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ThesisItem Open Access Chemistry of Substituted Pyarzolines of Alantolides their Evlaluation as Plant Growth Regulations(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2006) Kaur, Harpreet; Chhabra, BRThesisItem Open Access Synthesis, Chemical and Biological Studies of Conjugated Aldimines(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2006) Kaur, Harpreet; Rai, MangatThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Imines of Aminoacetophenone(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Ramandeep, Kaur; Rai, MangatThesisItem Open Access CHEMISTRY AND INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIN AND ITS TRANSFORMATION REACTION PRODUCTS AGAINST Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; K. K., ChahalThe present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of parthenin and its transformation reaction products against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The shade dried and powdered leaves of Parthenium hysterophorous were extracted in chloroform using Soxhlet extraction method. Parthenin was isolated by column chromatography using chloroform:acetone (5%) solution as the eluent. Parthenin was subjected to reaction with diazoester which resulted into the formation of two compoundspyrolysis product and diazoester adduct. Parthenin on reactions with dry hydrochloric acid gas and formic acid gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin on irradiation with microwave gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1H NMR. Parthenin and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of test compounds viz. 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 μg g-1 of wheat respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. All the compounds exhibited complete mortality at the spiking level of 10,000 and 20,000μg g-1. Parthenin was found to be most potent followed by anhydroparthenin, pyrolysis product and diazoester adduct.ThesisItem Open Access SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CHICK PEA(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jasvir Kaur; Sunita SharmaAzo anils were synthesized by conventional and microwave irradiation methods . The diazonium salts from three amines viz aniline, 4- aminophenazone , 4- nitroaniline was prepared. Azo compounds were synthesized by reacting different aldehydes namely benzaldehyde, 2- chloro benzaldehyde , 4- chloro benzaldehyde, 2-methoxy benzaldehyde, 4- methoxy benzaldehyde and 3-nitro benzaldehyde in aqueous sodium hydroxide with respective diazonium salt at 3o C . These azo compounds were reacted with three amines viz aniline, 4- aminophenazone and 4- nitroaniline at 30C to obtain the azo anils . All the compounds synthesized by conventional method were also prepared by using microwave irradiation method at 360 W . The physical data (colour, state and melting point ) of the compounds prepared by both the methods was same . However the yield of the compounds obtained by using microwave method was more as compared to conventional method. Further the time taken by the microwave method was less as compared to conventional method. The synthesized azo compounds and azo anils were purified by recrystallization and then characterized by using the IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Azo anil derivatives were screened for their microbial activity against Mesorhizobium sp. (LGR 33), Pseudomonas sp. (LK 791) and Bacillus sp. (BSY 101).The compounds containing pyrazole moiety having no substitution on phenyl ring exhibited no microbial activity against tested micro-organisms at all the concentrations. Compound (II a) was effective against Bacillus sp. only at 4000 and 5000 ug/ml concentration. The data revealed that compounds (VII) and (VIII) were not effective against Bacillus sp at all concentration. While compound (VII) showed activity against Pseudomonas sp and compound (VIII) exihibited activity against Mesorhizobium sp. Compounds containing 2- methoxy (II b) and 4- chloro (II e) groups on phenyl ring were effective against all the tested microbes . So it was found that all the tested microbes showed mild to moderate inhibition on growth due to the presence of the more heteroatom in the heterocyclic system and substitution of chloro, methoxy and nitro on the phenyl ring.ThesisItem Restricted CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF HEMICELLULOSIC FURFURAL AND CELLULOSIC ETHANOL(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Ramandeep Kaur; S.K., UppalChemical composition of sugarcane bagasse and its production potential of hemicellulosic furfural and cellulosic ethanol was studied in sugarcane varieties CoJ 88 and CoS 8436. For this the preparation of fine bagasse sample of two varieties was standardized in laboratory. From analysis of chemical composition, the bagasse of CoS 8436 was found to have more cellulose, hemicellulose and less lignin content than CoJ 88.Then bagasse of both varieties was treated with different acids (acetic acid, formic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid) with variable concentrations (1M, 2M and 3M) and autoclaved for 180, 300 and 420 minutes with solid-liquid ratio of 1:15 at 110C temperature and 1.05 kg cm-2 steam pressure for furfural production. The reaction of bagasse of CoS 8436 with 3.0M nitric acid for 300 minutes gave the highest yields of furfural (119.94 mg/g). Furfural was extracted and identified on the basis of TLC, Boiling point, IR and NMR data. Chemical pretreatments were carried out by shaking bagasse of both varieties with 1, 2 and 3% H2O2 (pH 10, 11.5 and13) for 24, 48 and 72 hrs with subsequent saccharification of pretreated bagasse with H2SO4 (0.8 and 1.0M) for 50 minutes. Acid hydrolysates were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. Maximum weight loss in alkaline pretreatment (52.30%), amount of reducing sugars (520.84 mg/g) and ethanol produced (27.94 ml/100g pretreated bagasse) were found in 2% H2O2 (pH 11.5, 48 hrs) pretreated bagasse of CoS 8436 saccharified with 0.8M H2SO4 after fermentation for 72 hours.