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Open Access
Evaluation of different osmo-protectants against water stress in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pawandeep Kaur; Brar, Harjeet Singh
The investigation entitled “Evaluation of different osmo-protectants against water stress in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)” has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda and Dr. J.C. Bakhshi Regional Research Station, Abohar during kharif 2018. The experiment has been laid out in split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation i.e. control (irrigation as per recommendation), one irrigation at 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) and no irrigation. Sub plots consisted of eight osmoprotectants (application started from 70-80 days after sowing) i.e. control (water spray), 2 % urea (4 sprays at 7 days interval), 2% KNO3 (4 sprays at 7 days interval), 1% thiourea (single spray), salicylic acid @ 50 ppm (SA50) single spray, salicylic acid @ 100 ppm (SA100) single spray, glycine betaine @ 100 ppm (GB100) single spray, pink pigmented facultative methylotrops (PPFM) @ 1% three sprays at 10 days interval. Experiment results revealed that crop with recommended irrigation attained the maximum plant height and higher dry matter than irrigation at 5 WAS and no irrigation. CGR, RGR and NAR were significantly affected by irrigation treatments. Higher number of monopods, sympods and main stem internodes were obtained with control among the irrigation treatments. Phenological stages were also longer under recommended irrigation. Total bolls plant-1, opened bolls plant-1 and boll weight were significantly higher under recommended irrigation at both the locations. All these resulted in significantly higher seed cotton yield by margin of 26.0 and 24.6% under recommended irrigation as compared to no irrigation at Bathinda and Abohar, respectively. Quality parameters like ginning outturn (GOT), lint index, 2.5% fibre span length and fibre strength were deteriorated significantly under no irrigation as compared to recommended irrigation. Higher nutrient content of stover, seed and lint was attained by control. Among the osmoprotectants, application of 2% KNO3 resulted in maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, sympods and main stem internodes plant-1 and also enhanced the yield attributes as indicated by significantly increased seed cotton yield (i.e. 3436 and 3286 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Abohar, respectively) over control (i.e. 2591 and 2351 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Abohar, respectively) followed by GB100, SA100 and SA50 as compared to water spray (control). While, 1% thiourea produced the lowest seed cotton yield at both the locations. Quality parameters like GOT, lint index, 2.5% fibre span length and fibre strength, nutrient content of stover, seed and lint and irrigation water use efficiency were increased with application of 2% KNO3, salicylic acid and glycine betaine.
Open Access
Growth regulation of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilization
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Shamsher Singh; Deol, Jasdev Singh
The present investigation entitled, “Growth regulation of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilization” was carried out during kharif 2018 at the Students‟ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rupnagar. The soils of experimental fields were sandy loam in texture, normal in pH, low in nitrogen and OC content, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of two cultivars (Basmati 370 and CSR 30) in main plots; two levels of nitrogen (20 and 30 kg N ha-1) in sub plots and five growth regulation treatments applied 45 days after transplanting (control, lopping, mepiquat chloride @ 300, 400 and 500 ppm) in sub-sub plots. CSR 30 recorded more number of tillers m-2, leaf area index (LAI) and number of panicles m-2 by 6.9, 11.4 and 10.9 per cent, respectively, while, less plant height and lodging by 11.0 and 37.4 per cent, respectively, as compared to Basmati 370. On the other hand, number of filled grains per panicle, panicle length and panicle weight were more in Basmati 370 by 43, 21.5 and 31.0 per cent, respectively, than CSR 30. However, both the cultivars were statistically at par for grain yield, milling quality, protein content and net returns. Application of 150% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (30 kg N ha-1) increased the growth attributes viz. plant height, number of tillers, LAI and dry matter accumulation by 4.4, 5.5, 3.5 and 5.4 per cent, respectively, as compared to recommended dose (20 kg N ha-1) but did not significantly influence the yield and yield attributes. Growth regulation treatments of lopping, mepiquat chloride (300, 400 and 500 ppm) reduced lodging by 30 per cent, which resulted in an increase in grain yield by 8.9 per cent and also an increase in net returns over control.
