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2012 - 20134
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2012 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    PERFORMANCE OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN RELATION TO ESTABLISHMENT METHODS, PLANT DENSITIES AND HERBICIDES
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Simerjeet Kaur; Surjit Singh
    The investigation entitled “Performance of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to establishment methods, plant densities and herbicides” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2009 and 2010. The soil was loamy sand, normal in soil reaction & electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon &available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus & potassium. Three experiments were sown on 6th June 2009 and 4th June 2010. Experiment I was laid out in Split Plot Design with 4 replications comprising 5 crop establishment methods {direct seeding with Zero Till Drill, Modified Drill, Conventional Drill, puddled broadcasted and puddled transplanted} in main plots and 4 weed control methods {pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 pre-em. alone and integrated with bispyribac 0.025 kg & azimsulfuron 0.02 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS/T and weed free} in sub-plots. Experiment II and III were laid out in Randomised Block Design with 3 replications. Experiment II contained 16 combinations of 4 seed rates {20 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg and 50 kg ha-1} and 4 row spacings {15, 20, 25 and 30 cm}. Experiment III comprised 16 weed control treatments of pendimethalin 0.75 kg, butachlor 1.50 kg, thiobencarb 1.50 kg, anilofos 0.375 kg, pretilachlor 0.75 kg, oxadiargyl 0.09 kg and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.015 kg ha-1 as pre-em. alone and integrated with bispyribac 0.025 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS; two hand weedings and unweeded control. The results revealed that growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield did not vary significantly among establishment methods, seed rates and row spacings. The effect of establishment methods on sheath blight incidence & severity, stem borer & leaf folder damage, root density, weed population & dry matter and residues of post-emergence herbicides were non-significant. In Experiment I, the maximum grain yield (71.06 q and 62.77 q ha-1) was recorded in weedfree treatment which was at par with integrated use of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 with bispyribac 0.025 kg or azimsulfuron 0.02 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In Experiment III, the maximum grain yield (59.96 q and 52.88 q ha-1) of direct seeded rice was recorded in two hand weedings treatment which was at par with integrated herbicidal treatments containing pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 (59.09 q and 52.10 q ha-1), butachlor 1.50 kg ha-1 (53.05 q and 51.36 q ha-1), thiobencarb 1.50 kg ha-1 (54.16 q ha-1 and 51.65 q ha-1) and oxadiargyl 0.09 kg ha-1 (54.86 q and 49.59 q ha-1) with bispyribac 0.025 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Different herbicides used were safe to soil microbial population.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Weed control in autumn sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) based intercropping systems
    (PAU, 2013) Navneet Kaur; Bhullar, M.S.
    The investigation entitled “Weed control in autumn sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) based intercropping systems” was conducted at The Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010-11 and 2011-12. The soil was loamy sand, normal pH and EC, low in organic carbon & available N and medium in available P & K. Experiment I consisted of 3 cropping systems {sole sugarcane, sugarcane + gobhi sarson(1:1) and sugarcane + raya(1:2)} in main plots and 6 weed control treatments {pre emergence pendimethalin 0.562 kg & 0.75 kg ha -1 , pre emergence alachlor 1.25 kg & 1.875 kg ha -1 , two hand weeding (30 and 60 DAS) and weedy check}in sub plots with 4 eplications in a split plot design. Experiment II consisted of 4 cropping systems {sole sugarcane, sugarcane + cabbage (1:1); sugarcane + peas (1:2) and sugarcane + garlic (1:3)} in the main plots and six weed control treatments {oxyfluorfen 0.176 kg & 0.234 kg ha -1 PRE, pendimethalin 0.562 kg & 0.75 kg ha -1 PRE, hand weeding (30 & 60 DAS in cabbage and peas;30, 60 & 100 DAS in garlic) and weedy check} in sub plots replicated thrice in a split plot design. In autumn sugarcane and Brassicaspecies intercropping systems, gobhi sarsonandraya intercrops exhibited good weed smothering potentialand