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ThesisItem Open Access OPINION OF THE VEGETABLE GROWERS REGARDING VEGETABLE PROCESSING IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Amandeep Arora; S.K., SainiThe study entitled “ opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing in Ludhiana district of Punjab” was undertaken to know the opinion of the vegetable growers regarding vegetable processing, problems perceived by them in processing of vegetables and suggestions to overcome the perceived constraints in processing of vegetables. A total sample of 80 vegetable growers cultivating potato, tomato and chilli were taken for the present investigation. The data were collected through personal interviews. The findings of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents (52.50 per cent) belonged to the age group of 38-50 years and 43.75 per cent of the respondents were matriculates. Majority of the respondents (61.25 per cent) belonged to nuclear families whereas 51.25 per cent had upto 5 members in their family. A little more than one-third (38.75 per cent) of the respondents had medium operational land holdings. A little less than half (47.50 per cent) of the respondents had experience in vegetable cultivation varying from 9-16 years and income varying from 4.5-7 lacs/ annum. Most of the respondents had medium extension contacts, mass media exposure, innovativeness, economic motivation, risk bearing capacity and low scientific orientation. Most of the respondents cultivated potato on 12-19 acres, tomato on 1-2.5 acres and chilli on 1.2 acres of land. All the respondents had cultivated wheat on their farms along with the selected crops. All the respondents were of opinion that processing of vegetables is profitable but complex process that requires technical knowledge and huge initial investment. However it increases the shelf life and market value of the product. There was significant association between Education, operational land holding, income, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk bearing capacity and economic motivation with willingness for processing of vegetables whereas family type, family size, experience in vegetable cultivation, extension contacts, mass media exposure had no significant association with willingness for vegetable processing. Lack of finance was the most serious problem perceived by respondents in processing of vegetables.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF COVERAGE OF NEWS IN DIFFERENT NEWSPAPERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Hardeep Kaur; Sarabjeet SinghThe present research was undertaken with a view to compare the coverage of news, including agricultural and rural news, in various newspapers with different parameters and to find biasness, if any, in publication of the news. Three English newspapers i.e. Hindustan Times, The Tribune and The Indian Express were selected for this quantitative and qualitative study conducted on 15 randomly selected news stories with 12 parameters. It was found that Hindustan Times and The Tribune covered more stories with boxes as compared to The Indian Express. Similarly, The Tribune and The Indian Express published maximum stories with pictures whereas Hindustan Times published least pictures. The study also pointed to the fact that there were major differences in number of columns as well as word count. Both the parameters were almost doubled in many news stories. This shows that while one newspaper accorded top importance, the others gave half the space and display. From the study it was also found that even news sent by PTI were not carried equally by all newspapers. The study of all these three newspapers revealed that the newspapers vary in coverage of particular news as per their editorial policies and space consideration, but it is hard to conclude that the newspapers under the present sample were biased despite having variance in coverage. Each newspaper provided different bits of information in a particular news story which of course, adds uniqueness and ingenuity to the newspapers. sThesisItem Open Access AN EVALUATIVE STUDY ON WOMEN SELF-HELP GROUPS OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) SHIKHA SINGH; Sukhjeet KaurThe present study entitled “An evaluative Study on Women Self Help Groups of Punjab” was undertaken to study the profile and functioning of SHGs, know the opinion of officials/SHG members towards functioning of SHGs, asses the impact of SHGs on empowerment of women and identify the problems experienced by SHG members. A sample of 150 members i.e. 75 from Ludhiana and 75 from Hoshiarpur were selected through random sampling technique. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule. The study revealed that majority of the SHGs were formed during the year 2008-09, had 16-20 members in their SHGs and were involved in 4-6 entrepreneurial activities. Majority of the SHGs adopted monthly pattern of meeting and found regular in their contribution towards saving. The findings of the study also indicated that majority of the SHGs were charging interest on inter-loaning among members. maximum number of SHGs were involved in food processing and beauty parlour, their major source of funding for running the enterprise was contributions made by the members. Findings further revealed that all the respondents indicated that SHGs had helped them to undertake income generating activities, set up micro-enterprise, improve availability of financial services and developed habit of saving, all officials agreed that SHGs helped them to undertake „income generating activities‟, „ to set up micro-enterprise‟, „improved availability of financial services‟ and developed habit of savings. Majority of the respondents reported that there was improvement in economic resources of the family, women‟s own development, decision making regarding education, marriage of children and participation in social activities. Majority of the respondents achieved „high‟ level of empowerment through Self-Help