Loading...
Thesis
Browse
12 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF TOBACCO CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF CABBAGE(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jasjinder Kaur; Inderpal Singh)The development of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was studied during 2012-13 on cabbage cultivars viz. Pride of India, Pusa Drum Head, KGMR-1, Golden Acre and Pusa Mukta at the Entomological Laboratory, PAU, Ludhiana. There were significant differences in incubation period and hatchability of eggs with a minimum incubation period on Pusa Mukta (4.27 ± 0.09 days) and maximum on Pride of India (4.87 ± 0.10 days). Egg hatchability was maximum on Pusa Mukta (86.66 ± 0.82%) and minimum on Pride of India (81.76 ± 1.06%). There were significant differences in duration of larval instars on different cultivars. Total larval duration was minimum on Pusa Mukta (15.55 ± 0.12 days) and maximum on Pride of India (20.09 ± 0.14 days). The larval survival was minimum on Pride of India (71.00 ± 1.29%) and maximum on Pusa Mukta (89.00 ±1.29%). Pre-pupal and pupal periods were observed as minimum on Pusa Mukta (2.26 ± 0.02 and 6.38 ± 0.03 days, respectively) and maximum (2.89 ± 0.10 and 9.08 ± 0.05 days, respectively) on Pride of India. The male and female pupal weight was maximum on Pusa Mukta (0.362 ± 0.003g and 0.364 ± 0.004g, respectively) and minimum on Pride of India (0.349 ± 0.003g and 0.351 ± 0.003g, respectively). Pupal survival was maximum on Pusa Mukta (92.00 ± 1.83%) and minimum on Pride of India (80.00 ± 2.42%) and Pusa Drum Head (80.00 ± 2.08%). No significant differences were observed in pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods; adult longevity and fecundity on all the test cultivars. The female and male sex ratio ranged from 1.22:1 to 1.86:1 on different test cultivars. The total life duration of S. litura varied significantly among different cultivars with maximum on Pride of India (36.93 ± 0.25 days) and minimum on Pusa Mukta (28.46 ± 0.54 days). The extent of damage in terms of leaf area consumed/ larva was maximum on Pusa Mukta (158.28 ± 0.89 cm²) and minimum on Pride of India (139.82 ± 0.69 cm²). The Consumption Index (CI), Approximate Digestibility (AD), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) were found to be maximum on Pusa Mukta (2.20 ± 0.04, 88.10 ± 1.04%, 0.20 ± 0.01 and 9.18 ± 0.37%, respectively). However, Pride of India recorded minimum CI (1.06 ± 0.02) and AD (76.10 ± 1.74%) with comparatively lower RGR (0.09 ± 0.01) and ECI (8.28 ± 0.33%), and thus proved least suitable for the development of S. litura.ThesisItem Open Access CROP LOSSES BY BLISTER BEETLE (Mylabris pustulata Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) ON PIGEONPEA AND MUNGBEAN AND ITS MANAGEMENT(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Gurjeet Singh; Ravinder SinghStudies on seasonal incidence, crop losses, host preference and management of blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) on pigeonpea and mungbean were carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2010 -11. The crop losses studies were carried out under net house conditions as well as under field conditions while the management studies were made under field conditions. The experiments on seasonal abundance revealed that blister beetle started appearing in the 4th week of August with peak activity period during the 4th week of September in pigeonpea and mungbean under Punjab conditions. The blister beetles were more active during morning and evening hours on both the crops. The activity during noon hours was relatively low. Studies on crop losses under field conditions showed that blister beetle caused up to 36.20 per cent damage to flowers and 53.22 per cent losses in yield at 1.96 beetles per plant in pigeonpea and 15.80 per cent damage to flowers and 35.90 per cent losses in yield at 1.3 beetles per plant in mungbean crop. The investigations on crop losses under net house conditions revealed that M. pustulata caused maximum reduction up to 54.18 per cent in pod setting, 20.15 per cent in seed setting and 65.00 per cent in grain yield @ 2 beetles per plant in pigeonpea. However, in mungbean crop, M. pustulata caused maximum reduction up to 67.14 per cent in pod setting, 26.65 per cent seed setting and 75.29 per cent in grain yield @ 4 beetles per plant. Host preference studies carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that M. pustulata showed highest preference towards pigeonpea (87.22 per cent flowers eaten), followed by urdbean (43.52 per cent flowers eaten) and mungbean (30.38 per cent flowers eaten). Amongst varieties, pigeonpea variety AL 201, mungbean variety ML 818 and urdbean variety Mash 338 were more preferred than other varieties of these pulse crops. The studies on management of M. pustulata showed that deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 500 ml ha-1 > cypermethrin 25 EC @ 250 ml ha-1 > chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 3750 ml ha-1 were the most effective insecticides among all the treatments in both pigeonpea and mungbean.