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Open Access
Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parija, Bhadra; Navneet Kaur
Present study entitled “Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and KVK, Roopnagar (Experiment I) during 2017- 18 and 2018-19. Experiment I consisted of crop establishment methods of wheat viz. two methods of sowing (line sowing and broadcasting) and two seed rates (100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha) along with five weed control treatments viz. carfentrazone 20 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha, weed free check and weedy check in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The age of the poplar tree was 4 years in Ludhiana with 12.4 m height and 15.8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) while at Roopnagar the age of the plantation was 3 years with an average 9.3 m height and 12.1 cm dbh during 2018-19. Experiment II consisted of planting geometry viz. two poplar spacings (8m×2.5m and 7m×3m, paired at 2.5m) and two potato planting geometry (65cm×18.5cm and 75cm×15cm) in main plots and weed control treatments (atrazine 0.250 kg/ha, metribuzin 0.350 kg/ha, paraquat 0.300 kg/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha, weed free check and weedy check) in sub-plots with three replications in split-plot design. The age of the poplar here was 6 years old with 19.6 m height and 26.5 cm DBH during 2018-19. The results of experiment I revealed that line sown wheat (38.0-42.8 q/ha) with higher seed rate of 125 kg/ha (37.3-41.5 q/ha) under weed free check (40.2-45.4 q/ha) had higher yield advantages with a greater number of effective tillers, spike length, grains/ear and 1000-grain weight in comparison to broadcasted with lower seed rate wheat crop under the rest weed control treatments and it was statistically at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha (36.5-41.3 q/ha) applied treatments. The application of clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha effectively reduced the weed count and biomass. In experiment II, poplar spacing of 8m×2.5m (263.5-272.0 q/ha) and potato planting geometry of 75cm×15cm (256.6-262.1 q/ha) recorded significantly higher potato tuber yield. Among the weed control treatments weed free check (294.9-302.9 q/ha) was at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha (289.4-293.2 q/ha) in terms of potato tuber no., weight/hill and yield. These treatments have exhibited a higher weed smothering effect thereby subsequently reduced the weed seed bank and seed recruitment in both the experiments. All the herbicides used in both the experiments temporarily reduced the microbial population and their activity upto 90 days of application and then it recovered till harvesting of the intercrops.
Open Access
In-situ rice residue management and its effect on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jasneen Kaur; Harmeet Singh
The present investigation entitled “In-situ rice residue management and its effect on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” was carried simultaneously out at two different locations viz. Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Moga during autumn season of 2019-20. Soil of the experimental field at PAU, Ludhiana was sandy loam in texture with average bulk density of 1.45 g cm-3, normal in reaction (pH 7.40) and electrical conductivity (0.224 ds m-1), low in organic carbon (0.36 per cent) and low in available soil nitrogen (169.4 kg ha-1) and medium in available soil phosphorous (19.6 kg ha-1) and available soil potassium (206.4 kg ha1 ). While at Moga, soil was clay loam in texture with average bulk density of 1.37 g cm-3, normal in reaction (pH 8.1) and electrical conductivity (0.416 ds m-1), medium in organic carbon (0.51 per cent), low in available soil nitrogen (244.6 kg ha-1), high in available soil phosphorous (25.2 kg ha-1) and medium in available soil potassium (286.9 kg ha-1). Present field experiment laid out in strip plot design comprised of twelve treatments which included two straw load treatments which consisted of control (no loose straw) and 7 tonnes/ha straw load in vertical plots and three machinery operations which included harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Disc Harrow + Rotavator and two depth of ploughing (shallow and deep) in horizontal plots with four replications. The results revealed that significantly higher number of plants emerged with straw load of 7 tonnes/ha, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatment. At 70 DAP and maturity, plant height, dry matter accumulation by haulms and tubers, Leaf Area Index were recorded significantly higher with 7 tonnes/ha straw load, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatments. However, plant height, dry matter accumulation by haulms and tubers and Leaf Area Index were not significantly affected at 35 DAP among different treatments. The treatment where 7 tonnes/ha straw load was added produced tuber yield of 27.0 t/ha at Ludhiana which 7.1 per cent higher than control (no loose straw) and at Moga, the tuber yield was 23.5 t/ha which was 8.2 per cent higher than control (no loose straw) treatment. Among machinery operations, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation resulted in 10.9 and 15.6 per cent higher tuber yield at Ludhiana and Moga, respectively than harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Disc harrow + Rotavator machinery operation. Deep ploughing recorded 12.2 and 7.3 per cent higher tuber yield at Ludhiana and Moga, respectively than shallow ploughing. Similar trend was found for other yield attributes (number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant and tuber grading) as for tuber yield was recorded at both the locations. Straw load, machinery operations and depth of ploughing treatments showed no significant influence on chlorophyll index, soil physical and chemical properties (soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, bulk density, soil strength and infiltration rate) after harvest of potato, available soil nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium at 35 DAP, 70 DAP and maturity. Quality parameters failed to show any significant improvement with incorporation of straw load, machinery operations and depth of ploughing treatment. Soil moisture content was found to be significantly affected under different treatments at both the locations at all the stages except at 35 DAP. However, soil temperature was found non-significant under different machinery operations at Ludhiana but was found significant at Moga except at 35 DAP. Higher gross returns, higher net returns with higher benefit cost ratio was obtained when straw load of 7 tonnes/ha was added, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatment.
