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ThesisItem Embargo Morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in BMR (brown mid-rib) sorghum under rainfed conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Gurwinder Kaur; Dr. Harpreet Kaur OberoiIn the present investigation, two BMR (CSV 43 and SPV 2017) and non-BMR (CSV 15 and SPV 462) sorghum types were studied under irrigated and rainfed conditions at 45, 55, 65, and 75 DAS for morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters. Rainfed condition decreased green and dry fodder yields, along with morpho-physiological parameters in both sorghum types. Non-BMR genotypes exhibited higher yields under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Higher SOD, POX, CAT and total antioxidant potential (FRAP, DPPH, TRP and HFRS) were observed under rainfed condition with lower H2O2 and MDA content in BMR genotypes over the non-BMR genotypes. Nitrogen assimilation enzymes (NR, NiR and GOGAT) decreased, while nitrate and nitrite N-content increased under rainfed condition in BMR and non-BMR sorghum. Rainfed condition increased the PAL, TAL activity and phenolic compounds in BMR genotypes compared to non-BMR genotypes. Moreover, due to better defence mechanism in BMR genotypes, fodder quality in terms of crude protein, crude fat, and IVDMD parameters was noticed to be higher as compared to non-BMR genotypes. Gene expression analysis revealed increased expression of stress-responsive genes (Gly-1, Gly-2, D-LDH, PAL, rubsico, SucS, stay green) in both genotypes under PEG 8000-induced drought stress. BMR genotype exhibited higher fold change in Gly-1, Gly-2 and SucS gene expressions, contributing to enhanced detoxification and photosynthetic stability. The present study suggests that BMR genotypes (CSV 43 and SPV 2017) compared to non-BMR sorghum genotype (CSV 15 and SPV 462) showed improved growth, enzymatic activities and gene expression related to defence to counteract the negative impact of rainfed conditionThesisItem Embargo Comparative study of carbon, nitrogen and lignin metabolism in relation to lodging resistance in oat (Avena sativa L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Gupta, Himani; Dr. Meenakshi GoyalOat (Avena sativa L.) commonly known as javi, jodar or jai is a dual purpose crop used for human food consumption, as animal feed and as a source of high value compounds with industrial applications. Lodging in oat is the most chronic constraint that negatively affects its productivity and is one of the main barriers on the way to higher yield. In this study, the importance of various morphological and anatomical attributes, carbon, nitrogen and lignin metabolism and quality traits has been studied in ten recently released oat varieties (OL-1769- 1, RO-11-1, OL-13, OL-1896, JHO-822, OL-15, OL-14, OL-12, Kent and OL-11) to evaluate the impact of stem lodging on oat varieties. Morphological and anatomical attributes depicted that OL-1769-1, RO-11-1, OL-13 proved to be more efficient in overcoming lodging stress as compared to other varieties. RO-11-1 was lower in lodging susceptibility index, lodging score, percent reduction in thousand grain weight, lignin content, dry matter yield of lodged plants and higher breaking strength, culm lodging resistance index than OL-15. Vascular bundle area and xylem tissue contributed towards lodging resistance. Lodging directly impaired source-sink relationship by reducing the photosynthetic ability, transport of carbohydrates, dry matter accumulation and hence caused alterations in carbon-nitrogen metabolism. For carbon metabolism, RO-11-1 had better carbohydrate partitioning than other varieties due to effective synchronization between its carbon metabolizing enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase synthesis, sucrose synthase cleavage, acid invertase, neutral invertase) among flag leaf, grains and basal second internode. The nitrogen metabolizing enzymes were less effected with lodging in RO-11-1 compared to other varieties that showed wide variations. The activities of lignin metabolizing enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase were upregulated in RO-11-1 but 4-coumarate CoA ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and peroxidase activities were higher in OL-15, indicating that these enzymes might be determining lodging resistance in oat varieties. Further, increased levels of secondary metabolites contribute towards plant defense against lodging stress. Higher cell wall constituents, crude protein, ash, silica and crude fat in RO-11-1 than other varieties could be the additional factor for providing lodging resistance.ThesisItem Embargo Identification of low oxalate lines in cherry tomato using biochemical and molecular tools(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Simarjot Kaur; Chawla, NeenaThe objectives of the present study were to evaluate different biochemical components in sixty genotypes of cherry tomato namely, total soluble solids (TSS), lycopene, total carotenoids, vitamin C, titratable acidity, total antioxidant capacity, oxalate along with