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ThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF TOBACCO CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF CABBAGE(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jasjinder Kaur; Inderpal Singh)The development of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was studied during 2012-13 on cabbage cultivars viz. Pride of India, Pusa Drum Head, KGMR-1, Golden Acre and Pusa Mukta at the Entomological Laboratory, PAU, Ludhiana. There were significant differences in incubation period and hatchability of eggs with a minimum incubation period on Pusa Mukta (4.27 ± 0.09 days) and maximum on Pride of India (4.87 ± 0.10 days). Egg hatchability was maximum on Pusa Mukta (86.66 ± 0.82%) and minimum on Pride of India (81.76 ± 1.06%). There were significant differences in duration of larval instars on different cultivars. Total larval duration was minimum on Pusa Mukta (15.55 ± 0.12 days) and maximum on Pride of India (20.09 ± 0.14 days). The larval survival was minimum on Pride of India (71.00 ± 1.29%) and maximum on Pusa Mukta (89.00 ±1.29%). Pre-pupal and pupal periods were observed as minimum on Pusa Mukta (2.26 ± 0.02 and 6.38 ± 0.03 days, respectively) and maximum (2.89 ± 0.10 and 9.08 ± 0.05 days, respectively) on Pride of India. The male and female pupal weight was maximum on Pusa Mukta (0.362 ± 0.003g and 0.364 ± 0.004g, respectively) and minimum on Pride of India (0.349 ± 0.003g and 0.351 ± 0.003g, respectively). Pupal survival was maximum on Pusa Mukta (92.00 ± 1.83%) and minimum on Pride of India (80.00 ± 2.42%) and Pusa Drum Head (80.00 ± 2.08%). No significant differences were observed in pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods; adult longevity and fecundity on all the test cultivars. The female and male sex ratio ranged from 1.22:1 to 1.86:1 on different test cultivars. The total life duration of S. litura varied significantly among different cultivars with maximum on Pride of India (36.93 ± 0.25 days) and minimum on Pusa Mukta (28.46 ± 0.54 days). The extent of damage in terms of leaf area consumed/ larva was maximum on Pusa Mukta (158.28 ± 0.89 cm²) and minimum on Pride of India (139.82 ± 0.69 cm²). The Consumption Index (CI), Approximate Digestibility (AD), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) were found to be maximum on Pusa Mukta (2.20 ± 0.04, 88.10 ± 1.04%, 0.20 ± 0.01 and 9.18 ± 0.37%, respectively). However, Pride of India recorded minimum CI (1.06 ± 0.02) and AD (76.10 ± 1.74%) with comparatively lower RGR (0.09 ± 0.01) and ECI (8.28 ± 0.33%), and thus proved least suitable for the development of S. litura.ThesisItem Open Access CROP LOSSES BY BLISTER BEETLE (Mylabris pustulata Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) ON PIGEONPEA AND MUNGBEAN AND ITS MANAGEMENT(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Gurjeet Singh; Ravinder SinghStudies on seasonal incidence, crop losses, host preference and management of blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) on pigeonpea and mungbean were carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2010 -11. The crop losses studies were carried out under net house conditions as well as under field conditions while the management studies were made under field conditions. The experiments on seasonal abundance revealed that blister beetle started appearing in the 4th week of August with peak activity period during the 4th week of September in pigeonpea and mungbean under Punjab conditions. The blister beetles were more active during morning and evening hours on both the crops. The activity during noon hours was relatively low. Studies on crop losses under field conditions showed that blister beetle caused up to 36.20 per cent damage to flowers and 53.22 per cent losses in yield at 1.96 beetles per plant in pigeonpea and 15.80 per cent damage to flowers and 35.90 per cent losses in yield at 1.3 beetles per plant in mungbean crop. The investigations on crop losses under net house conditions revealed that M. pustulata caused maximum reduction up to 54.18 per cent in pod setting, 20.15 per cent in seed setting and 65.00 per cent in grain yield @ 2 beetles per plant in pigeonpea. However, in mungbean crop, M. pustulata caused maximum reduction up to 67.14 per cent in pod setting, 26.65 per cent seed setting and 75.29 per cent in grain yield @ 4 beetles per plant. Host preference studies carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that M. pustulata showed highest preference towards pigeonpea (87.22 per cent flowers eaten), followed by urdbean (43.52 per cent flowers eaten) and mungbean (30.38 per cent flowers eaten). Amongst varieties, pigeonpea variety AL 201, mungbean variety ML 818 and urdbean variety Mash 338 were more preferred than other varieties of these pulse crops. The studies on management of M. pustulata showed that deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 500 ml ha-1 > cypermethrin 25 EC @ 250 ml ha-1 > chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 3750 ml ha-1 were the most effective insecticides among all the treatments in both pigeonpea and mungbean.ThesisItem Restricted VIRULENCE OF SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES FOR INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Rajwinder Kaur; Vikas JindalThe studies on the virulence of symbiotic bacteria