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ThesisItem Restricted A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, SidhuThe study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.ThesisItem Open Access OPINION OF THE VEGETABLE GROWERS REGARDING VEGETABLE PROCESSING IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Amandeep Arora; S.K., SainiThe study entitled “ opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing in Ludhiana district of Punjab” was undertaken to know the opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing, problems perceived by them in processing of vegetables and suggestions to overcome the perceived constraints in processing of vegetables. A total sample of 80 vegetable growers cultivating potato, tomato and chilli were taken for the present investigation. The data were collected through personal interviews. The findings of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents (52.50 per cent) belonged to the age group of 38-50 years and 43.75 per cent of the respondents were matriculates. Majority of the respondents (61.25 per cent) belonged to nuclear families whereas 51.25 per cent had upto 5 members in their family. A little more than one-third (38.75 per cent) of the respondents had medium operational land holdings. A little less than half (47.50 per cent) of the respondents had experience in vegetable cultivation varying from 9-16 years and income varying from 4.5-7 lacs/ annum. Most of the respondents had medium extension contacts, mass media exposure, innovativeness, economic motivation, risk bearing capacity and low scientific orientation. Most of the respondents cultivated potato on 12-19 acres, tomato on 1-2.5 acres and chilli on 1.2 acres of land. All the respondents had cultivated wheat on their farms along with the selected crops. All the respondents were of opinion that processing of vegetables is profitable but complex process that requires technical knowledge and huge initial investment. However it increases the shelf life and market value of the product. There was significant association between Education, operational land holding, income, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk bearing capacity and economic motivation with willingness for processing of vegetables whereas family type, family size, experience in vegetable cultivation, extension contacts, mass media exposure had no significant association with willingness for vegetable processing. Lack of finance was the most serious problem perceived by respondents in processing of vegetables.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF NEWS IN DIFFERENT NEWSPAPERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Hardeep Kaur; Sarabjeet SinghThe present research was undertaken with a view to compare the coverage of news, including agricultural and rural news, in various newspapers with different parameters and to find biasness, if any, in publication of the news. Three English newspapers i.e. Hindustan Times, The Tribune and The Indian Express were selected for this quantitative and qualitative study conducted on 15 randomly selected news stories with 12 parameters. It was found that Hindustan Times and The Tribune covered more stories with boxes as compared to The Indian Express. Similarly, The Tribune and The Indian Express published maximum stories with pictures whereas Hindustan Times published least pictures. The study also pointed to the fact that there were major differences in number of columns as well as word count. Both the parameters were almost doubled in many news stories. This shows that while one newspaper accorded top importance, the others gave half the space and display. From the study it was also found that even news sent by PTI were not carried equally by all newspapers. The study of all these three newspapers revealed that the newspapers vary in coverage of particular news as per their editorial policies and space consideration, but it is hard to conclude that the newspapers under the present sample were biased despite having variance in coverage. Each newspaper provided different bits of information in a particular news story which of course, adds uniqueness and ingenuity to the newspapers. sThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Uritkhinbam Supriya Devi; D.S., DhillonThe present study entitled ―Study of organizational stress and scientific productivity of scientists of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana‖ was undertaken to study the nature and extent of organizational stress and measure the scientific productivity of the scientists, analyze the factors affecting the organizational stress and the measures used to manage it and relationship between the organizational stress and scientific productivity of the scientists. A total sample of 250 scientists having minimum five years of service experience belonging to three cadres of teaching, research and extension was selected in proportion to their number in each stream from each of the four constituent colleges. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect requisite information pertaining to the objectives of the study. The data were collected from the scientists using distributed questionnaire approach. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done and necessary modifications were made in the parameters of teaching, research and extension. The reliability of the measurement scales was found by using split half method and their content validity was ensured. The results of the study revealed that majority of the scientists ‗sometimes‘ faced the mental, emotional, physical and behavioural stress. About an equal per cent of teachers (23.08%) had ‗high‘ mental and physical stress respectively and one fourth of researchers (21.90%) had high level of emotional stress. About 40 per cent teachers, 41.90 per cent researchers and 40.74 per cent extensionists had ‗medium‘ level of scientific productivity. On the other hand, one fourth of teachers (25.27%), researchers (22.86%) and extensionists (24.07%) had ‗high‘ level of scientific productivity. The factors affecting the organizational stress such as self, family, environmental factors, organizational factors, role in organization, interpersonal