enzymes involved in oxalate biosynthetic pathways. Further, the expression analysis of oxalate biosynthetic pathway genes was carried out in selected genotypes of cherry tomato To study the biosynthesis of an anti-nutrient ‘oxalate’, leaf and root tissue of nine genotypes out of sixty genotypes were selected on the basis of low, moderate and high oxalate content to evaluate variation in the enzyme activity of two out of four enzymes mediating the biosynthesis of oxalate. The enzymes studied were: Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Glycolate oxidase (GLO) at three developmental stages of cherry tomato plant. The study showed that enzymes APX and GLO increased from stage 1 (plant vegetative stage) to stage 3 (fruit maturation stage) in leaf and root tissue of the majority of genotypes but in some genotypes, the enzyme activity was found to increase from stage 1 (plant vegetative stage) to stage 2 (fruit colour turning stage) and then showed a decline from stage 2 (fruit colour turning stage) to stage 3 (fruit maturation stage). Overall, the enzyme activity was found prominent in leaf tissue as compared to that in root tissue. Furthermore, three out of nine genotypes were selected on the basis of low, moderate and high activity of both the enzymes as well as oxalate content. These selected genotypes were analyzed for the expression study of one APX gene (SlAPX) and one GLO gene (SlGLO) out of cluster of genes encoding for the enzyme activity. The maximum relative fold expression of SlAPX gene was reported in the leaf tissue at stage 1 i.e., plant vegetative stage in two genotypes i.e., FB-3-5 and PTC-2 except genotype RSC-4 wherein higher fold expression was found in root tissue than the leaf tissue that was followed by undetectable fold expression of the gene at later stages of plant development. In the case of SlGLO gene, the maximum fold expression was observed in leaf tissue as compared to root tissue at stage 2 (fruit colour turning stage) with the exception of RSC-4 genotype with higher fold expression of SlGLO gene in root tissue than leaf tissue. The SlGLO gene was found as one of several genes known to encode for oxalate biosynthesis whereas SlAPX gene was found independent of the APX enzyme activity as well as oxalate accumulation.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of priming with Moringa oleifera leaf extract on sorghum under salt stress(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Anand Kumar; Oberoi, Harpreet KaurIn the present study, seeds of fourteen sweet sorghum genotypes were treated with different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM). All germination traits decreased with increased salinity. Based on germination traits and dendogram obtained at 100 mM NaCl, PHULE VASUNDHARA and SPV 2074 were selected as tolerant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. Seeds of selected genotypes were primed with 10% Moringa oleifera leaf extract and grown in Hoagland‟s solution with and without 100 mM NaCl concentration. NaClinduced the activities of SOD (in roots), POX and PPO and reduced the activities of NR, NiR and GOGAT, however, significant improvement in the activities were observed with MLE in shoots and roots of two contrasting genotypes at 10 DAG. Salt stress resulted in increased Na+/K+ ratio, H2O2, MDA, sugars, phenols and decreased total chlorophyll. Gene expression of antioxidative enzymes was upregulated under salt stress in shoots and roots of both primed genotypes. Salt stress resulted higher PPO, GOGAT, NiR and NR gene expressions in shoots of both contrasting genotypes with priming conditions. Expression of HAK gene was higher in primed SPV 2074 shoot and root without salt stress. In both tissues of tolerant and susceptible genotypes, expression of HKT-6 was higher with and without priming under both control and salt stress conditions. Therefore, the present investigation suggests that moringa seed priming impact the growth, enzymatic activities as well as gene expression under salt stress in sweet sorghum.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of Momordica spp. for bioactive components and antidiabetic potential(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Singla, Diksha; Sangha, Manjeet KaurThe present study evaluated antidiabetic potential of bioactive components from immature fruits (60 genotypes) of Momordica spp. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The fruit and its parts; epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seeds were evaluated for biochemicals. PAUBG-407 possessed higher phenolics, fiber components, carotenoids, saponins, macro and microminerals; PAUBG-195 (alkaloids); PAUBG-130 (ascorbic acid and tocopherols); PAUBG-218 (proteins) and Punjab-15 (most bioactives). Whole fruit was rich in many bioactives. Charantin, soluble dietary fiber and momordicin-II were purified from whole fruits of PAUBG-407 while vicine and momordicin-I were purified from whole fruit of PAUBG- 195 and PAUBG-89, respectively and characterized on NMR and FT-IR. Their antidiabetic potential was evaluated in 7-8 week old rats, orally administered bioactives @100mg/kg b.w, daily for 4 weeks. Nine groups were made; normal (), untreated diabetic (II), diabetic + (metformin (I), charantin (IV), SDF (V), vicine (VI), momordicin-I (VII), momordicin-II (V), and diabetic+ all bioactives mixed in equal ratio (IX)). Their effect was assessed weekly and at 4 weeks (some parameters). Fasting and random blood glucose; kidney and Iiver CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, GSH. and TBARS: KFT (urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na', K and Ca); LFT (bilirubin. direct and indirect bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total protein, albumin and globulin): plasma insulin, Hb and HbAl c; serum lipid profile (TC, TG, VLDL, DL and LDL), hepatic enzymes- hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-6- phosphatase; histological aberrations observed in liver, kidney, pancreas and brain improved SIgnificantly (p<0.0001) in diabetic rats treated with all bioactives but highly with momordicin-II and bjoactive mixture. PAUBG-407 may be used in improvement programmes generating antidiabetic karela. Future plans may envisage in testing antidiabetic potential of f targeted bioactives or use of targeted advanced line in diabetic human subjects.ThesisItem Embargo Assessment of bio-ethanol production potential from juice using sugarcane varieties(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Gupta, Alisha; Kashyap, LenikaIn the present study, 22 different sugarcane varieties/clones belonging to different maturity groups (early and mid-late) were procured from the Regional Research Station, Kapurthala and screened for 8 cane yield and its component traits, 6 physiological traits and 8 juice quality traits. Six potential clones/varieties, namely, CoPb 95, CoPb 92, Co 0118, CoPb 93, CoJ 88, Co 0238 were identified for bioethanol production on the basis of leaf area (cm2), fresh weight (kg), brix (%), extraction (%) and fibre (%) cane and further evaluated for seven biochemical traits and bioethanol production potential under lab scale. Yeast strain (S. cerevisiae MK 680910) was used for bioethanol production under lab scale and scale-up studies. Varieties CoPb 92 (early maturing) and CoJ 88 (mid-late maturing) with higher initial sugars and ethanol content under lab scale were selected as potential sugarcane varieties for scale up studies. CoPb 92 variety with initial °brix (20.97°B), total sugars (20.05 g/100ml), reducing sugars (0.567 g/100ml) yielded 12.44 (% v/v) initial ethanol content with fermentation efficiency of 96.21 (%) and ethanol yield 0.50 (g/g). After first distillation of fermentation wort, 0.340 l ethanol was experimentally recovered from 1.04 l with 32.76 (% v/v) ethanol content. Second distillation recovered 0.329 l ethanol with final ethanol content of 78.46 (% v/v). Whereas, variety CoJ 88 with initial brix (20.24°B), total sugars (19.88 g/100ml) and reducing sugars (0.814 g/100ml juice) yielded initial ethanol content of 11.68 (% v/v) with fermentation efficiency of 94.49 (%) and ethanol yield of 0.47 (g/g). Recovery of 0.481 l ethanol was obtained after first distillation of fermentation wort and subsequent second distillation resulted in 0.301 l ethanol recovery with ethanol content of 75.45 (% v/v). This information generated can be added as basic input to scale up technical process towards enhancing the production of bio-fuel in sugar industries of the state associated in bioethanol production. So, future study can be planned to evaluate bioethanol production for extended period (October – March), when a mix of reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars concentrations are available as a fermenting substrate to be exploited by different fermenting bioagents.The sugar industies can thus work on dual mode: by switching over from sugar production to ethanol production; depending on the situation (sugar deficit/sugar surplus).ThesisItem Embargo Effect of popping and malting on nutritional characteristics in millets(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Harsimranjeet Kaur; Oberoi, Harpreet KaurThe present investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of popping and malting on nutritional characteristics in millets. Five genotypes each of sorghum, finger millet and pearl millet were analyzed after popping and malting process. The physical properties, nutritional characters, proximate analysis, bioactive components, enzymatic and antioxidant activities were observed in raw, popped and malted millet flours. The crude protein and energy were found to increase when popped and decrease after malting whereas crude fibre content significantly decreased in popped and malted flours of all millets over the raw flours. Non-significant reduction in fat content with significant hike in total soluble carbohydrates after processing of raw millets was seen. Malting resulted in increase of enzymatic activities (Lipoxygenase and alpha-amylase). Alkaloids and antioxidants (FRAP, DPPH and Ascorbic acid) increased whereas starch and amylose decreased after processing techniques compared to raw flour. Total