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ThesisItem Restricted A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, SidhuThe study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.ThesisItem Open Access OPINION OF THE VEGETABLE GROWERS REGARDING VEGETABLE PROCESSING IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Amandeep Arora; S.K., SainiThe study entitled “ opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing in Ludhiana district of Punjab” was undertaken to know the opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing, problems perceived by them in processing of vegetables and suggestions to overcome the perceived constraints in processing of vegetables. A total sample of 80 vegetable growers cultivating potato, tomato and chilli were taken for the present investigation. The data were collected through personal interviews. The findings of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents (52.50 per cent) belonged to the age group of 38-50 years and 43.75 per cent of the respondents were matriculates. Majority of the respondents (61.25 per cent) belonged to nuclear families whereas 51.25 per cent had upto 5 members in their family. A little more than one-third (38.75 per cent) of the respondents had medium operational land holdings. A little less than half (47.50 per cent) of the respondents had experience in vegetable cultivation varying from 9-16 years and income varying from 4.5-7 lacs/ annum. Most of the respondents had medium extension contacts, mass media exposure, innovativeness, economic motivation, risk bearing capacity and low scientific orientation. Most of the respondents cultivated potato on 12-19 acres, tomato on 1-2.5 acres and chilli on 1.2 acres of land. All the respondents had cultivated wheat on their farms along with the selected crops. All the respondents were of opinion that processing of vegetables is profitable but complex process that requires technical knowledge and huge initial investment. However it increases the shelf life and market value of the product. There was significant association between Education, operational land holding, income, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk bearing capacity and economic motivation with willingness for processing of vegetables whereas family type, family size, experience in vegetable cultivation, extension contacts, mass media exposure had no significant association with willingness for vegetable processing. Lack of finance was the most serious problem perceived by respondents in processing of vegetables.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF NEWS IN DIFFERENT NEWSPAPERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Hardeep Kaur; Sarabjeet SinghThe present research was undertaken with a view to compare the coverage of news, including agricultural and rural news, in various newspapers with different parameters and to find biasness, if any, in publication of the news. Three English newspapers i.e. Hindustan Times, The Tribune and The Indian Express were selected for this quantitative and qualitative study conducted on 15 randomly selected news stories with 12 parameters. It was found that Hindustan Times and The Tribune covered more stories with boxes as compared to The Indian Express. Similarly, The Tribune and The Indian Express published maximum stories with pictures whereas Hindustan Times published least pictures. The study also pointed to the fact that there were major differences in number of columns as well as word count. Both the parameters were almost doubled in many news stories. This shows that while one newspaper accorded top importance, the others gave half the space and display. From the study it was also found that even news sent by PTI were not carried equally by all newspapers. The study of all these three newspapers revealed that the newspapers vary in coverage of particular news as per their editorial policies and space consideration, but it is hard to conclude that the newspapers under the present sample were biased despite having variance in coverage. Each newspaper provided different bits of information in a particular news story which of course, adds uniqueness and ingenuity to the newspapers. sThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Uritkhinbam Supriya Devi; D.S., DhillonThe present study entitled ―Study of organizational stress and scientific productivity of scientists of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana‖ was undertaken to study the nature and extent of organizational stress and measure the scientific productivity of the scientists, analyze the factors affecting the organizational stress and the measures used to manage it and relationship between the organizational stress and scientific productivity of the scientists. A total sample of 250 scientists having minimum five years of service experience belonging to three cadres of teaching, research and extension was selected in proportion to their number in each stream from each of the four constituent colleges. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect requisite information pertaining to the objectives of the study. The data were collected from the scientists using distributed questionnaire approach. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done and necessary modifications were made in the parameters of teaching, research and extension. The reliability of the measurement scales was found by using split half method and their content validity was ensured. The results of the study revealed that majority of the scientists ‗sometimes‘ faced the mental, emotional, physical and behavioural stress. About an equal per cent of teachers (23.08%) had ‗high‘ mental and physical stress respectively and one fourth of researchers (21.90%) had high level of emotional stress. About 40 per cent teachers, 41.90 per cent researchers and 40.74 per cent extensionists had ‗medium‘ level of scientific productivity. On the other hand, one fourth of teachers (25.27%), researchers (22.86%) and extensionists (24.07%) had ‗high‘ level of scientific productivity. The factors affecting the organizational stress such as self, family, environmental factors, organizational factors, role in organization, interpersonal relationships at work, workload influence on career development lead to the stress as perceived by about 36-50 per cent of the scientists. The characteristics such as family, social factors, role in organization, workload and home work interference were positively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. It was further