relationships at work, workload influence on career development lead to the stress as perceived by about 36-50 per cent of the scientists. The characteristics such as family, social factors, role in organization, workload and home work interference were positively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. It was further observed that organizational factors, organizational culture, strict adherence to working hours and influence on career development were negatively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. Further, about 30-60 per cent scientists from all the three cadres used stress management techniques such as work related techniques, meditation, diet, social support and natural cures to manage and relieve their day to day stress.ThesisItem Open Access AN EVALUATIVE STUDY ON WOMEN SELF-HELP GROUPS OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) SHIKHA SINGH; Sukhjeet KaurThe present study entitled “An evaluative Study on Women Self Help Groups of Punjab” was undertaken to study the profile and functioning of SHGs, know the opinion of officials/SHG members towards functioning of SHGs, asses the impact of SHGs on empowerment of women and identify the problems experienced by SHG members. A sample of 150 members i.e. 75 from Ludhiana and 75 from Hoshiarpur were selected through random sampling technique. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule. The study revealed that majority of the SHGs were formed during the year 2008-09, had 16-20 members in their SHGs and were involved in 4-6 entrepreneurial activities. Majority of the SHGs adopted monthly pattern of meeting and found regular in their contribution towards saving. The findings of the study also indicated that majority of the SHGs were charging interest on inter-loaning among members. maximum number of SHGs were involved in food processing and beauty parlour, their major source of funding for running the enterprise was contributions made by the members. Findings further revealed that all the respondents indicated that SHGs had helped them to undertake income generating activities, set up micro-enterprise, improve availability of financial services and developed habit of saving, all officials agreed that SHGs helped them to undertake „income generating activities‟, „ to set up micro-enterprise‟, „improved availability of financial services‟ and developed habit of savings. Majority of the respondents reported that there was improvement in economic resources of the family, women‟s own development, decision making regarding education, marriage of children and participation in social activities. Majority of the respondents achieved „high‟ level of empowerment through Self-Help Groups. The major problems experienced by members were „lack of training opportunity‟ and „lack of guidance/ support from promoting agencies.ThesisItem Restricted Intervention on reproductive health of young mothers in slum areas of Ludhiana city(PAU, 2013) Deepshikha; Bajwa, Ashu K.The present study was undertaken to assess the “Impact of intervention program on reproductive health of young mothers in slum areas of Ludhiana city”. The sample was comprised of total 120 respondents i.e. young mothers (n 1 =60) and their spouses (n 2 =60). Standardized Family Planning and Birth Control Attitude Scale was used to assess the attitude of young mothers and their spouses towards family planning and birth control methods. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess the existing physical health status and identification of health services availed by young mothers. The respondents were tested for their knowledge and attitude regarding reproductive health. Out of 120 respondents, 60 respondents (both husband and wife) falling on the poor reproductive health status were selected as experimental group for intervention programme, whereas, the rest of 60 respondents constituted the control group. The intervention programme was given to experimental group of mothers and their spouses for the period of four months. Post-testing of both the groups was done to evaluate the impact of the intervention programme. Results revealed significant relationship between education and all the eight aspects of family planning methods whereas age factor does not affect the attitude of the respondents towards family planning methods. Awareness regarding health care services was found low among young mothers. Post-test assessment revealed that intervention resulted into significant positive changes in the attitude of the young mothers towards menstruation and its related fallacies. Significant positive change in the attitude of young mothers and their spouses towards family planning methods was also observed after intervention. Knowledge of the young mothers towards food fads and fallacies related to pregnancy were improved significantly using post-intervention assessment.ThesisItem Open Access DISCRIMINATORY ANALYSIS OF ADOPTERS AND NON-ADOPTERS OF HAPPY SEEDER IN WHEAT CROP(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sukhdeep SinghThe study entitled “Discriminatory analysis of adopters and non-adopters of Happy Seeder in wheat crop” was undertaken to study different stages undergone by the adopters and non-adopters in the adoption process of Happy Seeder, different sources used by the respondents at each stage of adoption and benefits perceived/received, problems faced by the respondents in the adoption of Happy Seeder, and factors differentiating adopters and nonadopters. A list of farmers who had adopted Happy Seeder was prepared from the selected cluster and 40 adopters were randomly selected from this list. An equal number of non – adopters were selected from same villages. Thus the total sample comprised of 80 farmers. Specially designed interview schedule was used to collect the data. Majority of adopters were in the middle age group and majority of the non-adopters were in young age group. Adopters had high educational level and large operational holding whereas non-adopters had low educational level and small operational land holding. Majority of adopters had high innovativeness, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation, whereas non-adopters were in low categories on all these