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES AGAINST COTTON MEALY BUG, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Amit Punj; A. K., DhawanThe studies on the evaluation of LC50 of insecticides against mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis population collected from cotton belt during vegetative, flowering and maturity phase were conducted at Entomological Farm, PAU, Ludhiana. The new molecule, spirotetramat was found to be most toxic to first instar, third instar nymphs and adult females. Among the conventional insecticides, profenophos and thiodicarb was proved to be the most toxic. The order of toxicity was spirotetramat > clothianidin > profenophos > thiodicarb > buprofezin > chlorpyriphos > acephate. In another experiment, the persistence of different insecticides at recommended concentrations against first instar, third instar nymphs and adult females was estimated. Based on the index of persistence toxicity, the order of effectiveness for the first instar nymphs of mealy bug was profenophos (645.40) > thiodicarb (619.60) > buprofezin (572.52) > spirotetramat (430.00) > acephate (400.17) > clothianidin (376.83) > chlorpyriphos (330.17). Similarly, for third instar nymphs the order of effectiveness was profenophos (589.18) > thiodicarb (562.93) > buprofezin (548.76) > spirotetramat (395.01) > acephate (384.18) > clothianidin (359.24) > chlorpyriphos (314.53). Similarly, for the adult females the order of effectiveness was profenophos (523.23) > buprofezin (478.77) > thiodicarb (435.13) > spirotetramat (330.10) > acephate (305.00) > clothianidin (290.34) > chlorpyriphos (260.19). The third experiment was conducted to study the effect of host of mealy bug like bitterweed, cocklebur and carpet weed on the efficacy of promising insecticides. Based on LC50 values, profenophos was found to be extremely toxic to first instar, third instar nymphs and adult females of mealy bug on the above mentioned weed hosts in comparison to thiodicarb.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NAPIER GRASS (Pennisetum sp.) AS A TRAP CROP IN THE MANAGEMENT OF Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) ON MAIZE(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Bhupinder Singh Sidhu; Uma, KantaThe first experiment on the differential development and survival of Chilo partellus on different genotypes of Napier grass viz; Copricon, K-56351, K-56379 and M-285303, conditions at 27.08 ± 2.35 °C and 75.91 ± 5.83 per cent relative humidity. After 4 days of larval release on different genotypes of Napier grass, Napier millet and PMH 1, the larval survival of C. partellus among different treatments was maximum(73.33%) on PBN-342. The larvae could not survive on M-285303, K-56351 and K-56379 after 19 days of their release. After 21 days, the larvae could survive only on Copricon and maize (PMH 1). The developmental period from hatching to adult formation on Copricon and maize was 32.48 and 36.01 days, respectively and survival was 4.0 and 34.0 per cent, respectively. From these studies, it was inferred that different genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet were not suitable for the development and survival of C.partellus. The second experiment was conducted on the ovipositional preference of female moth of C. partellus for different genotypes of Napier grass, Napier millet and PMH 1. The female moths laid significantly more number of egg clusters per plant in all the treatments in comparison to maize. The genotypes of Napier grass viz; Copricon, M-285303, K-56379, K-56351 and Napier millet, i.e. PBN-233 and PBN-342 received more number of eggs than maize showing that these genotypes were preferred than maize for oviposition. The third experiment was conducted to evaluate different genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet as trap crop against C. partellus. The maize plots with two rows of all the different genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet as trap crop on either side of plot suffered significantly less leaf injury and mean damage grade (range- 14.63 to 17.56% and 3.0 to 4.0) than the plots (37.85 to 45.33% and 5.0 to 7.0 m.d.g) having treated maize and maize without any treatment and resulted in obtaining more maize yield in plots having two border rows of genotypes of Napier grass and Napier millet over the treatments with treated maize and maize without any border row or treatment.ThesisItem Restricted VIRULENCE OF SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES FOR INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Rajwinder Kaur; Vikas JindalThe studies on the virulence of symbiotic bacteria associated with EPNs were carried out on five EPN strains (N-12, N-13, N-14, N-15 & N-17) isolated form Punjab soils. Bacterial isolates (1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) from local EPN strains produced brick red coloured colonies and were non-bioluminescent. The infective juveniles (IJs) of each EPN strain developed into adults within 72 hours, when fed on respective bacterial isolates. This confirmed the association between bacterial isolates and respective EPN strains. The dendrogram developed based on RAPD-PCR analysis established that isolates 2, 4 and 5 are very closely related (94% similarity). However, isolates 1 and 3 (65% similar) are different from other three isolates. Based on sequence homology of 16S rDNA region of all bacterial isolates, the bacterial isolate 1 was identified as Delftia acidovorans, isolate 2 as Brucella spp., isolate 3 as Pectobacterium cypripedii, isolates 4 and 5 as Chryseobacterium indologenes. As all the bacterial isolates were different from most commonly occurring symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus) with EPNs, thus four local EPN strains were identified based on ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. All local EPN strains showed a maximum identity with new EPN genera viz. Heterorhabditidoides sp. RG081015 (88% similarity) followed