazilka district of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that majority (50.8%) of respondents belonged to age group 38-54 year. About (33.3%) of the respondents educated up to graduation and 35 per cent of the respondents had medium operational land holding (35%). Majority (50.8%) of respondents had medium level of extension contacts and 40.0 per cent had medium level of mass media exposure. More than half (55.0%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about Kinnow cultivation. Majority (50.8%) of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 25 per cent of the respondents planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general majority of the respondents applied recommended pesticides for control of insects (citrus psylla, aphids, leaf minor, white fly and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis/foot rot). Extent of adoption under recommended practices was maximum (34.8%) in Abohar block. Majority (64.3%) of the respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors. All the respondents of self-marketing category engaged in direct sale of produce. Availability of good planting material as compare to other fruit crops was major reason behind adoption of Kinnow cultivation. Fluctuation in price of Kinnow was major constraint faced by (80.8%) respondents.ThesisItem Open Access Usage pattern of ICT among the members of PAU Kisan club for seeking farm information(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sahar, Mohammad Farooq; Dharminder SinghThe present study entitled, “Usage Pattern of ICT among the Members of PAU KisanClub for Seeking Farm Information” has been conducted by randomly selecting 120 active members of PAU Kisan Club. A structured interview schedule was prepared on identified objectives to interview the respondents personally for collecting data. It was found that majority of the respondents were matriculate, having age less than 35 years, and are semi-medium (2-4 ha) operational land holding. WhatsApp emerged as the most frequently used ICT among respondents with overall mean score of 2.78 and was found to be accessed by 93.40 per cent respondents for acquiring farm information, followed by YouTube (76.16%), Facebook (59.16%) and PAU farmer portal (29.17%). On an average, daily time spent by the respondents were reported to be 44.05 min on WhatsApp, 38.22 min on Facebook and 35.48 min on YouTube. Nearly half (45.83%) of the respondents use to receive 50-100 messages per day. Study revealed that 87.50 per cent of the user farmers were satisfied in accessing information from WhatsApp, followed by PAU farmer portal (71.43%), Facebook (63.38%), YouTube (46.73%). Age, number of family members and farming experience of the respondents was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with the use of ICT and satisfaction level of the respondents, however education of the respondents were found to be positively significantly correlated to the use of ICT and satisfaction level of the respondents. Poor internet connectivity (76.67%), lack of region specific information (94.57%) and maintenance cost of ICT (60.84%) were the major problems confronted by the respondents. Lack of trustworthy information was another constraint faced about one-third (35.8%) of the ICT users. Other problems reported by the farmers were language barrier, lack adequate skills, storage and retrieval of the information.ThesisItem Restricted Study on Awareness and Knowledge of Farmers Regarding Soil Health Card(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sarvjeet Kaur; Prabhjot KaurThe present study entitled “A Study on Awareness and Knowledge of Farmers Regarding Soil Health Card” was undertaken to study the awareness of farmers regarding Soil Health Card Scheme (SHCS), the knowledge level of farmers regarding application of Soil Health Card (SHC) and the constraints faced by the farmers in the use of Soil Health Card. The study was conducted in Jalandhar and Sangrur districts of Punjab. KVK Noormahal (Jalandhar) and KVK Kheri (Sangrur) were purposively selected for the study. Total 160 respondents comprising of 80 beneficiaries and 80 non-beneficiaries of SHCS were selected for the purpose of the study. Two separate interview schedules were prepared for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The results of the study revealed that majority of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries belonged to 41-59 years and 44-64 years, respectively, having matriculate level of education and semi-medium to medium operational land holding. Majority of the beneficiaries belonged to medium category of extension contacts and participation in extension activities and high category of scientific orientation and economic motivation. Less than half of the non-beneficiaries belonged to high category of innovativeness whereas exactly half of the beneficiaries belonged to medium category. For majority of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, source of soil testing was KVK soil testing laboratory. Majority of non-beneficiaries belonged to medium category of awareness level regarding SHCS and all of them were aware about soil testing and source of soil testing. Majority of the beneficiaries belonged to medium category of knowledge level regarding the application of soil health card. Majority of the beneficiaries were having knowledge regarding different macro-nutrient status displayed in SHC and soil testing laboratories available for soil testing. Difficulty in operating internet to access soil health card portal, delay in receiving SHC and lack of mobile soil testing vans were major constraints faced by the farmers in the application of SHC.ThesisItem Open Access Usage behavior of online utility service users(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Nayal, Anupriya; Sharma, PreetiThe study entitled ‘Usage behavior of online utility service users’ was conducted to study the intention of respondents to use online utility services, to analyze the usage behavior of online utility service users and to determine the factors affecting the usage behavior for online utility services. Data was collected randomly from 60 respondents each from rural, peri-urban and urban areas of Ludhiana district using pre-tested structured interview schedule. Thus, in total 180 respondents were selected. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings of the study revealed that a large proportion of the respondents had medium to high level of mass media usage. Majority of them perceived online utility services useful due to its qualities of trialability, compatibility and relative advantage whereas perceived self-efficacy, trust and attitude towards online utility services made these services easier to use. A higher proportion of the respondents were highly intended to use online utility services and majority of them had medium to high level of usage behavior. Respondents’ perceived ease of use, usefulness and intention to use online utility services were found to have significant relationship with their extent of use of online utility services. Among the factors that significantly affect the usage behavior of online utility services were respondent’s personal and family educational level, occupation, annual personal and family income, family type and size, caste, family interaction, level of mass media usage, time spent online every day and respondent’s perceived proficiency to work on internet/ computer/ smart phone. For facilitating the use of online utility services, it is suggested that facilities like improved digital infrastructure, strong network connections and awareness regarding secured use of online utility services should be created among masses through trainings and different media platforms.