Groups. The major problems experienced by members were „lack of training opportunity‟ and „lack of guidance/ support from promoting agencies.ThesisItem Open Access DISCRIMINATORY ANALYSIS OF ADOPTERS AND NON-ADOPTERS OF HAPPY SEEDER IN WHEAT CROP(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sukhdeep SinghThe study entitled “Discriminatory analysis of adopters and non-adopters of Happy Seeder in wheat crop” was undertaken to study different stages undergone by the adopters and non-adopters in the adoption process of Happy Seeder, different sources used by the respondents at each stage of adoption and benefits perceived/received, problems faced by the respondents in the adoption of Happy Seeder, and factors differentiating adopters and nonadopters. A list of farmers who had adopted Happy Seeder was prepared from the selected cluster and 40 adopters were randomly selected from this list. An equal number of non – adopters were selected from same villages. Thus the total sample comprised of 80 farmers. Specially designed interview schedule was used to collect the data. Majority of adopters were in the middle age group and majority of the non-adopters were in young age group. Adopters had high educational level and large operational holding whereas non-adopters had low educational level and small operational land holding. Majority of adopters had high innovativeness, risk bearing capacity and scientific orientation, whereas non-adopters were in low categories on all these characteristics. Majority of the adopters passed through all the stages of adoption and took less time at each stage. Whereas non-adopters had not passed through all the stages of adoption process and took more time at each stage. Majority of the adopters reported low cost of sowing then conventional method of sowing and saving of two irrigations as the major benefit of Happy Seeder. Whereas high cost of Happy Seeder, low subsidy on the machine, difficulty in straw management and peer pressure not to use the Happy Seeder were the major problems of the non-adoptersThesisItem Restricted PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT OF DALITS THROUGH PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS IN PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, 2010) Rajat SharmaSeventy third Amendment Act in 1993 of the Constitution envisages the equitable participation of dalits in the power sharing structure of panchayati raj institution. The present study was undertaken to (i) examine the socio economic profile of Dalit Sarpanches and Panches (ii) to ascertain the awareness level regarding power and duties of Panchayat members (iii) to examine the influence of socio-economic factors on the extent of participation of dalit panchayat members (iv) to render suitable suggestions for enhancing their participation level. The study was conducted in two districts viz., Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur having highest number of dalit Sarpanches. Four blocks from each district were chosen at random. Three villages from each selected block were chosen at random making the total no. villages to be studied twenty four. One dalit Sarpanch, two dalit and two non dalit Panchayat members were interviewed thus making the total sample of 120 respondents in all. The findings of the study revealed that majority of dalits were young, middle passed and practiced Sikh religion and had annual income up to 1 lakh. Most of the respondents were elected through ballot poll and had contested election for the first time. The major items of expenditure were liquor followed by food and banners/pamphlets. Only three per cent of dalits from Ludhiana and one fifth of them from Hoshiarpur were highly aware about their powers. Just five percent from Ludhiana and about 15 per cent from Hoshiarpur had high level of awareness regarding their duties. Majority of the respondents considered support by family and caste members as major factor behind their success. They faced obstacles while performing their duties like dominance of high caste and male members, lack of awareness, low level of education and lack of grants were the major obstacle for dalits. There was significant correlation between participation level of dalit with gender and education and the participation level of non dalits with gender and income.ThesisItem Open Access Farmers' suicide in Punjab: A sociological perspective(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Jain, Khushbu; Sidhu, Simran K.Suicide is an important issue in the Indian context where more than one lakh lives are lost every year to suicide. In Punjab state, 4687 farmers and farm labourers committed suicides die to Indebtedness between 2001 to 2010 (Daily Post, 2012). The reason is the deep rooted agrarian and rural distress rather than a temporary phenomenon associated with society. Many studies advocated that it is the phenomenon of indebtedness which pushed farmers` towards suicide trap, but the factor of social nature responsible for indebtedness are more significant. Furthermore, the suicide victims not only include the persons themselves who commit suicide but also their family members who are left at the crossroads. The present study had conducted with purpose of finding out the reasons of suicides and the status of family members of suicide victims in Punjab from 2000 to 2008 with the specific objectives (i) to examine the socio-economic status of the suicide victims (ii) to find out causes of suicide by the suicide victims and (iii) to analyse the problems faced by the suicide victims’ families. The sample of 120 families from 25 villages of two districts of Punjab state namely Bathinda and Mansa were selected through systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected personally with the help of structured interview schedule and analyzed statistically. The data pertaining to socio-economic profile of the suicide victims revealed that maximum victims belonged to middle age group (63.33%) and 47.5 per cent victims were illiterate. Majority of