associated with EPNs were carried out on five EPN strains (N-12, N-13, N-14, N-15 & N-17) isolated form Punjab soils. Bacterial isolates (1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) from local EPN strains produced brick red coloured colonies and were non-bioluminescent. The infective juveniles (IJs) of each EPN strain developed into adults within 72 hours, when fed on respective bacterial isolates. This confirmed the association between bacterial isolates and respective EPN strains. The dendrogram developed based on RAPD-PCR analysis established that isolates 2, 4 and 5 are very closely related (94% similarity). However, isolates 1 and 3 (65% similar) are different from other three isolates. Based on sequence homology of 16S rDNA region of all bacterial isolates, the bacterial isolate 1 was identified as Delftia acidovorans, isolate 2 as Brucella spp., isolate 3 as Pectobacterium cypripedii, isolates 4 and 5 as Chryseobacterium indologenes. As all the bacterial isolates were different from most commonly occurring symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus) with EPNs, thus four local EPN strains were identified based on ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. All local EPN strains showed a maximum identity with new EPN genera viz. Heterorhabditidoides sp. RG081015 (88% similarity) followed by Rhabditis sp. Tumian-2007 and Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis. This is the first record of a new species/genera of EPN isolated from India, which is very closely related to Heterorhabditidoides based on ITS region. In the bioassay experiment, none of the bacterial isolates was found effective for management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).ThesisItem Open Access Absorption and Metabolism of Fipronil in Sugarcane and its Persistence in Soil(2012) Mandal, KousikThe persistence and metabolism of fipronil in sugarcane leaves and soil were studied following application of fipronil @ 75 and 300 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of sugarcane leaves and soil were collected at various time intervals and analysed by using Gas Liquid Chromatograph (GLC) and confirmed by Gas Liquid Chromatograph –Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The total residues of fipronil and its metabolites in sugarcane leaves after 7 days of its application @ 75 and 300 g a.i. ha-1 were found to be 0.26 and 0.66 mg kg-1, respectively.These residues could not be detected after 60 and 90 days following the application of fipronil at lower and higher dosages, respectively. The samples of sugarcane juice did not reveal the presence of fipronil residues at harvest. Maximum residues of fipronil and its metabolites in soil samples were found to be 0.025 and 0.098 mg kg-1 collected 7 days after the application of fipronil @ 75 and 300 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. These residues could not be detected after 210 and 240 days following the application of fipronil at lower and higher dosages, respectively. In laboratory experiment, the residues of total fipronil in sandy loam, loam and clay loam after 7 day of its application @ 100 mg kg-1 were found to be 74.30, 75.80 and 82.50 mg kg-1, respectively. The persistence of fipronil was found to be almost equal in all types of soil. Three soil microbes viz. Bacillus firmus, Bacillus aerophilus and Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated and identified from sugarcane fields. These were found to be very effective in degradation of fipronil.ThesisItem Open Access Monitoring insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) in different locations of Punjab(2012) Mhapankar, Pratik GaneshDiamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a recurring global agricultural pest of cole crops in India and throughout the world. Toxicity of some insecticides against the susceptible Punjab population, maintained for over 30 generations and field populations of P. xylostella collected from vegetable growing areas of Amritsar, Ludhiana and Kapurthala in the Punjab were tested using leaf-disc dip technique. Based on the LC50 values, the susceptible population showed highest sensitivity to emamectin benzoate with lowest LC50 value of 0.00003 per cent while least for cartap hydrochloride (0.00145%). Chlorantraniliprole was the most toxic molecule against the field populations tested with LC50 values ranging from 0.00012 - 0.00027 per cent followed by emamectin benzoate (0.00154 - 0.00336%) while cartap hydrochloride was the least effective with LC50 value ranging from 0.03819 to 0.07662 per cent. DBM population of Amritsar was found to be the most resistant one for all the test insecticides except indoxacarb, where Ludhiana population lead in resistance. Field populations of P. xylostella showed maximum resistance against emamectin benzoate (51.3 to 112-fold) followed by cartap hydrochloride (26.33 to 52.84-fold) while minimum against chlorantraniliprole (2.4 to 5.4-fold).ThesisItem Restricted TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES AGAINST SPOTTED BOLLWORM, Earias spp.