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Open Access
Weed management in organically grown basmati rice-durum wheat cropping system.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Hasam, Hasamuddin; Simerjeet Kaur
The present study on “Weed management in organically grown basmati rice-durum wheat cropping system” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2017 and 2018 and Rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. Nine non-chemical weed control treatments were tested along with one conventional agriculture treatment using herbicide metsulfuron + carfentrazone 25 g ha-1 as a post emergence in wheat and pretilachlor 750 g ha-1 as pre emergence in rice crop. Conventional and deep tillage with green manure seed rates at 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 plus 25% higher plant density and one hand pulling, and weedy and weed free treatments were tested in puddled basmati rice (Pusa basmati 1121); while conventional tillage and deep tillage with 50% higher plant densities, zero tillage with and without residues, straw mulch at 6 t ha-1 and bed planting plus 25% higher plant density followed by hand pulling, and weed free treatments were studied in durum wheat (WHD 943). The lowest number of seeds of Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa colona, Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus iria in rice and Anagallis arvensis, Medicago denticulate, Rumex dentatus, Chenopodium album and Phalaris minor in durum wheat was recorded mostly in upper soils (0-15 cm) in conventional tillage whereas in deep tillage most of seeds were displaced to deeper layer (1530 cm) in both basmati rice and durum wheat. Population of E. colona and Eclipta alba were found lower in all weed control treatments as compared to weedy check but grain yield of rice was found statistically at par among all treatments. In durum wheat, weed density and biomass were found lower in bed planting treatment during both years of study as compared to rest of treatments. Different weed control practices comprising of tillage, green manuring, plant density and straw mulching have non-significant effect on quality of basmati and durum wheat. The maximum grain yields were obtained from weedfree and bed planting with 25% more plant density followed by hand pulling.
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Water productivity, energetics and economics of maize based cropping sequences compared to rice-wheat system under different moisture regimes
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navneet Kaur; Brar, Ajmer Singh
A field experiment was carried out over two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. To compare various maize based crop sequences with rice-wheat system, a replicated experiment was conducted with varying degrees of crop sequences and irrigation regimes. Eight crop sequences were compared in the main plots: rice-wheat, maize-wheat, maize-potato- mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-spring maize, maize + cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong, maize-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong and maize + cowpea (f)-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong. Four irrigation regimes of IW/CPE ratio 0.75, IW/CPE ratio 1.0, IW/CPE ratio 1.25 and recommended schedule were compared in sub plots. The rice equivalent yield was significantly higher in maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion followed by maize-potato-mentha + onion and maize + cowpea-potato-spring maize compared to other crop sequences. This was due to higher production potential of potato which ultimately increased the rice equivalent yield of sequences in which potato was included as one of the component crop. The rice equivalent yield of various crop sequences increased with increase in frequency of irrigation water. The crop water productivity was significantly higher with maize + cowpea-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75 during both the years as compared to all other crop sequences and irrigation regimes combinations except maize-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75. Rice-wheat sequence with recommended schedule produced significantly lower crop water productivity as compared to maize-potato-mentha+ onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion and maize-potato-spring maize with all the irrigation regimes during both the years. The apparent water productivity was significantly higher in maize + cowpea-potato- mentha + onion sequence as compared to all other crop sequences during both the years. The lowest apparent water productivity was recorded with rice-wheat sequence under all the irrigation regimes. On the basis of energy efficiency, R-W with IRec had lower energy efficiency compared to maize-wheat, maize-potato-mentha+onion and maize+ cowpea (f)-potato-mentha+onion under all the irrigation regimes during both the years. Among different maize based crop sequences, the most energy efficient was maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec followed by maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 during both the years. On the basis of energy productivity, maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 was found to be the most energy productive being statistically at par with rice-wheat with IRec and maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec during 2016-17 while it was significantly better compared to rice-wheat with IRec during 2017- 18. Economic analysis reveals that R-W with IRec recorded the lowest net returns compared to maize- potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec, maize+cowpea(f)-potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec and maize+cowpea(f)-potato-spring maize with I1.25 and IRec during both the years.