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Foliar nitrogen application under reduced sunlight intensity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Garima; Sandhu, Sandeep Singh
The study entitled, “Foliar nitrogen application under reduced sunlight intensity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bahowal, Hoshiarpur. The soil of experimental field was loamy sand in texture at both the locations, medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at Ludhiana, high in organic carbon and available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorous and potassium at Hoshiarpur. The soil was normal in reaction at both the locations. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The 20 treatment combinations comprised of four levels of sunlight intensity (control, 50% reduction in sunlight light intensity from 15-45, 46-75 and 76-105 DAT) and five levels of foliar nitrogen application (control, spray of 3% urea before, midway, afterwards and midway-afterwards the reduction in sunlight intensity). Sunlight intensity was reduced by covering the plots from top (leaving the sides open) with green shade net capable of reducing 50% sunlight intensity. The shade net was placed with the help of GI pipe structures specially prepared for this purpose. Rice variety used in the experiment was PR 122. At harvest, the growth parameters like plant height was significantly increased when sunlight intensity was reduced from 46-75 DAT as compared to control and other parameters like number of tillers m-2 and dry matter accumulation were significantly decreased at harvest when sunlight intensity was reduced from 46-75 DAT as compared to control at both the locations. Maximum reduction in the yield attributes like number of effective tillers m-2, panicle length and number of grains panicle-1 was also observed when there was reduction in sunlight intensity from 46-75 DAT as compared to full sunlight intensity at both the locations. Significantly lowest grain yield (48.70 and 53.44 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, respectively) as compared to other levels of the treatment was recorded with the reduction in sunlight intensity during 46-75 DAT. Reduction in sunlight intensity during any period caused a significant increase in chlorophyll content and minimum cooking time of milled rice, while it significantly decreased the elongation ratio of milled rice as compared to control. All other quality parameters were observed to vary statistically non-significantly with the reduction in the sunlight intensity. The application of foliar nitrogen before the reduction in the sunlight intensity recorded the highest values of growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and biological yield, chlorophyll content and the minimum cooking time of rice.
Open Access
Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parija, Bhadra; Navneet Kaur
Present study entitled “Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and KVK, Roopnagar (Experiment I) during 2017- 18 and 2018-19. Experiment I consisted of crop establishment methods of wheat viz. two methods of sowing (line sowing and broadcasting) and two seed rates (100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha) along with five weed control treatments viz. carfentrazone 20 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha, weed free check and weedy check in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The age of the poplar tree was 4 years in Ludhiana with 12.4 m height and 15.8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) while at Roopnagar the age of the plantation was 3 years with an average 9.3 m height and 12.1 cm dbh during 2018-19. Experiment II consisted of planting geometry viz. two poplar spacings (8m×2.5m and 7m×3m, paired at 2.5m) and two potato planting geometry (65cm×18.5cm and 75cm×15cm) in main plots and weed control treatments (atrazine 0.250 kg/ha, metribuzin 0.350 kg/ha, paraquat 0.300 kg/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha, weed free check and weedy check) in sub-plots with three replications in split-plot design. The age of the poplar here was 6 years old with 19.6 m height and 26.5 cm DBH during 2018-19. The results of experiment I revealed that line sown wheat (38.0-42.8 q/ha) with higher seed rate of 125 kg/ha (37.3-41.5 q/ha) under weed free check (40.2-45.4 q/ha) had higher yield advantages with a greater number of effective tillers, spike length, grains/ear and 1000-grain weight in comparison to broadcasted with lower seed rate wheat crop under the rest weed control treatments and it was statistically at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha (36.5-41.3 q/ha) applied treatments. The application of clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha effectively reduced the weed count and biomass. In experiment II, poplar spacing of 8m×2.5m (263.5-272.0 q/ha) and potato planting geometry of 75cm×15cm (256.6-262.1 q/ha) recorded significantly higher potato tuber yield. Among the weed control treatments weed free check (294.9-302.9 q/ha) was at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha (289.4-293.2 q/ha) in terms of potato tuber no., weight/hill and yield. These treatments have exhibited a higher weed smothering effect thereby subsequently reduced the weed seed bank and seed recruitment in both the experiments. All the herbicides used in both the experiments temporarily reduced the microbial population and their activity upto 90 days of application and then it recovered till harvesting of the intercrops.
