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ThesisItem Open Access A Study of the Toxicity of Nitrosamines under hypercholesterolemic Conditions and Role of Dietary Fibre(Department of Biochemistry College of Basic Sciecnes & Humanities, PAU-Ludhiana, 2001) Mittal, GauravThesisItem Open Access Effect of fibre digesting enzymes on in vitro and in sacco degradation of various feedstuffs in buffalo calves(Department of Biochemsitry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities PAU, Ludhiana, 2001) Chopra, Smily; Sareen, V. KThesisItem Restricted Biochemical evaluation of food quality traits in hulless barley genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Shaveta; Harinderjeet KaurThirty six hulless barley genotypes along with eight checks were evaluated for their biochemical constituents and quality traits during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The average content of β-glucan, protein, starch, amylose, amylopectin and ash was found to be in the range of 3.71 to 5.06%, 10.35 to 15.00%, 60.89 to 68.26%, 10.13 to 23.53%, 42.82 to 52.17% and 1.37 to 2.18% respectively. One hulless barley genotype BHS 352 has been identified to possess higher content of β-glucan (5.06%). Being rich in soluble dietary fibre β-glucan this genotype can be used for the persons suffering from cardiovascular diseases and Type-II diabetes. These genotypes were also evaluated for their bold grains content which was found to be in the range of 4.00 to 90.00%. Higher bold grain percentage represents the soundness and fulfillment of grains. The grain hardness and test weight of barley genotypes ranged from 9.90 to 15.64 kg and 48.70 to 76.75kg/hl respectively. The genotypes were categorized into low, medium and high on the basis of biochemical and quality traits. The genotypes were grouped into two clusters by using WPGMA (Weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean), thus showing sufficient genetic diversity for biochemical and quality traits. The cluster II having the genotypes BL 1678, BL 1679 have good amount of bold grains, amylose and hectolitre weight. These genotypes can be used by the diabetic people as high amylose content will contribute less to the glycemic index. Hectolitre weight of barley genotypes was found to have positive correlation with starch and amylose. β-glucan in barley genotypes showed positive correlation with total proteins. In overall study, genotypes namely BL 1678, BL 1705 and BL 1708 were found to be excellent for biochemical and quality traits and can be further used in the breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Protein fractionation and lipoxygenase activity of bran from high yielding rice genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Pooja; Sharma, NeerjaIn the present study, rice bran from 19 genotypes, including ten non-basmati and nine basmati genotypes were characterized on the basis of their proximate and nutritional composition along with antioxidant properties of protein fractions. The constitutional level of lipoxygenase in rice bran was also determined. The content of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and dietary fibre in their bran fraction varied from 12.56-22.88 %; 16.92-23.63 %; 8.43-14.96 % and 21.62-28.48 %, respectively. The mean protein content of various Osborne fractions viz., albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin among genotypes was found to be in the ratio of 41.09: 18.33: 36.16: 4.42. Significant variation was seen in free amino acids (4.58-10.95), cysteine (0.91-2.07 mg g-1 DW ), methionine (16.33-27.59 mg g-1 DW), proline (19.48 μg g-1 DW), lysine (3.52-5.86 %) and tryprophan (0.55-1.55 %) content. Antioxidant properties of rice bran protein fractions in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%), Ferric reducing ability power (μmol Fe (II) g-1 DW) and metal chelating power assay(%) was found in the order of albumin > globulin > glutelins > prolamin. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (%) was found to be highest in albumin fraction, followed by glutelins, globulins and prolamin. Low reducing power (mg/g DW) and radical cation ABTS.+ scavenging activity (mM/g TEAC) was present in rice bran protein fractions. Wide differences in the rice bran lipoxygenase activity (0.082-1.81 units) was observed. This information about the variations in biochemical parameters among rice bran from different genotypes would enable the breeders’ to produce genotypes with improved bran proximate composition and ratio of protein fractions with high antioxidant potential and low lipoxygenase activity for desired end-use.ThesisItem Restricted Expression patterns of glucosinolate transporter genes GTR1 and GTR2 in relation to variation patterns for leaf and seed glucosinolates in Brassica juncea(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Heena Rani; Sharma, SanjulaThe present study was aimed at relating expression patterns of glucosinolates transporter genes (GTR1 and GTR2) with varied pattern of glucosinolate (GLS) content at different developmental stages in mustard (B. juncea). A total of two hundred genotypes were screened for their leaf and seed GLS content and were categorized into two sets. One set with GLS genotypes containing high GLS content (3.29 to 23.18 μmoles/g DW in leaves and 68.17 to 116.38 μmoles/g defatted meal in seeds), and the another set with genotypes containing low GLS content (2.42 