Open Access
Evaluation of different osmo-protectants against water stress in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pawandeep Kaur; Brar, Harjeet Singh
The investigation entitled “Evaluation of different osmo-protectants against water stress in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)” has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda and Dr. J.C. Bakhshi Regional Research Station, Abohar during kharif 2018. The experiment has been laid out in split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation i.e. control (irrigation as per recommendation), one irrigation at 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) and no irrigation. Sub plots consisted of eight osmoprotectants (application started from 70-80 days after sowing) i.e. control (water spray), 2 % urea (4 sprays at 7 days interval), 2% KNO3 (4 sprays at 7 days interval), 1% thiourea (single spray), salicylic acid @ 50 ppm (SA50) single spray, salicylic acid @ 100 ppm (SA100) single spray, glycine betaine @ 100 ppm (GB100) single spray, pink pigmented facultative methylotrops (PPFM) @ 1% three sprays at 10 days interval. Experiment results revealed that crop with recommended irrigation attained the maximum plant height and higher dry matter than irrigation at 5 WAS and no irrigation. CGR, RGR and NAR were significantly affected by irrigation treatments. Higher number of monopods, sympods and main stem internodes were obtained with control among the irrigation treatments. Phenological stages were also longer under recommended irrigation. Total bolls plant-1, opened bolls plant-1 and boll weight were significantly higher under recommended irrigation at both the locations. All these resulted in significantly higher seed cotton yield by margin of 26.0 and 24.6% under recommended irrigation as compared to no irrigation at Bathinda and Abohar, respectively. Quality parameters like ginning outturn (GOT), lint index, 2.5% fibre span length and fibre strength were deteriorated significantly under no irrigation as compared to recommended irrigation. Higher nutrient content of stover, seed and lint was attained by control. Among the osmoprotectants, application of 2% KNO3 resulted in maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, sympods and main stem internodes plant-1 and also enhanced the yield attributes as indicated by significantly increased seed cotton yield (i.e. 3436 and 3286 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Abohar, respectively) over control (i.e. 2591 and 2351 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Abohar, respectively) followed by GB100, SA100 and SA50 as compared to water spray (control). While, 1% thiourea produced the lowest seed cotton yield at both the locations. Quality parameters like GOT, lint index, 2.5% fibre span length and fibre strength, nutrient content of stover, seed and lint and irrigation water use efficiency were increased with application of 2% KNO3, salicylic acid and glycine betaine.
Open Access
Growth regulation of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilization
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Shamsher Singh; Deol, Jasdev Singh
The present investigation entitled, “Growth regulation of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilization” was carried out during kharif 2018 at the Students‟ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rupnagar. The soils of experimental fields were sandy loam in texture, normal in pH, low in nitrogen and OC content, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of two cultivars (Basmati 370 and CSR 30) in main plots; two levels of nitrogen (20 and 30 kg N ha-1) in sub plots and five growth regulation treatments applied 45 days after transplanting (control, lopping, mepiquat chloride @ 300, 400 and 500 ppm) in sub-sub plots. CSR 30 recorded more number of tillers m-2, leaf area index (LAI) and number of panicles m-2 by 6.9, 11.4 and 10.9 per cent, respectively, while, less plant height and lodging by 11.0 and 37.4 per cent, respectively, as compared to Basmati 370. On the other hand, number of filled grains per panicle, panicle length and panicle weight were more in Basmati 370 by 43, 21.5 and 31.0 per cent, respectively, than CSR 30. However, both the cultivars were statistically at par for grain yield, milling quality, protein content and net returns. Application of 150% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (30 kg N ha-1) increased the growth attributes viz. plant height, number of tillers, LAI and dry matter accumulation by 4.4, 5.5, 3.5 and 5.4 per cent, respectively, as compared to recommended dose (20 kg N ha-1) but did not significantly influence the yield and yield attributes. Growth regulation treatments of lopping, mepiquat chloride (300, 400 and 500 ppm) reduced lodging by 30 per cent, which resulted in an increase in grain yield by 8.9 per cent and also an increase in net returns over control.