Open Access
Optimizing irigation schedule for wheat (Triticun aestivıum L) through field and simulation studies
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2021) Sukhpreet Singh; Brar, AS
The present study "Optimizing irrigation schedule for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.y" through field and simulation studies" was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ropar during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Experiment I was conducted in split plot design, keeping factorial combinations of three sowing dates 2s" October (D), 10" November (D,) and 25" November (D)}and two cultivars {Unnat PBW 550 (V) and PBW 725 (V)} in main plots and four irrigation schedules {irigation at CuluAo (L.) 50 (1) and PAU recommended irrigation schedule (L4)} in sub plots. The results revealed that J0d decreased by 8.2 and 3.8% from D, to D, and 18.0 and 11.5% from D, to D, during 2017-18 and 110 respectively. The correspondıng figures for Ropar were 6.1 and 1.3% and 17.6 and 12.5% during 017.18 and 2018-19, respectively. The variety PBW 725 produced 9.5 and 11.6% higher yield as compared Unnat PBW 550 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively at Ludhiana and 9.8 and 11.5% at Ropar. respectively. However, the results showed the variety Unnat PBW 550 performed better under late sown conditions as compared to PBW 725. The highest grain yield was obtained in I, which was significantly better than all other depletion-based irigation treatments but statistically at par with L4. The grain yield in I, was 31.4 and 28.5% higher as compared to I; during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively whereas at Ropar it was 314 and 43.1%, respectively. The grain yield and ETc in I, and LĻ were at par, but crop and apparent water productivity was significantly higher in I, as compared to CP. The DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model performed well [as revealed by high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the days to anthesis (r=0.95 and 0.92; RMSE-4.27 and 4.99 days; MAPE-3.60 and 4.20%), maturity (r-0.96 and 0.94; RMSE-6.02 and 7.51 days; MAPE=3.41 and 4.35%), leaf area index (r=0.92 and 0.84; RMSE-0.16 and 0.15; MAPE=4.58 and 4.50%), grain yield (r=0.94 and 0.96; RMSE=133.3 and 214.6 kg ha'; MAPE=2.66 and 4.87%), biological yield (r-0.92 and 0.93, RMSE=130.6 and 397.1 kg ha': MAPE=1.12 and 2.87%), ETc (r-0.95 and 0.91; RMSE=114 and 10.2 mm; MAPE-3.31 and 3.18%) and CWP (-0.88 and 0.85, RMSE-0.07 and 0.09 kg ha'; MAPE-4.50 and 5.60%) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Experiment II was also conducted in split plot design, keeping three irigation timings {three irrigations at crown root initiation, booting and milking (CBM); four irigations at crown root initiation, tillering, flowering and milking (CTFM) and five irrigations at crown root initiation, tillering, booting, flowering and dough (CTBFD)} in main plots and factorial combinations of 3 depths of first ITigation {65 mm (F): 75 mm (F.) and 85 mm (F)} and 3 depths of subsequent irigations {55 mm (S): 65 mm (S.) and 75 mm (S)} in sub plots. There was significant increase in grain yield, apparent and crop water productivity when number of irigations were increased from 3 in CBM to 5 in CTBFD. The grain yield increased significantly when depth of first irrigation was increased from 65 to 75 mm whereas further increase Tesulted in numeric increase only. Similarly, the effect of depth of subsequent irigations was significant only p tO 0 mm. The grain yield was maximum in the treatment CTBFD with 75 mm depth of first irrigation but S Was Statistically at par with the treatment CTBFD with 55 and 65 mm irrigation depth of first irrigation. e DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model performed well in simulating the days to anthesis (RMSE-1.19 and 1.94 days; 1MAPE-0.94 and 1.799%), maturity (RMSE=1.59 and 1.86 days: MAPE=0.90 and 1.02%), leaf area index na 0.86; RMSE-0.39 and 0.,13: MAPE=2.33 and 3.43%), grain yield (r=0.94 and 0.98; RMSE=160.6, Kg ha ; MAPE=3.43 and 3.51%), biological yield (r-0.93 and 0.95; RMSE494.0 and 362.7 kg ha PEF3.63 and 2.86%). ETc (r=0 94 and 0.96: RMSE=8.28 and 11.73 mm; MAPE-2.34 and 3.49%o) and TesU.04 and 0.79; RMSE-0.12 and 0.14 mm: MAPE=8.03 and 9.18%) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The study finally concluded that simulation modelling along with field experimentation may help in determining , optimum sowing time of different cultivars and optimizing irigation water use in wheat.