to 8.64 μmoles/g in leaves and 24.42 to 30.14 μmoles/g defatted meal in seeds). A huge difference was observed between leaves and seed GLS content indicating the involvement of some other plant tissue as major site for GLS biosynthesis and the information was uncovered by analyzing GLS content in tissues from various developmental stages for GLS content. GLS content increased from open buds (22.02-24.91 μmoles/g DW in high GLS set; 11.17-19.06 μmoles/g DW in low GLS set) through wilted flowers (23.8-35.72 μmoles/g DW in high GLS set; 16.3-21.3 μmoles/g DW in low GLS set) to premature siliques at 14 DAF (43.54-69.14 μmoles/g DW in high GLS set and 21.9-27.68 μmoles/g DW in low GLS set). However, followed by a decrease from 14 DAF through 21 DAF siliques (25.28-42.69 μmoles/g DW in high GLS set; 17.63-25.09 μmoles/g DW in low GLS set) to 30 DAF siliques (9.59-32.68 μmoles/g DW in high GLS set; 9.01-14.7 μmoles/g DW in low GLS set) which indicates the transport of GLS occurs from silique walls towards developing seeds. The results were confirmed by the qRT-PCR gene expression studies where fold change in gene expression of GTR1 and GTR2 increased from open buds (almost negligible) to siliques at 30 DAF (1.93-12.81 fold for GTR1 and 0.38-3.60 fold for GTR2) which indicate an increase in GLS transport as a plant progresses towards maturity. GLS profiling results showed sinigrin as the most abundant GLS in leaves, whereas, gluconapin was highest in seeds. Removal of these anti-nutritional compounds (GLSs) will improve the mustard meal quality and allow its usage as food and feed purpose that could help in eradicating malnourishment problem from the country. Our study could prove helpful in lowering the GLS content by identifying alternate alleles that prevent accumulation of GLSs in developing seeds.ThesisItem Restricted Extraction and characterization of fibre from by-products of carrot, kinnow and pea for their utilization in food(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Bhatia, SurekhaThe present investigation was undertaken to extract and characterize dietary fibre from carrot pomace, pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace. Three independent variables viz. temperature (30-90oC), time (5-15min) and s: w ratio (1:5-1:10) were selected using experimental design of software design expert and 13 different combination were formed for preparation of fibre concentrate. Optimization of fibre extraction was done using Box-Behnken design Response surface methodology. Temperature had significant effect on the total dietary fibre (TDF), ferric reducimg ability of plasma (FRAP), water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) of fibre concentrate from carrot pomace, pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace except on the WHC of kinnow peel. Time had significant effect on TDF, FRAP, WHC and OHC of carrot pomace, pea pod and kinnow pomace fibre concentrate. However, in kinnow peel significant effect of time was observed only on FRAP activity of fibre concentrate. Sample: water (s:w) ratio had significant effect only on FRAP activity of pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace and WHC of kinnow pomace fibre concentrate. The optimum process parameters for fibre concentrate preparation from carrot pomace were: temperature 90o C, time 15 min and s:w ratio 1: 8.94 under which 73.56% TDF, 21.97 mg/g FRAP, 7.89 g/g WHC and 2.50 g/g OHC was found. The optimum process parameters for pea pod were: temperature 47.23o C, time 15 min and s:w ratio 1:9.37, under which 51.55% TDF, 25.98 mg/g FRAP, 6.25 g/g WHC and 2.00 g/g OHC was found. The optimum process parameters for kinnow peel and pomace were: temperature 73.98 and 60.52oC, time 5 and 8.33min and s:w ratio 1:5 under which 68.74 and 65.17% TDF, 42.45 and 21.55 mg/g FRAP, 7.80 and 7.01 g/g WHC and 5.88 and 3.53 g/g OHC was found. The fibre concentrate prepared under optimum conditions were dried by different methods (lyophilizer, microwave and oven drying). Methods of drying had no significant effect on TDF, crude protein, fat and functional properties, whereas, phenolic content and antioxidative activity were affected by drying. Carrot pomace fibre concentrate had highest TDF content whereas, antioxidative activity and phenolics was found highest in kinnow peel. Highest SDF/IDF ratio (1:3.75-1:4.52) was found for kinnow pomace and lowest value (1:1.95-1:2.81) for kinnow peel fibre concentrate. Maximum WHC and SWC were observed in carrot pomace and maximum OHC was in kinnow peel fibre concentrate. Packaging of fibre concentrate in AF, LDPE and PP bags and storage for 6 months under ambient and refrigerated conditions did not show any significant effect on TDF and functional properties of fibre concentrate. However, phenolic content and FRAP activity decreased during storage. Cookies at 5% replacement of refined wheat flour with carrot pomace fibre concentrate were most accebtable than other levels of replacement as well as replacement with other fibre concentrates. In conclusion, fibre concentrates from the by-products are good sources of dietary fibre with optimum SDF/IDF ratio and can be used in formulation of functional foods.