Open Access
Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) through integration of micro irrigation, mulch and herbicide
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Mbagatuzinde, Kalule; Bhullar, Makhan Singh
A field experiment “Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) through integration of micro irrigation, mulch and herbicide” was carried out at Students‟ Research Farm Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University , Ludhiana during Kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. Three irrigation methods viz. subsurface drip, surface drip and conventional flood were allotted to main-plots and four weed control treatments viz. unweeded check, paddy straw mulch (7.5 t ha-1), plastic mulch (25 μm) and tembotrione 110 g ha-1 as post emergence were allotted to sub-plots. Cyperus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Acrachne racemosa, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis and Eragrotis tenella were dominant weed species. Among irrigation methods, sub-surface drip had lower weed density and biomass than conventional flood in 2018; irrigation methods had no effect on weeds in 2019. In 2018, subsurface drip gave significantly higher grain yield (5.39 t ha-1) than surface drip (5.21 t ha-1) and flood method (5.07 t ha-1) while all irrigation methods gave similar maize grain yield in 2019. Among weed control, tembotrione had lowest total weed density and biomass which was similar to paddy straw mulch in both years. In 2018, paddy straw mulch gave significantly higher grain yield (5. 77 t ha-1) than plastic mulch (5.46 t ha-1) and tembotrione (5.38 t ha-1), and, in 2019, all weed control treatments had similar grain yield. Paddy straw mulch increased yield by 27% in 2018 and 24% in 2019.In 2018, combination of sub-surface drip and paddy straw mulch gave significantly higher grain yield than all other treatment combinations. Sub-surface drip and paddy straw mulch combination increased grain yield by 48% than conventional flood and unweeded check; in 2019, all interactions were non-significant. Among irrigation methods, in 2018, sub-surface drip had higher water use (481 mm). In 2019 irrigation methods had no effect on water use. Among weed control, paddy straw mulch had higher water use of 485 mm in 2018 and 479 mm in 2019. Water productivity was similar in the two years.
Open Access
Long term effect of crop residue management on productivity and nitrogen requirement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rice-wheat cropping system under varied nitrogen levels
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhveer Kaur; Jagroop Kaur
The present investigation entitled “Long term effect of crop residue management on productivity and nitrogen requirement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rice-wheat cropping system under varied nitrogen levels” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, normal in reaction and electrical conductivity, medium in organic carbon and available nitrogen and high in available phosphorous and potassium. The experiment comprised of nine crop residue management practices in main-plots and three nitrogen levels in sub-plots was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments consisted of Transplanted paddy after removing of wheat straw followed by Zero tillage sowing of wheat after removing paddy straw (TPR-R-ZTW-R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw- Zero tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (TPR-R-ZTW+R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw-Conventional tillage sowing of wheat after removing paddy straw (TPR-R-CTW-R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw-Conventional tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (TPR-R-CTW+R), Transplanted paddy with wheat straw-Zero tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (TPR+R-ZTW+R), Direct seeded paddy in zero tillage after removing wheat straw-Zero tillage sowing of wheat after removing paddy straw (ZDSR-R-ZTW-R), Direct seeded paddy in zero tillage after removing wheat straw-Zero tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (ZDSR-R-ZTW+R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw-Sowing of wheat with rotavator with paddy straw (TPR-R-ZTRW+R) and Transplanted paddy after burning wheat straw-Zero tillage wheat after partial burning of paddy straw (TPRBrn-ZTWPBrn). Sub-plots having three nitrogen levels viz., 100, 125 and 150 kg N ha-1. The results revealed that different crop residue management practices significantly affected by the growth, development, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake by crop. However, nitrogen levels did not show any significant effect on these parameters. Chlorophyll content index was significantly affected by different nitrogen levels except at 30 DAS. It increased as the nitrogen levels increased and highest was recorded with 150 kg N ha-1 at all the crop growth stages, however various crop residue management practices had no significant effect. Residue retention both in rice and wheat increased grain yield of wheat by 12-15 and 9-14 per cent than residue removal and burning conditions respectively. Rice residue retention in wheat crop with nitrogen @ 100 kg ha-1 gave statistically similar grain yield as obtained with 125 and 150 kg N ha-1 and residue retention also improved soil health. Paddy straw helped to increase the minimum temperature and decrease the maximum temperature of soil up to emergence and at 30 DAS and also decreased the maximum temperature in succeeding crop growth stages. Various crop residue management practices had significant effect on physical properties of soil such as bulk density, infiltration rate and soil penetration resistance and also increased the availability of soil nutrients, however, nitrogen levels did not influence the nutrient availability in soil.