Embargo
Yield dynamics studies of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different sowing dates
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Bhavjit Singh; Kalra, Vajinder Pal
A Field experiment entitled Yield dynamics studies of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different sowing dates" was conducted at two locations i.e., the Research farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and PAU Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during the year 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with combination of three sowing dates (November 10, November 30 and December 20) in the main plot and eight varieties (DBW 187, Unnat PBW 550, PBW 771, PW 824, PBW 752, PBW 725, HD 3226 and HD 3086) in sub plots, using three replications. At both the locations, November 10 sown crop recorded higher emergence count, dry matter accumulation, higher ear length, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield. However, plant height, tiller density, chlorophyll content and effective tillers were statistically similar in November 10h and November 30 sown crop. Protein content and nitrogen content was higher in December 20 sowing but protein yield, grain hardiness, hectolitre weight and grain appearance score were higher in November 10" SOwn crop. PBW 824 and DBW 187 recorded higher effective tiller, ear length and 1000- grain weight at both the locations. PBW 824 recorded significantly higher grain yield as Compared to HD 3226 and HD 3086 at both the Jocations. DBW 187, PBW 824 and HD 3086 las nigher grain appearance score. Wheat crop can be sown under normal date of sowing for nigher grain yield, PBW 824 perform better in timely sowing and PBW 752 and PBW 771 perform better in late sowing.
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Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in relation to sowing dates and planting density
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Goyal, Mohit; Mahesh Kumar
The field experiment entitled “Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in relation to sowing dates and planting density” was conducted at the research farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and research farm, ICAR- IIMR, Ladhowal during Kharif 2021. The soil at the experimental field of PAU, Ludhiana is loamy sand and IIMR, Ladhowal is sandy loam had normal pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon levels. Soil in PAU, Ludhiana was medium in available N and K content and high in available P content and soil in IIMR, Ladhowal was low in available N, high in available P and K content. The field experiment was comprised of 24 treatment combinations with eight main plot treatments that consist dates of sowing (1 June, 15 June, 30 June and 15 July) and two Planting density [67.5 × 18 cm (82305 plants ha-1)] and [67.5 × 15 cm (98765 plants ha-1)] and three hybrids (JH 19014, JH 17011 and PMH 13) were kept as sub plot treatments. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Among different dates of sowing, 1 June recorded significantly higher growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation) of kharif maize as compared to 30 June and 15 July sowing and remains statistically at par with 15 June sowing. However, in case of yield attributes significantly higher value was recorded under 15 June sowing as compared to 30 June and 15 July and remains statistically at par with 1 June sowing. 15 June recorded maximum grain yield of 6583 kg ha-1 at PAU, Ludhiana and 6387 kg ha-1 at IIMR, Ladhowal which was statistically at par with 1 June sowing (6313 kg ha-1 at PAU, Ludhiana and 6138 kg ha-1 at IIMR, Ladhowal) but was significantly higher than that recorded under 30 June and 15 July sowing. Planting density significantly effect grain yield. Maize under planting density of 67.5 × 15 cm (98765 plants ha-1) recorded higher grain yield of 5.8 per cent and 8.8 per cent (PAU, Ludhiana and IIMR, Ladhowal) in comparison to plant density of 67.5 × 18 cm (82305 plants ha-1). Among the different hybrids, JH 19014 and JH 17011 produced better growth and yield attributes as compared to PMH 13. JH 19014 recorded highest grain yield but was statistically at par with JH 17011 while PMH 13 recorded a significantly lower yield. Maize hybrids (JH 19014, JH 17011 and PMH 13) responded similar to different dates of sowing (1 June, 15 June, 30 June and 15 July) and planting densities (82305 plants ha-1 and 98765 plants ha-1).