observed that organizational factors, organizational culture, strict adherence to working hours and influence on career development were negatively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. Further, about 30-60 per cent scientists from all the three cadres used stress management techniques such as work related techniques, meditation, diet, social support and natural cures to manage and relieve their day to day stress.ThesisItem Open Access AN EVALUATIVE STUDY ON WOMEN SELF-HELP GROUPS OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) SHIKHA SINGH; Sukhjeet KaurThe present study entitled “An evaluative Study on Women Self Help Groups of Punjab” was undertaken to study the profile and functioning of SHGs, know the opinion of officials/SHG members towards functioning of SHGs, asses the impact of SHGs on empowerment of women and identify the problems experienced by SHG members. A sample of 150 members i.e. 75 from Ludhiana and 75 from Hoshiarpur were selected through random sampling technique. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule. The study revealed that majority of the SHGs were formed during the year 2008-09, had 16-20 members in their SHGs and were involved in 4-6 entrepreneurial activities. Majority of the SHGs adopted monthly pattern of meeting and found regular in their contribution towards saving. The findings of the study also indicated that majority of the SHGs were charging interest on inter-loaning among members. maximum number of SHGs were involved in food processing and beauty parlour, their major source of funding for running the enterprise was contributions made by the members. Findings further revealed that all the respondents indicated that SHGs had helped them to undertake income generating activities, set up micro-enterprise, improve availability of financial services and developed habit of saving, all officials agreed that SHGs helped them to undertake „income generating activities‟, „ to set up micro-enterprise‟, „improved availability of financial services‟ and developed habit of savings. Majority of the respondents reported that there was improvement in economic resources of the family, women‟s own development, decision making regarding education, marriage of children and participation in social activities. Majority of the respondents achieved „high‟ level of empowerment through Self-Help Groups. The major problems experienced by members were „lack of training opportunity‟ and „lack of guidance/ support from promoting agencies.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Self help groups on Women Empowerment in Punjab(PAU, 2014) Kaur, Lakhwinder; Kalra, Rajinder KaurThe present study entitled “Impact of self help groups on women empowerment in Punjab” was undertaken to determine the profile of the members of self help groups, impact of self help groups on empowerment of women, problems faced by the members of self help groups and extension approaches used by promoting agencies in organizing and managing group affairs. The study was conducted in the state of Punjab and a total of 200 members were selected based on the probability proportional to the size of members in each district. All the managers for promoting selected self help groups under different agencies were selected. Data were collected from members by using interview schedule and managers by using questionnaire approach. Results revealed that majority of the members of self help groups were young, matriculates, labourers, belonged to SC category, had family size of 4-6 members and earned up to Rs.65000 per annum. Most of self help groups engaged in food processing (5), tailoring (4), making of household products (3) and honey production (2). Most of the respondents availed training opportunities provided to them by different agencies for capacity building as a result of which they increased their income in the range of Rs.1000-1500 per month. A large number of women in Punjab developed courage to think independently (99.50%), understood group activities (96%) and managed group activities (95.5%) after joining the group. Furthermore the social empowerment of the members in terms of team spirit (97%), talked freely within family (94%), confidence in dealing with people (95.5%) were enhanced. The socio-personal and psychological traits like annual income, mass media exposure, extension contacts, scientific orientation, and group cohesiveness were found to have positive and significant relationship at 5 per cent level while education, economic motivation, achievement motivation and risk bearing capacity had positive and significant relationship at 1 per cent level with the women empowerment. All the traits jointly explained 47.9 per cent (R2 = 0.479) variation in the women empowerment of self help groups. Extension approaches like group discussion, trainings and group meetings were „always used by the managers of promoting agencies for empowering the members. Linkages with line department (83.33%), regularity in savings (75%) and division of labour (41.66%) were the strengthening points while group crisis (50%) , non-cooperation of family members (50%) and over-dependence on the leader of the group (33.33%) were the weak points of groups formed by various organizations. Lack of transport facilities (81.50%), procurement of good quality raw materials (61%) and non-cooperation of the family to attend training outstations (51%) were the major problems perceived by the respondents. The study would be beneficial to analyze the social, economic and managerial aspects for economically deprived women of the society for effective functioning of the groups as well as will facilitate stakeholders for better future planning regarding formation of the self help groups.ThesisItem Restricted Intervention on reproductive health of young mothers in slum areas of Ludhiana city(PAU, 2013) Deepshikha; Bajwa, Ashu K.The present study was undertaken to assess the “Impact of intervention program on reproductive health of young mothers in slum areas of Ludhiana city”. The sample was comprised of total 120 respondents i.e. young mothers (n 1 =60) and their spouses (n 2 =60). Standardized Family Planning and Birth Control Attitude Scale was used to assess the attitude of young mothers and their spouses towards family planning and birth control methods. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess the existing physical health status and identification of health services availed by young mothers. The respondents were tested for their knowledge and attitude regarding reproductive health. Out of 120 respondents, 60 respondents (both husband and wife) falling on the poor reproductive health status were selected as experimental group for intervention programme, whereas, the rest of 60 respondents constituted the control group. The intervention programme was given to experimental group of mothers and their spouses for the period of four months. Post-testing of both the groups was done to evaluate the impact of the intervention programme. Results revealed significant relationship between education and all the eight aspects of family planning methods whereas age factor does not affect the attitude of the respondents towards family planning methods. Awareness regarding health care services was found low among young mothers. Post-test assessment revealed that intervention resulted into significant positive changes in the attitude of the young mothers towards menstruation and its related fallacies. Significant positive change in the attitude of young mothers and their spouses towards family planning methods was also observed after intervention. Knowledge of the young mothers towards food fads and fallacies related to pregnancy were improved significantly using post-intervention assessment.ThesisItem Open Access DISCRIMINATORY ANALYSIS OF ADOPTERS AND NON-ADOPTERS OF HAPPY SEEDER IN WHEAT CROP(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sukhdeep SinghThe study entitled “Discriminatory analysis of adopters and non-adopters of Happy Seeder in wheat crop” was undertaken to study different stages undergone by the adopters and non-adopters in the adoption process of Happy Seeder, different sources used by the respondents at each stage of adoption and benefits perceived/received, problems faced by the respondents in the adoption of Happy Seeder, and factors differentiating adopters and nonadopters. A list of farmers who had adopted Happy Seeder was prepared from the selected cluster and 40 adopters were randomly selected from this list. An equal number of non – adopters were selected from same villages. Thus the total sample comprised of 80 farmers. Specially designed interview schedule was used to collect the data. Majority of adopters were in the middle age group and majority of the non-adopters were in young age group. Adopters had high educational level and large operational holding whereas non-adopters had low educational level and small operational land holding. Majority of adopters had high innovativeness, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation, whereas non-adopters were in low categories on all these characteristics. Majority of the adopters passed through all the stages of adoption and took less time at each stage. Whereas non-adopters had not passed through all the stages of adoption process and took more time at each stage. Majority of the adopters reported low cost of sowing then conventional method of sowing and saving of two irrigations as the major benefit of Happy Seeder. Whereas high cost of Happy Seeder, low subsidy on the machine, difficulty in straw management and peer pressure not to use the Happy Seeder were the major problems of the non-adoptersThesisItem Open Access Perception of Breeders and Farmers Regarding Participatory Plant Breeding in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Faisal, Hassamuddin; Manmeet KaurThe study entitled "Perception of breeders and farmers regarding Participatory Plant Breeding in Punjab" was undertaken with the objectives to study the awareness of the breeders and farmers regarding various aspects of Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB), ascertain the extent of PPB best suited under Punjab conditions and determine the problems perceived by the breeders and farmers regarding PPB in Punjab. All the fifty breeders from the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PAU and its research station in Bathinda and Faridkot were selected for this study. Also, fifty farmers were randomly selected from Seed Producers and Nursery Growers Association (SAPNA), Ludhiana for this study. The data were collected with the help of questionnaire as a data collection tool. Findings of the study revealed that all the breeders were aware about the concept of PPB while all the farmers were unaware for the same. Meetings of the SAPNA, Ludhiana were the major linkage mechanism used by the farmers to meet the breeders whereas field days, front line demonstrations and adaptive trials were found to be the biggest linkage mechanism used by the breeders to connect with the farmers. Majority of the farmers linked with the breeders to seek information regarding varieties of different crops although the extent of linkages of the farmers with the breeders was found to be low. High yield was the most preferred characteristics of an ideal variety by the farmers and breeders. A little less than two-third of the farmers perceived that PPB can be a suitable breeding option under Punjab conditions while more than half of the breeders perceived that conventional breeding option is best for Punjab state. More than two-third of the farmers and a little more than half of the breeders perceived that collaborative form of participation can be a form of PPB in the state of Punjab. Majority of the farmers and breeders perceived that PPB will improve the rate of adoption of the varieties among the farmers, increase the farmers’ organizational and social participation, increase resource poor farmers’ access to improved varieties and allow the farmers with freedom of choice of traits in the varieties of the crops. All the farmers and more than one-third of the breeders showed willingness to participate in the PPB programme. Lack of farmers knowledge, finding assistance to support PPB programmes, added cost in conducting training/workshops for PPB and ownership problems among the breeders and farmers regarding the varieties production and the distribution of its seeds were found to be the major anticipated problems that may occur with PPB programmes. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance analysis showed that there was a moderate and significant agreement among the farmers pertaining to their preference of traits in an ideal variety. Similarly, agreement was seen among the breeders also for their preference of traits in an ideal variety. On similar lines, a moderate and significant agreement could be seen among the breeders according to their preference of the socio-economic and psychological profile of the farmers who can participate in the PPB programme.
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