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of nutritional quality and antioxidant potential of quinoa genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harjeet Kaur; Grewal, Satvir KaurThirteen quinoa genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were evaluated for carbohydrates composition, protein content, total lipids, minerals content and antinutritional factors such as saponins, phytic acid, tannins, and bound fructose of sucrose and raffinose series of oligosaccharides. The average value of total soluble protein, crude protein, albumin and globulin, glutenin and prolamine, total soluble sugars, starch content and total lipids in quinoa genotypes were found to be 11.77%, 18.37%, 59.19%, 30.52%, 4.37%, 39.36 mg/g, 358.24 mg/g and 11.2%, respectively. Quinoa genotypes had higher content of iron, zinc, manganese and least amount of copper. Two genotypes EC507747 and EC507749 had lower saponin content. Phytic acid and tannin content were not significantly varying in all the genotypes of quinoa. Antioxidant potential of these genotypes were estimated in terms of total phenols, flavonols, ortho-dihidroxy phenol, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total reducing power, superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl ion radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin showed significant variation among genotypes. Two genotypes EC507738 and EC507743 had high antioxidant activity. The genotypes were divided into low, medium and high on the basis of all the above parameters studied. EC507741 genotype had high total soluble sugars, high starch, high manganese, high copper and high antioxidant potential with good yield. EC507747 genotype had high crude protein, low prolamine, high starch, high total lipids and low saponin content with better yield. The observed diversity in quinoa genotypes could be further used.ThesisItem Open Access Relationship between biochemical components and growth hormones in lycopene rich genotypes of tomato(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bali, Megha; Chawla, NeenaThe present investigation was aimed at evaluation of twenty-five tomato genotypes (PLRT-1 to PLRT-25) along with one check variety (Punjab Ratta) to estimate lycopene, carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, acidity and tomatine for selection of best five genotypes. PLRT-8, PLRT-10, PLRT-15, PLRT-20 and PLRT-22 were found to be the best five genotypes on the basis of lycopene content using the test of Tukey HSD (SPSS 16.0). Selected genotypes were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity and plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellin and abscisic acid) from plant parts (root, stem and leaf) at monthly intervals. An increase was observed in total antioxidant capacity of root, stem and leaf as the months passed. During development, the gibberellin content increased till the month of April and then plummeted in the month of May in root, stem and leaf tissues. An increase in indole-3-acetic acid content was reported in root, stem and leaf as the months passed. During development, the abscisic acid content increased gradually in root, stem and leaf tissues. The correlation of antioxidant capacity and plant hormones with lycopene content was worked out. Significantly positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and lycopene was observed in root, stem and leaf tissues. Significantly positive correlation between gibberellin and lycopene was noticed in stem and leaf, however in roots there was no significant correlation. Indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid showed no significant correlation with lycopene in root, stem and leaf tissues.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical markers for yellow mosaic virus resistance in soybean cultivar JS335 introgressed with resistant genes from wild/cultivated species(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sapna; Sharma, SuchetaPresent investigation reports the biochemical parameters in yellow mosaic disease (YMD) susceptible soybean genotype JS335, resistant genotypes G. soja (wild species) and G. max Cv. SL525 and resistant versions of JS335 introgressed with genes from wild/cultivated species. Leaves from different soybean genotypes were collected at 1, 10, 20 and 30 days post YMD infection under field conditions. Viral infection resulted in the formation of chlorotic yellow patches on leaf lamina and reduced leaf size of susceptible genotype JS335 whereas G. soja, SL525 and resistant lines of JS335 with G. soja (JS-GS) and SL525 (JS-SL) did not show disease symptoms. JS-GS and JS-SL lines showed higher seed yield and 100 seed weight as compared to susceptible genotype JS335. The activities of antioxidant enzymes [glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], phenolic constituents and non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline, glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and glycine- betaine) increased significantly from day 1 to day 30 post YMD infection with lower mean contents in leaves of JS-GS and JS-SL lines in comparison to diseased JS335 leaves at all the stages of crop development. Higher contents of total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and lipids were recorded in seeds of improved JS335 lines in comparison to susceptible JS335 whereas amino acids, phenolic constituents, sucrose and minerals showed the opposite trend. The resistant JS335 lines showed improved resistance to yellow mosaic disease and higher physiological parameters indicating them to be better in performance as compared to susceptible JS335 under local environment of Punjab.