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Intercropping studies in dual purpose canola quality oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Tejinder Singh; Sardana, Virender
Present study entitled "Intercropping studies in dual purpose canola quality oilseed rape (Brassica napus L." was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, and Regional Research Station, Faridkot during rabi 2020-21 to find out compatible crops and economic feasibility. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand at Ludhiana and sandy loam at Faridkot, normal in pH, low in available N and high in available P at both locations and for available K soil was low at Ludhiana and high at Faridkot. The experiment consisting of twenty-one treatments, comprising different row spacing, cutting and intercropping of oilseed rape with different crops (Indian rape, oat, linseed, lentil, chickpea, wheat and barley) was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Cutting of oilseed rape for green fodder at 45 days after sowing (DAS) significantly reduced the plant height, dry matter accumulation and interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 90 DAS and at maturity in comparison to uncut crop. Cutting caused significant delay in initiation and completion of flowering and maturity and significantly reduced the number of secondary branches and siliquae per plant and seeds per siliqua compared to uncut crop. Among different cutting treatments of oilseed rape and closer spacing resulted in higher green fodder yield which ranged between 6.14 and 8.80 t ha. Closer spacing and intercropping resulted in higher interception of PAR. Oilseed rape sown as sole crop at 45 cm row spacing (uncut) produced highest seed yield (2.38-2.53 t ha') and stover yield (9.90- 12.79 t ha) at both locations which were statistically at par with uncut oilseed rape sown at 60 cm row spacing, oilseed rape sown at 22.5 cm row spacing (cutting followed by removal of alternate rows for fodder), oilseed rape sown at 30 cm row spacing (cutting of alternate rows for fodder) and oilseed rape sown at 30 cm row spacing (cutting and removal of altermate rows for fodder). At both locations, the highest oilseed rape equivalent yield (3.47, 3.65 t ha'), gross returns (Rs 179335, 191586 ha'), net returns (Rs 141810, 154060 ha'), land equivalent ratio (1.73, 1.60) and monetary advantage index (Rs 68145, 63433 ha') were observed in oilseed rape sown at 45 cm row spacing (cut) + one row of Indian rape (simultaneous sowing) whereas oilseed rape sowWn at 45 cm row spacing (cut) + one row of oat sown after cutting of oilseed rape resulted in highest area time equivalent ratio. Effect of cutting and different intercrops on oil content and oil quality was inconspicuous. Competition ratio was maximum for oilseed rape t chickpea at Ludhiana and for oilseed rape + lentil at Faridkot. Among different intercropping systems, Indian rape proved dominant to oilseed rape whereas all other component crops (oat, linseed, lentil, chickpea, wheat, barley) were found compatible with oilseed rape.
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Yield dynamics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to different seeding rate and seed priming under late and very late sowing conditions
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Harvir Singh; Charanjeet Kaur
A field experiment entitled “Yield dynamics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to different seeding rate and seed priming under late and very late sowing conditions” was conducted during rabi season 2021-22 at Regional Research Station (RRS), Gurdaspur and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment was laid out in split plot design having three replications with combination of two sowing dates such as late sown (1st week of December) and very late sown (3 nd week of January), and with three seed rates (100, 112.5 and 125 kg ha-1 ) were kept in main plot. In sub-plot four treatments of priming were taken (control, Water priming, Salicylic acid priming and Sea weed extract priming). The late sown crop recorded significantly higher emergence count, growth parameters, tiller density, days taken to phenological stages, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI) and canopy temperature depression (CTD) as compared to very late sowing. The higher pollen viability and biochemical characteristics were also recorded in late sowing wheat whereas very late sown wheat recorded significantly higher proline content, total soluble sugars and protein content. The late sown wheat recorded significantly higher spike length, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index. The higher grain appearance, grain hardness, hectolitre weight, gluten index and Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation was also under late sown crop. The 125 kg ha-1 seed rate recorded significantly higher emergence count, dry matter accumulation, NDVI, LAI, CTD, effective tillers, grain and straw yield than other seed rates. The other quality parameters and biochemical characteristics remained non significant in relation to different seed rates. The seed priming with salicylic acid (75ppm) recorded significantly higher emergence count, tiller density, dry matter accumulation and delayed the days taken to earing and physiological maturity. The effective tillers, 1000-grain weight, grain appearance, grain yield and straw yield was significantly highest in salicylic acid priming which was also statistically similar to sea weed extract priming. The late sown wheat, 125 kg ha-1 seed rate and salicylic acid priming significantly increased the grain yield and also the net returns.

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