by Rhabditis sp. Tumian-2007 and Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis. This is the first record of a new species/genera of EPN isolated from India, which is very closely related to Heterorhabditidoides based on ITS region. In the bioassay experiment, none of the bacterial isolates was found effective for management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).ThesisItem Open Access Absorption and Metabolism of Fipronil in Sugarcane and its Persistence in Soil(2012) Mandal, KousikThe persistence and metabolism of fipronil in sugarcane leaves and soil were studied following application of fipronil @ 75 and 300 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of sugarcane leaves and soil were collected at various time intervals and analysed by using Gas Liquid Chromatograph (GLC) and confirmed by Gas Liquid Chromatograph –Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The total residues of fipronil and its metabolites in sugarcane leaves after 7 days of its application @ 75 and 300 g a.i. ha-1 were found to be 0.26 and 0.66 mg kg-1, respectively.These residues could not be detected after 60 and 90 days following the application of fipronil at lower and higher dosages, respectively. The samples of sugarcane juice did not reveal the presence of fipronil residues at harvest. Maximum residues of fipronil and its metabolites in soil samples were found to be 0.025 and 0.098 mg kg-1 collected 7 days after the application of fipronil @ 75 and 300 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. These residues could not be detected after 210 and 240 days following the application of fipronil at lower and higher dosages, respectively. In laboratory experiment, the residues of total fipronil in sandy loam, loam and clay loam after 7 day of its application @ 100 mg kg-1 were found to be 74.30, 75.80 and 82.50 mg kg-1, respectively. The persistence of fipronil was found to be almost equal in all types of soil. Three soil microbes viz. Bacillus firmus, Bacillus aerophilus and Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated and identified from sugarcane fields. These were found to be very effective in degradation of fipronil.ThesisItem Open Access Monitoring insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) in different locations of Punjab(2012) Mhapankar, Pratik GaneshDiamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a recurring global agricultural pest of cole crops in India and throughout the world. Toxicity of some insecticides against the susceptible Punjab population, maintained for over 30 generations and field populations of P. xylostella collected from vegetable growing areas of Amritsar, Ludhiana and Kapurthala in the Punjab were tested using leaf-disc dip technique. Based on the LC50 values, the susceptible population showed highest sensitivity to emamectin benzoate with lowest LC50 value of 0.00003 per cent while least for cartap hydrochloride (0.00145%). Chlorantraniliprole was the most toxic molecule against the field populations tested with LC50 values ranging from 0.00012 - 0.00027 per cent followed by emamectin benzoate (0.00154 - 0.00336%) while cartap hydrochloride was the least effective with LC50 value ranging from 0.03819 to 0.07662 per cent. DBM population of Amritsar was found to be the most resistant one for all the test insecticides except indoxacarb, where Ludhiana population lead in resistance. Field populations of P. xylostella showed maximum resistance against emamectin benzoate (51.3 to 112-fold) followed by cartap hydrochloride (26.33 to 52.84-fold) while minimum against chlorantraniliprole (2.4 to 5.4-fold).ThesisItem Restricted TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES AGAINST SPOTTED BOLLWORM, Earias spp.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) ShellyThesisItem Open Access Biology and seasonal incidence of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee(Punjab Agricultural University, 2014) Singla, Poonam; Bhullar, Manmeet BrarThe biology and seasonal incidence of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), Leucinodes orbonalis was studied during 2011-12 on brinjal variety Punjab Sada Bahar at the Entomological Research Farm and Acarology Laboratory, PAU, Ludhiana. The different parameters of biology viz. incubation period, larval period, pupal period, oviposition, fecundity, adult longevity and sex ratio were studied during different seasons i.e. June, August and October. Observations on the seasonal incidence of BSFB on shoots and fruits were also recorded. The results revealed that there was significant difference in duration of all the biological parameters during three different seasons and minimum duration of incubation period (3.19 days), larval period (11.31 days), pupal period (7.11 days) was observed during August when mean temperature and relative humidity was 29.65ºC and 79.25 per cent respectively. The total life span was observed to be shortest during August followed by June and October. Studies on seasonal incidence revealed peak infestation on shoots during 31st Standard week(SW) and fruits during 32nd SW. Shoot incidence was also reported from 44th to 52nd SW and 14th to 18th SW but the intensity of damage was low. Similarly, fruit damage was also observed from 44th to 52nd SW but intensity was low. Further, this pest was reported to feed on crops like Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) and Solanum tuberosum (Potato) and weeds viz. Solanum nigrum (‘Makoh’) and Physalis minima (‘Bhumbla’) all belonging to family Solanaceae.