reduced the weed count and dry matter accumulation than sole sugarcane; rayawas more effective than gobhi sarson. The cane yield under gobhi sarson and raya intercropped sugarcane were similar to that of sole sugarcane during both the years; cane equivalent yield, net profit and benefit cost ratio under the intercropping systems were higher than sole sugarcane. The intercropping of rayaand gobhi sarsonin autumn sugarcane increased the net returns by ` 61,469 and ` 26,738 ha -1 , respectively, than sole sugarcane. Pendimethalin 0.75 kg and alachlor 1.875 kg ha -1 recorded effective control of weeds in these intercropping systems and increased the seed yield of gobhi sarson by 43.6 & 37.3 per cent and raya by 16.1 & 14.1 per cent, respectively than weedy check and were at par with hand weeding. The increase in net returns with the use of these herbicides varied from ` 1,775 to ` 16,406 ha -1 as compared with weedy check. In autumn sugarcane and vegetables intercropping systems, peas exhibited partial weed suppressing ability while cabbage and garlic did not show any weed suppressing ability; weed population and dry matter accumulation under these intercropping systems were similar to that of sole sugarcane during both the years. The cane yield under these intercropping systems were similar to that of sole sugarcane, however, cane equivalent yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio of intercropping systems were higher than sole sugarcane. Sugarcane + garlic intercropping recorded the highest gross, net returns and benefit cost ratio. Averaged over two seasons, the intercropping of garlic increased the net returns by ` 1,36,548 ha -1 than sole cane; the corresponding figures for peas and cabbage intercropping systems were ` 73,860 and ` 61,388 ha -1 . Oxyfluorfen 0.234 kg and pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha -1 recorded effective control of weeds in these intercropping systems and were at par with hand weeding and significantly increased yield of cabbage, peas and garlic than under weedy check. The herbicides use increased net returns by ` 11,459 to ` 36,263 ha -1 as compared with weedy check. The three herbicides at the dose tested were safe to the sugarcane and the intercrops. The herbicides only temporarily reduced the population of soil microbes on the day of application; it recovered within 15 days after application. The residues of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in the intercrops produce were below detectable limit.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on source sink relationship for realization of higher productivity in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
    (PAU, 2013) Kaul, Amit; Deol, J.S.
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on source sink relationship for realization of higher productivity in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L)”comprising of three experiments (two field and one pot experiment) were carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012. All the three experiments were laid out in split plot design with four replications. Three Bt cotton hybrids i.e. MRC 7017, MRC 7031 and RCH 314 were kept in main plots. The sub plot treatments in Experiment I consisted of 0 % (No square removal), 25 % removal (25 % squares removed for a period of month at pin head stage), 50 % removal (50 % squares removed for a period of month at pin head stage), P1 (fruits retained at first position), P2 (fruits retained at second position) and P1, 2 (fruits retained at first and second position). The Experiment II was a pot experiment comprising similar treatments as in Experiment I. The sub plot treatments in Experiment III consisted of control, detopping (removal of 5 to 7 cm apical portion of the main stem), MC application @ 300 ppm, TIBA @ 100 ppm and MH @ 250 ppm. Growth retardants and detopping treatments were applied at maximum vegetative growth stage i.e. 80 days after sowing (DAS). The hybrid MRC 7017 attained maximum plant height and higher dry matter accumulation at all the growth stages than MRC 7031 and RCH 314 during both the years. The total number of main stem internodes plant -1 , height : node, SPAD value and monopodial branches plant -1 did not differ significantly among the three hybrids. Hybrid MRC 7017 produced significantly higher seed cotton yield by 15.0 to 19.1 per cent than hybrid RCH 314 whereas, it was statistically at par with hybrid MRC 7031 during both the years. Higher total seed cotton yield in MRC 7017 was attributed to the maximum number of sympodial branches plant -1, total number of flowers, bolls and picked bolls plant -1. Fruiting form removal treatments had a significant influence on plant height and LAI at all