characteristics. Majority of the adopters passed through all the stages of adoption and took less time at each stage. Whereas non-adopters had not passed through all the stages of adoption process and took more time at each stage. Majority of the adopters reported low cost of sowing then conventional method of sowing and saving of two irrigations as the major benefit of Happy Seeder. Whereas high cost of Happy Seeder, low subsidy on the machine, difficulty in straw management and peer pressure not to use the Happy Seeder were the major problems of the non-adoptersThesisItem Open Access Farmers' suicide in Punjab: A sociological perspective(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Jain, Khushbu; Sidhu, Simran K.Suicide is an important issue in the Indian context where more than one lakh lives are lost every year to suicide. In Punjab state, 4687 farmers and farm labourers committed suicides die to Indebtedness between 2001 to 2010 (Daily Post, 2012). The reason is the deep rooted agrarian and rural distress rather than a temporary phenomenon associated with society. Many studies advocated that it is the phenomenon of indebtedness which pushed farmers` towards suicide trap, but the factor of social nature responsible for indebtedness are more significant. Furthermore, the suicide victims not only include the persons themselves who commit suicide but also their family members who are left at the crossroads. The present study had conducted with purpose of finding out the reasons of suicides and the status of family members of suicide victims in Punjab from 2000 to 2008 with the specific objectives (i) to examine the socio-economic status of the suicide victims (ii) to find out causes of suicide by the suicide victims and (iii) to analyse the problems faced by the suicide victims’ families. The sample of 120 families from 25 villages of two districts of Punjab state namely Bathinda and Mansa were selected through systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected personally with the help of structured interview schedule and analyzed statistically. The data pertaining to socio-economic profile of the suicide victims revealed that maximum victims belonged to middle age group (63.33%) and 47.5 per cent victims were illiterate. Majority of suicide victims belonged to nuclear family supported the fact that recent phenomena of disintegration of joint family in rural areas which has been considered as the main source of social, economic and psychological support for an individual was playing as the hidden factor of suicide. Maximum victims were used pesticides to kill themselves as it was easily available in the farm household. Indebtedness was found to be the major cause of suicide (64.17 per cent) followed by family disputes (20%) and economic crisis (16.67%). More than half of the victims borrowed debt for the marriage purpose of their daughters and son. Commission agents were the dominant source of debt. It was found that a significant number of victims had ill habit of smoking, drinking and drug addiction. More than half of the victims’ families faced problem of inadequate income. More than half of the victim families were facing difficulties even in daily household expenses. Three fourth of the victims wives and children were under depression. Majority of suicide victims wanted government to waive off their debt and provide some immediate financial help.ThesisItem Open Access Farmers' suicide in Punjab: A sociological perspective(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Khushbu Jain; Simran K. SidhuSuicide is an important issue in the Indian context where more than one lakh lives are lost every year to suicide. In Punjab state, 4687 farmers and farm labourers committed suicides die to Indebtedness between 2001 to 2010 (Daily Post, 2012). The reason is the deep rooted agrarian and rural distress rather than a temporary phenomenon associated with society. Many studies advocated that it is the phenomenon of indebtedness which pushed farmers` towards suicide trap, but the factor of social nature responsible for indebtedness are more significant. Furthermore, the suicide victims not only include the persons themselves who commit suicide but also their family members who are left at the crossroads. The present study had conducted with purpose of finding out the reasons of suicides and the status of family members of suicide victims in Punjab from 2000 to 2008 with the specific objectives (i) to examine the socio-economic status of the suicide victims (ii) to find out causes of suicide by the suicide victims and (iii) to analyse the problems faced by the suicide victims’ families. The sample of 120 families from 25 villages of two districts of Punjab state namely Bathinda and Mansa were selected through systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected personally with the help of structured interview schedule and analyzed statistically. The data pertaining to socio-economic profile of the suicide victims revealed that maximum victims belonged to middle age group (63.33%) and 47.5 per cent victims were illiterate. Majority of suicide victims belonged to nuclear family supported the fact that recent phenomena of disintegration of joint family in rural areas which has been considered as the main source of social, economic and psychological support for an individual was playing as the hidden factor of suicide. Maximum victims were used pesticides to kill themselves as it was easily available in the farm household. Indebtedness was found to be the major cause of suicide (64.17 per cent) followed by family disputes (20%) and economic crisis (16.67%). More than half of the victims borrowed debt for the marriage purpose of their daughters and son. Commission agents were the dominant source of debt. It was found that a significant number of victims had ill habit of smoking, drinking and drug addiction. More than half of the victims’ families faced problem of inadequate income. More than half of the victim families were facing difficulties even in daily household expenses. Three fourth of the victims wives and children were under depression. Majority of suicide victims wanted government to waive off their debt and provide some immediate financial help.