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) ShellyThesisItem Open Access Studies on biological attributes of laboratory and field populations of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Tanwar, Aditya Kumar; Brar, Dulcha S.The studies on biological attributes of laboratory and field populations of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize were conducted during kharif season, 2012 in the Punjab. The variation, in important biological characters of 3 different populations i.e. P1 (laboratory population reared for 8 generations under laboratory conditions), P2 (field collected population reared for 3 generations under laboratory conditions) and P3 (field collected population reared only for 1 generation under laboratory conditions); and their response to different maize cultivars (i.e. PMH 1, JH 3459 and CML 67) was studied under laboratory; and field conditions, respectively. The relative susceptibility of these populations to insecticides (i.e. Decis 2.8 EC and Dipel 8L) was also studied under laboratory conditions. The mean incubation, larval and pupal periods (male and female) were highest in P1, intermediate in P2 and lowest in P3 while, the mean per cent hatchability of eggs, per cent pupation, pupal weight (male and female), adult longevity (male and female) and fecundity was highest in P3, intermediate in P2 and lowest in P1. Similarly host plant reaction was also influenced by these populations which showed significant differences in leaf injury rating (LIR). At 20 and 25 days after egg release (DAER), the mean LIR was significantly more for P3 (6.0 and 7.2, respectively) than that for P2 (5.5 and 6.5, respectively) and P1 (4.6 and 5.4, respectively). However at 10 DAER it was 4.3, 4.5 and 3.7, respectively. The P3 also formed more (39.99 %) dead-hearts than that of P2 (26.66 %) and P1 (9.99 %). The interaction between test genotypes and populations varied non-significantly with respect to LIR, and it ranged from 3.5 to 4.9, 4.1 to 6.8 and 4.4 to 7.6 at 10, 20 and 25 DAER, respectively; and the dead-heart formation at 25 DAER ranged from 3.33 to 53.33 per cent. The order of susceptibility of the test populations to Decis 2.8 EC (deltamethrin) and Dipel 8L (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain HD-1) was P1 > P2> P3. The adverse effect on biological attributes of C. partellus showed an increasing trend when it was reared from 1 to 8 generations under laboratory conditions which might have influenced the response of these populations to maize genotypes and their susceptibility to insecticides.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT BORER, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) ON TOMATO(Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Sikander Singh SandhuStudies on “Integrated management of fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on tomato” were conducted at Entomological Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana, during rabi season in 2011-12. In the first experiment marigold and coriander were evaluated as trap crops in field cage for H. armigera in tomato. In a dual choice test with five treatments which were replicated five times two varieties each of marigold (Pusa Narangi and Summer Saugat) and coriander (Punjab Sugandh and Local) were evaluated based on ovipositional and larval preference against tomato variety Punjab Upma as control. It was observed that the maximum number of eggs were laid on the two varieties of marigold plants (83.6, 80.8), which were significantly higher than the number of eggs laid on coriander plants (67.6, 60.0), which in turn were significantly higher than those recorded on corresponding tomato plants (42.8, 42.0). In larval preference 24 hrs after release, the highest mean number of larvae (62.4) were recorded on marigold cultivar Pusa Narangi followed closely by the marigold cultivar Summer Saugat (60.8) and the two coriander cultivars, Punjab Sugandh (54.4) and Local (48.4). In second experiment four commercial biopesticides (DiPel, Lipel, Delfin, Biolep)and one local product (PAU Bt) were evaluated against third instar larvae of fruit borer. Delfin was the most effective biopesticide with LC50 of 0.01658 per cent followed by Biolep (0.02716 %), PAU Bt (0.02946 %), DiPel (0.02962 %) and Lipel (0.0382 %). The promising technologies were evaluated in a field trial on integrated control of H. armigera which comprised of seven treatments viz. border row of marigold around tomato crop (T1); border row of coriander around tomato crop (T2); five weekly sprays of Delfin (0.5 Kg/ha) starting from flower initiation stage (T3); marigold + two weekly sprays of Delfin at flower initiation followed by one spray of flubendiamide 480 SC (75 ml/ha) (T4); coriander + two weekly sprays of Delfin at flower initiation followed by one spray of flubendiamide 480 SC (75 ml/ha) (T5); one spray of endosulfan 35 EC (2 L/ha) at flower initiation stage followed by two sprays of cypermethrin 10 EC (500 ml/ha) at fortnightly intervals (T6); and control (T7), which were replicated four times. It was observed that T4 proved to be the most effective treatment, recording the lowest egg (11.62 eggs/10 plants) and larval populations (3.0 larvae/10 plants), minimum fruit damage (3.03 %) and highest yield (82.50 q/ha). It was followed by T1 and T5 with 5.03 and 7.0 per cent fruit damage, respectively. The latter was also at par with T6 (7.75 % borer damaged fruits). The trap crop of coriander (T2) proved the least effective treatment, recording 12.55 per cent borer damaged fruits but it was still significantly superior to control with 26.6 per cent borer damaged fruits.