suicide victims belonged to nuclear family supported the fact that recent phenomena of disintegration of joint family in rural areas which has been considered as the main source of social, economic and psychological support for an individual was playing as the hidden factor of suicide. Maximum victims were used pesticides to kill themselves as it was easily available in the farm household. Indebtedness was found to be the major cause of suicide (64.17 per cent) followed by family disputes (20%) and economic crisis (16.67%). More than half of the victims borrowed debt for the marriage purpose of their daughters and son. Commission agents were the dominant source of debt. It was found that a significant number of victims had ill habit of smoking, drinking and drug addiction. More than half of the victims’ families faced problem of inadequate income. More than half of the victim families were facing difficulties even in daily household expenses. Three fourth of the victims wives and children were under depression. Majority of suicide victims wanted government to waive off their debt and provide some immediate financial help.ThesisItem Open Access Farmers' suicide in Punjab: A sociological perspective(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Khushbu Jain; Simran K. SidhuSuicide is an important issue in the Indian context where more than one lakh lives are lost every year to suicide. In Punjab state, 4687 farmers and farm labourers committed suicides die to Indebtedness between 2001 to 2010 (Daily Post, 2012). The reason is the deep rooted agrarian and rural distress rather than a temporary phenomenon associated with society. Many studies advocated that it is the phenomenon of indebtedness which pushed farmers` towards suicide trap, but the factor of social nature responsible for indebtedness are more significant. Furthermore, the suicide victims not only include the persons themselves who commit suicide but also their family members who are left at the crossroads. The present study had conducted with purpose of finding out the reasons of suicides and the status of family members of suicide victims in Punjab from 2000 to 2008 with the specific objectives (i) to examine the socio-economic status of the suicide victims (ii) to find out causes of suicide by the suicide victims and (iii) to analyse the problems faced by the suicide victims’ families. The sample of 120 families from 25 villages of two districts of Punjab state namely Bathinda and Mansa were selected through systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected personally with the help of structured interview schedule and analyzed statistically. The data pertaining to socio-economic profile of the suicide victims revealed that maximum victims belonged to middle age group (63.33%) and 47.5 per cent victims were illiterate. Majority of suicide victims belonged to nuclear family supported the fact that recent phenomena of disintegration of joint family in rural areas which has been considered as the main source of social, economic and psychological support for an individual was playing as the hidden factor of suicide. Maximum victims were used pesticides to kill themselves as it was easily available in the farm household. Indebtedness was found to be the major cause of suicide (64.17 per cent) followed by family disputes (20%) and economic crisis (16.67%). More than half of the victims borrowed debt for the marriage purpose of their daughters and son. Commission agents were the dominant source of debt. It was found that a significant number of victims had ill habit of smoking, drinking and drug addiction. More than half of the victims’ families faced problem of inadequate income. More than half of the victim families were facing difficulties even in daily household expenses. Three fourth of the victims wives and children were under depression. Majority of suicide victims wanted government to waive off their debt and provide some immediate financial help.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF NEED BASED TRAINING MODULE FOR FARMERS REGARDING FARM FORESTRY(Punjab Agricultural University, 2011) Rajwinder singh; Prabhjot KaurThe present study entitled “Development of need based training module for farmers regarding farm forestry” was undertaken to ascertain the training need of farmers regarding farm forestry, utility of the existing Package of Practices on recommendations of farm forestry as perceived by the farmers and develop the training module for farmers regarding farm forestry for the cultivation of eucalypt and poplar. A sample of 160 farmers including 80 adopters and 80 non-adopters was drawn from 8 randomly selected villages from 2 blocks of Ludhiana district. The data were collected by using distributed questionnaire approach. Knowledge test was to assess the training needs of adopters and non-adopters. Majority of the adopters and non-adopters were belonging to 25-35 years age group. Training need intensity of the adopters was found to be high in the area of harvesting and marketing and low in the area of irrigation for both poplar and eucalypt cultivation. Training need intensity of the non-adopters was found to be high in the area of climate and soil requirements, field planting, plant protection measures, harvesting and marketing for both poplar and eucalypt cultivation. Further training need intensity in case of poplar cultivation was high in the areas of nursery raising and training need intensity in case of eucalypt cultivation was high in the area of propagation. Training needs intensity of the non-adopters was found to be low in the area of irrigation for eucalypt cultivation. The overall training need intensity was found to be more in non-adopters as compared to the adopters. Based on the training need intensity of the farmers a module on various practices was prepared. It will be useful for the farmers engaged in farm forestry. It will also helpful for the extension personnel to train and educate the farmers regarding poplar and eucalypt cultivation.