phenols and tannins increased and reduction in antinutrients i.e. phytic acid, saponins and oxalate was seen in processed millet flours over raw. Millet genotypes showed differential protein banding pattern with lesser number of bands after processing of raw millets, however, 52 kDa band was observed in all processed millet flours. The results showed that the household processing techniques i.e. popping and malting improved the nutritional composition and antioxidant potential with simultaneously decrease in antinutritional components in all millets genotypes with pearl millet found to be slightly better and could fulfill the nutritional needs of poor community. Further, processed millet flours could be utilized in development of value added products.ThesisItem Restricted Biochemical basis of defense response in pigeonpea against maruca vitrata (fabricius) infestation(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Sukhmanpreet Kaur; Grewal, Satvir KaurThe present investigation was carried out to identify the biochemical basis of Maruca vitrata (pod borer) infestation in pigeonpea. Two pigeonpea genotypes, AL 1747 (moderately resistant) and MN 1 (susceptible) were compared for methylglyoxal detoxification, proline metabolizing enzymes along with free radical scavenging activities in leaves, flowers and pods under control and infested conditions. Lower accumulation of methylglyoxal (MG) in AL 1747 genotype was due to higher activities of enzymes of glyoxylase (Glyoxylase I, Glyoxylase II, Glyoxylase III) and non-glyoxylase (methylglyoxal reductase, MGR) pathway that converts MG into lactate. Higher activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in AL 1747 indicates the utilization of end product of MG detoxification pathway for energy production. Higher glutathione content in AL 1747 genotype might be responsible for efficient working of MG detoxification pathway under insect infestation. Higher activity of γGCS in AL 1747 genotype maintains the glutathione pool, necessary for the proper functioning of glyoxylase pathway to carry out the detoxification of methylglyoxal, thereby enhancing resistance. Higher activities of GST and GPX in AL 1747 genotype might be responsible for detoxification of toxic products that accumulates upon insect infestation. However, decreased activities of glyoxylase enzymes and MGR in MN 1 resulted in accumulation of MG which limits plant growth and development. The reciprocal regulation of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) with proline biosynthesizing enzymes such as ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) in AL 1747 suggests that proline accumulation was initiated as part of induced defense response against M. vitrata infestation. Higher free radical scavenging activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, hydroxyl ion, nitric oxide, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) might be responsible for lowering ROS accumulation upon insect infestation. Hence, the resistance of AL 1747 to M. vitrata might be due to higher activities of enzymes of glyoxylase and non-glyoxylase system; proline metabolizing enzymes as well as free radical scavenging activities thereby mitigating insect infestation induced oxidative stress.ThesisItem Restricted Exploring Garlic Biochemical Markers Against Root Knot Nematodes(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Shakya, Sandeep; Chawla, NeenaThe aim of the present study was to explore garlic biochemical markers and to evaluate garlic extract against root knot nematode of selected genotypes. The study included dry matter, total sugars, reducing sugars, starch, pyruvic acid, allicin and crude fibre in garlic of thirty genotypes. On the basis of allicin per cent, PG-114, PG-119 and PG-128 were selected as the best genotypes for evaluation of nematicidal properties of garlic extract keeping allicin as the main phytochemical. The garlic extract was made from three selected genotypes using different solvents (methanol and distilled water) of different concentrations (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5). Out of these, PG-119 garlic extract prepared in methanol showed the best results in maximum egg hatching inhibition per cent over untreated control (84.01%, 83.63% and 82.57%) and juvenile mortality per cent (92.35%, 94.47% and 95.67%) after 24h, 48h and 96h respectively at S5 concentration (5.11 ug/ml) as compared to other concentrations applied for in-vitro observations. On the basis of the best performance of PG-119 under an in-vitro trial, it was selected for an in-vivo trial in which a single dose, as well as a double dose of S4 concentration (17.74 ug/ml), showed maximum reduction in root gall index (3.124 and 2.111), final soil population (381.791 and 284.323) and a number of egg mass of root-knot nematode (21.333 and 11.000) as compared to the untreated control. Also, maximum enhancement in plant growth such as plant height and plant weight were observed with the same concentration. Overall, the nematicidal properties of the garlic extract exhibited concentration and time-dependent behaviour.