Open Access
Nitrogen scheduling in maize-wheat cropping system in relation to different tillage interventions and planting methods
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gursewak Singh; Kang, Jasjit Singh
The field experiment entitled “Nitrogen scheduling in maize-wheat cropping system in relation to different tillage interventions and planting methods” was conducted at the Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2018-19. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loamy, with medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and rich in potassium. The experiment was arranged in split plot design with four combination of tillage system and planting methods including conventional tillage + flat sowing, conventional tillage + bed sowing, zero tillage + flat sowing, zero tillage + bed sowing in main plots and four different types of time of nitrogen application including recommended schedule (1/3 N as basal, 1/3 N knee high stage, 1/3 N flowering stage), 1/2 N as basal 1/2 N at knee high stage, 1/2 N as basal and 1/4 N at knee high stage and 1/4 Nat waist high stage, 1/3 N as basal, 1/3 N at knee high stage and 1/3 N at waist high stage in maize and recommended schedule (full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 and 51.75 kg N ha-1as basal, 25.8 kg N ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS), full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha- 1 as basal and 51.75 kg N ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS, full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 51.75 at 60 and 90 DAS, full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 34.5 kg N ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS in wheat in sub plots with three replications. In maize crop plant height, dry matter accumulation, PARI and canopy temperature were significantly influenced by combination of tillage system and planting methods. However emergence count, NDVI, and nitrogen content were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. Yield and yield attributes were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. In wheat crop combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application significantly influenced the plant height, dry matter accumulation, PAR interception and number of tillers. However emergence count, canopy temperature and NDVI were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. Yield and yield attributes were significantly influenced with time of nitrogen application treatments. Significantly highest grain yield was recorded under full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 34.5 kg N ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS.
Open Access
Effect of seed priming and plant spacing on the growth, productivity and soil health of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Beesanakoppa, Sanjay B; Saini, K. S.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of seed priming and plant spacing on the growth, productivity and soil health of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana, for two years during spring season of 2018 and 2019. Three plant spacings comprises 22.5 cm × 20 cm (G1), 30 cm × 15 cm (G2) and 45 cm × 10 cm (G3) allocated in main plot and six seed priming treatments viz. consortium bio-fertilizer (T1), cow urine (T2), vermicompost (T3), vermiwash (T4), combination of above materials (T5) and control (T6) were in sub plot of split-plot design (SPD) with four replications by using spring groundnut variety TG 37A. The results showed that all the growth parameters were significantly influenced by seed priming (except days to 50% flowering), but not by plant spacing. The significantly higher yield attributes were recorded in 22.5 cm × 20 cm (G1) plant spacing and in control (T6) among seed priming (except 100 kernel weight). The significantly higher pod yield, haulm yield and biological yield (q ha-1) were recorded in G1 plant spacing with consortium bio-fertilizer (T1) seed primed crop. The oil and protein content of spring groundnut kernels, soil enzyme activity (Dehydrogenase & Alkaline phosphatase) and soil available N, P and K (kg ha-1) were influenced non-significantly by both seed priming and plant spacing, but the haulm and kernel N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) were significantly influenced (except haulm P). The gross & net returns (` ha-1) and B: C ratio were significantly higher under G1 plant spacing with seed priming of consortium bio-fertilizer (T1) and all the interactional effects regarding above parameters were found to be non-significant (except crop emergence).
Open Access
Influence of foliar application of thiourea and mulching on growth and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) under different planting methods
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Talveer Singh; Sandhu, Parminder Singh
The present study entitled „„Influence of foliar application of thiourea and mulching on growth and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) under different planting methods‟‟ was conducted at Regional Research Station Ballowal Saunkhri and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Langroya, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2018. The soil of Ballowal was sandy loam, neutral in pH, normal in electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium whereas the soil of Langroya was neutral in pH, normal in electrical conductivity, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. Total rainfall received during the cropping season was 975.7 mm consisting three dry spells at pre-anthesis and grain filling stages of crop. The field experiment comprised of 16 different treatment combinations replicated thrice in split plot design with four different planting methods (flat sowing with mulch, flat sowing without mulch, ridge sowing with mulch and ridge sowing without mulch) as main plot and four different foliar sprays (unsprayed, water spray, foliar spray of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm thiourea at 45 days after sowing) as sub plot treatments. The highest grain yield was observed in ridge sowing with mulch (35.8 q ha-1) which was statistically at par with ridge sowing without mulch and significantly higher over flat sown treatments. Among foliar sprays the highest grain yield was observed in foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea (35.7 q ha-1) which was significantly higher over the rest of foliar sprayed treatments. Maize crop sown on ridges in association with mulch and foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea resulted in significantly higher growth and physiological parameters and took significantly higher number of days to reach physiological maturity over the flat sown and unsprayed crop. Soil moisture content was higher in ridge sown and mulched plots over flat sown ones whereas the effect of different foliar spray treatments were non-significant. Among quality parameters protein content was observed significantly higher in ridge sowing with mulch plots whereas total sugars and starch content remained unaffected in respect to different planting methods. Significantly higher total sugars, starch, protein and nitrogen uptake was observed in foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea over control. In crux, it can be concluded that ridge sowing with mulch and foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea at 45 days after sowing proved propitious in reducing the productivity and quality losses caused by vagaries of rainfall in rainfed maize.

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