the growth stages except at 60 DAS during both the years. A significant increase in plant height and LAI was bserved in 50 % square removal treatment at 90 DAS. While, at 120 DAS to maturity, P2 attained more plant height and LAI as compared to other fruiting form removal treatments. Accumulation of dry matter in vegetative parts was significantly higher in P2 while, dry matter accumulated in fruiting bodies was significantly higher in 0 and 25 % square removal treatments at 120 and 150 DAS during both the years. The treatment where 0 and 25 % squares were removed recorded higher number of flowers, total bolls and picked bolls plant -1 as compared to all other fruiting form removal treatments. The higher setting percentage in first fruit position (P1) resulted in significantly higher number of total bolls and picked bolls plant -1 than second fruit position i.e. P2 which eventually helped in producing significantly higher seed cotton yield than P2. Fruiting form removal delayed boll open initiation and 50 % boll opening by 4-11 days than 0 % square removal treatment. Boll weight in P1 improved by 5.6 to 11.8 per cent over control and all the fruiting form removal treatments helped in improving the boll weight as compared to control during both the years. Total seed cotton yield was maximum in 0 % square removal treatments as compared to all other fruiting form removal treatments. Application of MC (300 ppm), TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) significant reduced plant height, LAI and total dry matter accumulation than control. Detopping treatment significantly reduced plant height than control but attained more plant height than all the PGRs. Application of PGRs resulted in significantly higher dry matter allocation towards fruiting bodies and less towards the vegetative plant organs which mproved setting percentage of bolls but did not regulate the CGR and RGR during different periods of crop growth. Different PGR treatments failed to influence the number of monopodial branches plant -1 while the number of sympodial branches plant -1 was highest with application of MC @ 300 ppm followed by TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) but significantly higher than control. The application of MC @ 300 ppm significantly influenced the total number of flowers produced plant -1 while, rest of the PGRs did not show any significant improvement in total number of flowers plant -1 over control. Application of MC (300 ppm), TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) improved the total number of bolls, picked bolls plant -1 and boll weight. MC (300 ppm) increased the total seed cotton yield (22.79 and 31.62 q ha -1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively) as well as that obtained from first, second and third pick. TIBA (100 ppm) and MH (250 ppm) showed statistical similar results with MC (300 ppm) for the seed cotton yield obtained in all the pickings as well as in total seed cotton yield. Detopping failed to influence the seed cotton yield during both the years. Different quality parameters such as seed index, lint index and ginning out-turn were not significantly influenced by application of various PGR treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF FILTER FOR POTABLE WATER IN RURAL AREAS
    (2012) Tiwari, Vikas; J. P. Singh
    A low cost water filter of 15 litre capacity for an average 5 member family size was developed and the performance was evaluated by filtering water sample from the same location. The physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of canal water sample before and after filtration were analysed. The values of BOD, COD, TDS, Residual chlorine, pH, MPN of canal water before and after filtration were found to be 180 mg/l, 305 mg/l, 110 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 8.1, 460 cfu (Much higher than permissible limit) and 4.0 mg/l, 9.6 mg/l, 155 ppm, 0.2 ppm, 8.2, < 3 cfu (Under permissible limit) respectively. The charcoal filter media was selected amongst the charcoal powder, alum powder and sand by analysing the pH, TDS and MPN through experimentation. The sodium hypochlorite solution was injected at the bottom of the plastic container through the pumping unit to remove the bacteriological contamination of filtered water and maintain the chlorine content (0.2 ppm) to required limit for drinking. The filter media was tested and observed that the charcoal/sodium hypochlorite solution should be checked every month and replaced/refill whenever required. The cost of developed water filter was estimated to be about Rs750 which is comparatively very low and affordable for everybody. The developed water filter is technically feasible, economically viable and easily portable