Open Access
Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) through integration of micro irrigation, mulch and herbicide
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Mbagatuzinde, Kalule; Bhullar, Makhan Singh
A field experiment “Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) through integration of micro irrigation, mulch and herbicide” was carried out at Students‟ Research Farm Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University , Ludhiana during Kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experimental design was split-plot with four replications. Three irrigation methods viz. subsurface drip, surface drip and conventional flood were allotted to main-plots and four weed control treatments viz. unweeded check, paddy straw mulch (7.5 t ha-1), plastic mulch (25 μm) and tembotrione 110 g ha-1 as post emergence were allotted to sub-plots. Cyperus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Acrachne racemosa, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis and Eragrotis tenella were dominant weed species. Among irrigation methods, sub-surface drip had lower weed density and biomass than conventional flood in 2018; irrigation methods had no effect on weeds in 2019. In 2018, subsurface drip gave significantly higher grain yield (5.39 t ha-1) than surface drip (5.21 t ha-1) and flood method (5.07 t ha-1) while all irrigation methods gave similar maize grain yield in 2019. Among weed control, tembotrione had lowest total weed density and biomass which was similar to paddy straw mulch in both years. In 2018, paddy straw mulch gave significantly higher grain yield (5. 77 t ha-1) than plastic mulch (5.46 t ha-1) and tembotrione (5.38 t ha-1), and, in 2019, all weed control treatments had similar grain yield. Paddy straw mulch increased yield by 27% in 2018 and 24% in 2019.In 2018, combination of sub-surface drip and paddy straw mulch gave significantly higher grain yield than all other treatment combinations. Sub-surface drip and paddy straw mulch combination increased grain yield by 48% than conventional flood and unweeded check; in 2019, all interactions were non-significant. Among irrigation methods, in 2018, sub-surface drip had higher water use (481 mm). In 2019 irrigation methods had no effect on water use. Among weed control, paddy straw mulch had higher water use of 485 mm in 2018 and 479 mm in 2019. Water productivity was similar in the two years.
Open Access
Long term effect of crop residue management on productivity and nitrogen requirement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rice-wheat cropping system under varied nitrogen levels
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhveer Kaur; Jagroop Kaur
The present investigation entitled “Long term effect of crop residue management on productivity and nitrogen requirement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rice-wheat cropping system under varied nitrogen levels” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, normal in reaction and electrical conductivity, medium in organic carbon and available nitrogen and high in available phosphorous and potassium. The experiment comprised of nine crop residue management practices in main-plots and three nitrogen levels in sub-plots was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments consisted of Transplanted paddy after removing of wheat straw followed by Zero tillage sowing of wheat after removing paddy straw (TPR-R-ZTW-R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw- Zero tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (TPR-R-ZTW+R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw-Conventional tillage sowing of wheat after removing paddy straw (TPR-R-CTW-R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw-Conventional tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (TPR-R-CTW+R), Transplanted paddy with wheat straw-Zero tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (TPR+R-ZTW+R), Direct seeded paddy in zero tillage after removing wheat straw-Zero tillage sowing of wheat after removing paddy straw (ZDSR-R-ZTW-R), Direct seeded paddy in zero tillage after removing wheat straw-Zero tillage sowing of wheat with paddy straw (ZDSR-R-ZTW+R), Transplanted paddy after removing wheat straw-Sowing of wheat with rotavator with paddy straw (TPR-R-ZTRW+R) and Transplanted paddy after burning wheat straw-Zero tillage wheat after partial burning of paddy straw (TPRBrn-ZTWPBrn). Sub-plots having three nitrogen levels viz., 100, 125 and 150 kg N ha-1. The results revealed that different crop residue management practices significantly affected by the growth, development, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake by crop. However, nitrogen levels did not show any significant effect on these parameters. Chlorophyll content index was significantly affected by different nitrogen levels except at 30 DAS. It increased as the nitrogen levels increased and highest was recorded with 150 kg N ha-1 at all the crop growth stages, however various crop residue management practices had no significant effect. Residue retention both in rice and wheat increased grain yield of wheat by 12-15 and 9-14 per cent than residue removal and burning conditions respectively. Rice residue retention in wheat crop with nitrogen @ 100 kg ha-1 gave statistically similar grain yield as obtained with 125 and 150 kg N ha-1 and residue retention also improved soil health. Paddy straw helped to increase the minimum temperature and decrease the maximum temperature of soil up to emergence and at 30 DAS and also decreased the maximum temperature in succeeding crop growth stages. Various crop residue management practices had significant effect on physical properties of soil such as bulk density, infiltration rate and soil penetration resistance and also increased the availability of soil nutrients, however, nitrogen levels did not influence the nutrient availability in soil.