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of metal complexes of Schiff bases of halogenated anilines and their antifungal activity(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Gursimran Kaur; Chahal, K. K.Schiff bases of halogenated anilines were synthesized from 4-chloro/4-bromo anilines and substituted aromatic aldehydes. Further, their eight metal complexes were synthesized from Cu (II), Ni (II) Cd (II) and Mn (II) chloride in 1:2 ratio. Microanalytical data, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, CHN, mass and molar conductance measurements were used to characterize the structure of complexes. The complexes were found to be non-electrolytic on the basis of molar conductance studies. The Schiff bases and their metal complexes were screened for their antifungal activity against three test fungi i.e. Alternaria triticina, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Ustilago segetum tritici. Schiff bases and their metal complexes showed significant antifungal activity.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and application of ferric oxide nanoparticles for removal of malachite green dye from water(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Kakanpreet Kaur; Manpreet KaurRole on nanomaterials for remediation of contamintioned water is an important area of research. In the present study ferric oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by combustion method. oxalyl dehydrazide (ODH), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and urea were used as fuel. Metal nitrates were used as oxidizer. Oxidizer:fuel ratio was maintained unity. The mixture was sintered at 4000 C. Synthesized ferric oxide NPs were characterized by employing various physicochemical techniques viz. X- ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy. XRD patterns confirmed the formation of α and γ-Fe2O3 phases. TEM micrograph displayed particles with the average diameter less than 40 nm. The Fe2O3 nanoparticles were used as adsorbent for removal of malachite green dye (MG). Dye concentration was determined spectrophotometrically at 620 nm. . Factors influencing the uptake behaviour for malachite green dye such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature and concentration of dye were also quantified. The study showed that the adsorption of malachite green dye was pH dependent and optimum pH for dye removal was 9. The trend for percentage removal of malachite green dye using activated charcoal and NPs synthesized by different fuels and was : activated charcoal > urea > PEG > ODH. Percentage of dye removal increased with increase in temperature from 100C to 400C indicating endothermic nature of adsorption process. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms fit the data better than D-R isotherm. Advantage of Fe2O3 NPs over activated charcoal that they facilitate photodegradation of malachite green dye solution in UV/visible light.ThesisItem Restricted Isolation and characterization of terpenoids from vetiver oil and their evaluation as pesticides(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Urvashi; Chahal, K. K.The dissertation incorporates the isolation of Khusinol along with two hitherto unknown cadinane sesquiterpenoids, Cadin-4(5)-ene-2β-ol and Cadin-10(14)-ene-13β-ol from vetiver oil using extensive column chromatography over silica gel/ modified silica gel. Epoxidation of Khusinol with perbenzoic acid, vanadium oxy acetyl acetonate/t-butyl hydroperoxide and N-bromosuccinimide/ sodium hydroxide revealed that epoxidation preferably occurred at exomethylenic double bond. Khusinol was also treated with mercuric acetate/ sodium borohydride, dry hydrochloric acid gas and iodine-benzene system to yield different products. Vetiver essential oil was partitioned into its non-polar and polar fractions. Vetiver oil and its fractions were subjected to various biological activities using different methods such as mortality, repellency and antifeedant assay for insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae; egg hatch inhibition and juvenile mortality test for nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita and spore germination inhibition for fungicidal activity against three fungi i.e. Alternaria triticina, Drechslera oryzae and Fusarium moniliforme. In all the bioefficacy studies, vetiver oil was found to be more effective as compared to its fractions and activity increased with increase in concentration. Among fractions, non-polar fraction was more effective for insecticidal activity whereas polar fraction for nematicidal and fungicidal activities. The results indicated that pesticidal action of vetiver oil was due to synergetic effect of non-polar and polar compounds present in vetiver oil. Khusinol was found to be most active antifungal agent as compared to all the isolated and derivatized compounds of Khusinol. Structure-activity relationship of isolated and derivatized compounds for antifungal activity was studied.