Open Access
Nitrogen scheduling in maize-wheat cropping system in relation to different tillage interventions and planting methods
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gursewak Singh; Kang, Jasjit Singh
The field experiment entitled “Nitrogen scheduling in maize-wheat cropping system in relation to different tillage interventions and planting methods” was conducted at the Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2018-19. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loamy, with medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and rich in potassium. The experiment was arranged in split plot design with four combination of tillage system and planting methods including conventional tillage + flat sowing, conventional tillage + bed sowing, zero tillage + flat sowing, zero tillage + bed sowing in main plots and four different types of time of nitrogen application including recommended schedule (1/3 N as basal, 1/3 N knee high stage, 1/3 N flowering stage), 1/2 N as basal 1/2 N at knee high stage, 1/2 N as basal and 1/4 N at knee high stage and 1/4 Nat waist high stage, 1/3 N as basal, 1/3 N at knee high stage and 1/3 N at waist high stage in maize and recommended schedule (full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 and 51.75 kg N ha-1as basal, 25.8 kg N ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS), full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha- 1 as basal and 51.75 kg N ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS, full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 51.75 at 60 and 90 DAS, full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 34.5 kg N ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS in wheat in sub plots with three replications. In maize crop plant height, dry matter accumulation, PARI and canopy temperature were significantly influenced by combination of tillage system and planting methods. However emergence count, NDVI, and nitrogen content were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. Yield and yield attributes were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. In wheat crop combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application significantly influenced the plant height, dry matter accumulation, PAR interception and number of tillers. However emergence count, canopy temperature and NDVI were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. Yield and yield attributes were significantly influenced with time of nitrogen application treatments. Significantly highest grain yield was recorded under full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 34.5 kg N ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS.
Open Access
Effect of seed priming and plant spacing on the growth, productivity and soil health of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Beesanakoppa, Sanjay B; Saini, K. S.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of seed priming and plant spacing on the growth, productivity and soil health of spring groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana, for two years during spring season of 2018 and 2019. Three plant spacings comprises 22.5 cm × 20 cm (G1), 30 cm × 15 cm (G2) and 45 cm × 10 cm (G3) allocated in main plot and six seed priming treatments viz. consortium bio-fertilizer (T1), cow urine (T2), vermicompost (T3), vermiwash (T4), combination of above materials (T5) and control (T6) were in sub plot of split-plot design (SPD) with four replications by using spring groundnut variety TG 37A. The results showed that all the growth parameters were significantly influenced by seed priming (except days to 50% flowering), but not by plant spacing. The significantly higher yield attributes were recorded in 22.5 cm × 20 cm (G1) plant spacing and in control (T6) among seed priming (except 100 kernel weight). The significantly higher pod yield, haulm yield and biological yield (q ha-1) were recorded in G1 plant spacing with consortium bio-fertilizer (T1) seed primed crop. The oil and protein content of spring groundnut kernels, soil enzyme activity (Dehydrogenase & Alkaline phosphatase) and soil available N, P and K (kg ha-1) were influenced non-significantly by both seed priming and plant spacing, but the haulm and kernel N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) were significantly influenced (except haulm P). The gross & net returns (` ha-1) and B: C ratio were significantly higher under G1 plant spacing with seed priming of consortium bio-fertilizer (T1) and all the interactional effects regarding above parameters were found to be non-significant (except crop emergence).
Open Access
Influence of foliar application of thiourea and mulching on growth and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) under different planting methods
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Talveer Singh; Sandhu, Parminder Singh
The present study entitled „„Influence of foliar application of thiourea and mulching on growth and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) under different planting methods‟‟ was conducted at Regional Research Station Ballowal Saunkhri and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Langroya, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2018. The soil of Ballowal was sandy loam, neutral in pH, normal in electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium whereas the soil of Langroya was neutral in pH, normal in electrical conductivity, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. Total rainfall received during the cropping season was 975.7 mm consisting three dry spells at pre-anthesis and grain filling stages of crop. The field experiment comprised of 16 different treatment combinations replicated thrice in split plot design with four different planting methods (flat sowing with mulch, flat sowing without mulch, ridge sowing with mulch and ridge sowing without mulch) as main plot and four different foliar sprays (unsprayed, water spray, foliar spray of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm thiourea at 45 days after sowing) as sub plot treatments. The highest grain yield was observed in ridge sowing with mulch (35.8 q ha-1) which was statistically at par with ridge sowing without mulch and significantly higher over flat sown treatments. Among foliar sprays the highest grain yield was observed in foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea (35.7 q ha-1) which was significantly higher over the rest of foliar sprayed treatments. Maize crop sown on ridges in association with mulch and foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea resulted in significantly higher growth and physiological parameters and took significantly higher number of days to reach physiological maturity over the flat sown and unsprayed crop. Soil moisture content was higher in ridge sown and mulched plots over flat sown ones whereas the effect of different foliar spray treatments were non-significant. Among quality parameters protein content was observed significantly higher in ridge sowing with mulch plots whereas total sugars and starch content remained unaffected in respect to different planting methods. Significantly higher total sugars, starch, protein and nitrogen uptake was observed in foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea over control. In crux, it can be concluded that ridge sowing with mulch and foliar spray of 1000 ppm thiourea at 45 days after sowing proved propitious in reducing the productivity and quality losses caused by vagaries of rainfall in rainfed maize.
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Quantification and management of intra- and inter-row weed competition in maize (Zea mays L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Khanna, Naveen; Bhullar, Makhan Singh
A field experiment “Quantification and management of intra- and inter-row weed competition in maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted at two locations, Ludhiana and, Langroya (SBS Nagar) during Kharif 2018. Twelve treatments (unweeded control, weed free, weed free (intra-row), weed free (inter-row), tembotrione 110 g ha-1 (blanket spray), tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 (band spray), tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 (band spray) + hand weeding (HW) (inter-row), tembotrione 110 g ha-1 + atrazine 625 g ha-1 (blanket spray), tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 + atrazine 208 g ha-1 (band spray), tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 + atrazine 208 g ha-1 (band spray) + hand weeding (inter-row), tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 (band spray) + paraquat 300 g ha-1 (inter-row), tembotrione 36.7 g ha -1 + atrazine 208 g ha-1 (band spray) + paraquat 300 g ha-1 (inter-row) were replicated four times in RCBD. Major weed flora in experimental field included Cyperus rotundus, Trianthema portulacastrum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium at both locations; Commelina benghalensis at Ludhiana and Echinochloa colonum at Langroya only. Weed density and biomass was higher at Ludhiana than at Langroya. Season long weed infestation reduced maize grain yield by 40% at Ludhiana and 30% at Langroya. Weed free check gave highest maize grain yield at both locations; at Ludhiana, it was significantly higher than all weed control treatments while at Langroya it was at par with tembotrione + atrazine (blanket spray) and tembotrione + atrazine (band) plus HW (inter-row). Weed free (inter-rows) had lower weed density and biomass than weed free (intra-rows) but both gave statistically similar grain yield. Integration of tembotrione /tembotrione + atrazine (band) with HW (inter-row) gave weed control at par to tembotrione/tembotrione + atrazine (blanket spray), respectively. Tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 + atrazine 208 g ha-1 (band spray) + HW (inter-row) gave the highest maize grain yield; at Ludhiana, it was at par with tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 (band spray) + HW (inter-row), tembotrione 110 g ha-1 + atrazine 625 g ha-1 (blanket spray) and weed free (inter-row) and, at Langroya, maize grain yield did not vary statistically among weed control treatments. Averaged over locations, tembotrione 110 g + atrazine 625 g ha-1 (blanket spray) and tembotrione + atrazine (band spray) plus HW (inter-rows) gave highest net returns while highest B:C was recorded under tembotrione alone/ tembotrione plus atrazine (band spray) + HW/paraquat (inter-row). Tembotrione (band spray) + HW (inter-row) gave higher net returns than tembotrione (blanket spray). In conclusion, the integration of band spray of tembotrione 36.7 g ha-1 alone or as tank-mix with atrazine 208 g ha-1 and HW in inter-rows seems to be the best way for effective weed control and in reducing herbicide load in maize.
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Growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as influenced by use of biofertilizers
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Pankaj Kumar; Brar, Sukhdeep Kaur
The study entitled, “Growth and productivity of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] as influenced by use of biofertilizers” was conducted during the rabi season of 2018-19 at research farm Punjab Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Bathinda and School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management in wheat and on soil fertility status. At both the locations, soil was low in organic carbon, available N and medium in P and K & normal in pH. The treatments included different combinations of N and P at 12.5 and 25% less dose of fertilizers with two methods of biofertilizers application which were seed treatments and soil application. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with three replications. Among different methods of biofertilizers, seed treatment was better than the soil application. Numerically higher growth and yield attributing characters were observed in treatments where biofertilizers used as seed treatment. With decreasing fertilizers level to 82.5% and 75% had numerically higher growth and yield attributing character as compared to control and 100% RDF were observed. Grain yield was statistically at par with seed treatment and soil application treatment and different from control plots. It was found to be 12.85 and 11.14 % higher in 87.5%N + 87.5% P +Azotobacter spp. + Streptomyces badius seed treatment as compared to RDF on both locations Bathinda and Ludhiana, respectively. Highest benefit cost ratio (3.38 and 3.38) was found in 75% N + 75% P + Azotobacter spp. + Streptomyces badius on both locations Bathinda and Ludhiana. Thus, the study concluded that Azotobacter spp. and Streptomyces badius may be used synergistically as a potential source of plant growth promotion and to reduce chemical fertilizer to 25 and 12.5 % without compromising yield.

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