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ThesisItem Open Access Solitary Waves in four component Dusty Plasma using Kappa Distribution of Electrons and Ions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amanpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaDusty plasma plays important role in space, astrophysical and laboratory environment. The presence of charged dust particles along with other particles in plasma creates solitary waves. An unmagnetized dusty plasma consisting of positively charged dust, negatively charged dust, kappa distributed electrons and ions is considered. The K-dV equation for solitary waves in such plasma system is derived using reductive perturbation method. This K-dV equation describes the solitary waves in dusty plasma and gives the nonlinearity and dispersion effects in such dusty plasma system. The soliton solution is found for the K-dV equation which is of the sech2 form. Both compressive and rarefactive solutions are found in fast and slow modes. The effects of the dusty plasma parameters and kappa parameters on the dynamics of these solitons in both modes are discussed numerically. The kappa distribution has only a quantitative, not a qualitative effect on the existence of solitary waves. The results which, have been obtained from this investigation, would be useful in understanding the properties of nonlinear solitary waves in laboratory and in space dusty plasmas.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of magnetic field on the solubility and pH of sodium chloride in distilled water(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Anjali; Paramjeet SinghThe water passed through magnetic field is known as magnetized water and it has been claimed that the magnetic water change the physical, chemical and microbiological properties. The influence of magnetic field on water is to change the dimension of the cluster, which affects the physical properties of water. Magnetic water has very useful effects in agriculture such as on germination of seeds, pH of soil, increase in yield, plant length and crop productivity. Magnetic water has different properties and action than ordinary water. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate whether or not magnetic water treatment changes the electrical conductivity, TDS and pH of NaCl solution. During the experiment, NaCl solution was exposed to different exposure of magnetic field strength and change in electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts (TDS) and pH of NaCl solution before and after the effect of magnetic field strength was compared. In the present study, the physical parameters like electrical conductivity and total dissolved salts of NaCl solution increases with more exposure of time (3hrs, 5 hrs and 7 hrs) at magnetic field strength (0.05T-0.25T). pH of the NaCl solution increases with magnetic field strength but for 3 hours is more and for 7 hours is less. Statistical analysis of data with SPPS software version 20.0 changes values for TDS, electrical conductivity and pH of NaCl solution. Analysis with regression coefficient and ANOVA at 5% level of significant (p < 0.05) has been tested.ThesisItem Open Access Gamma attenuation studies in selected wood samples at varying moisture level.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harneet Kaur; Rajeev KumarThe moisture content of wood is known to have a significant influence on the wood‟s mechanical properties. Changes in wood moisture content lead to changes of virtually all physical and mechanical properties (e.g. strength and stiffness properties) of wood. Another effect of changes of the wood moisture content is the associated shrinkage or swelling of the material. The present study deals with the determination of mass attenuation coefficients of Dek and Poplar wood samples at varying moisture levels using gamma ray transmission method. Measurements were performed using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and a radioactive source 137Cs of energy 0.662 MeV. In order to vary moisture content of wood samples they were placed in an oven for fixed durations. A graph was plotted between the measured relative transmitted intensities against the thickness of wood samples and we observed the mass attenuation coefficient from the slopes of the plots at different moisture levels. The obtained mass attenuation coefficients were plotted against the relative moisture content of wood samples and it showed that attenuation coefficient increases with decreasing moisture content, i.e., mass attenuation coefficient is least for completely wet samples and is highest for the oven dried samples. We also measured the densities of both wood samples at different moisture levels by using radiation technique and conventional method and compared the results and found very small percentage difference. Wood density is a vital parameter to have knowledge about anatomical and physical properties of wood and thus it can be a useful parameter for determination of quality of wood.ThesisItem Restricted Moisture gradient and mass attenuation coefficient measurement of mulberry and babul using gamma source(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gaba, Mitika; Sharma, Rajeev K.Study of gamma ray interaction has made profound impact in many fields including the wood research. Gamma ray transmission methods rely on their penetrating power and are employed to visualize the inner structure and composition of macroscopic objects without physically damaging the objects. Wood being a natural material has multitude of exclusive features which makes it a demanding material for construction, furniture, tools, vehicles and decorative items. Moisture is a major decisive parameter for deciding the quality and durability of wood and therefore we need to know it’s optimum level to guarantee the quality of wood. For the present work the moisture gradient, mass attenuation coefficient and density of mulberry and babul wood samples have been measured by gamma ray spectroscopy using 137Cs as a source having energy of 662 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient of samples was calculated and was found to increase with decrease in moisture content. The calculated moisture gradient curves follow the exponential decay law. Results obtained for densities measured by gamma ray mass attenuation method, oven dry test and conventional weighting method were in good agreement. Overall, our results show that the proposed measurement approach is effective for mass attenuation coefficient and moisture gradient measurements.ThesisItem Open Access Monte Carlo studies of rare decay of B-mesons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Tavneet Kaur; Sharma, Rajeev KumarThe rare decays of B mesons are sensitive to physics processes outside the Standard Model and are an important probe in exploring quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The branching fraction of rare decay mode is an interesting quantity to measure because the contribution from physics beyond Standard Model may be sizable in rare decay mode. Possible new physics enhancements of B0→J/ψγ decay rate include a right handed charged current or non– spectator intrinsic charm in B0 meson. In radiative annihilation decay of B0→J/ψγ, the dominant mechanism is the exchange of W bosons and the radiation of a photon from the light quark of B mesons. The decay of B0→J/ψγ→e+e-/µ+µ- and the reconstruction of B0 mesons is the valid test for the measurement of time–dependent CP violating asymmetries. The data used in this analysis has been collected from Belle Detector at asymmetrical e+e- collider working at ϒ(4S) resonance with a Lorentz Boost (βγ) of 0.425. A signal Monte Carlo 100,000 events are generated by EvtGen to calculate reconstruction efficiency and for background estimation. The reconstruction efficiency of B0→J/ψγ calculated from ∆E is 27.58 ± 0.2% and 27.96 ± 0.2% from Mbc. In this decay mode, the obtained background estimates of 3.7 events for B0→J/ψπº mode and 0.8 for B0→J/ψKL, resulting in total background of 4.5 ± 1.1 events. On comparing Monte Carlo continuum on-resonance and experimental off-resonance data, no significant contribution from continuum background was found.ThesisItem Restricted Changes in electrical conductivity of Aloe vera juice during ohmic heating.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ramanjeet Kaur; Paramjit SinghDevelopment of new thermal treatments to food materials is of great scientific use. Ohmic heating is one of these methods and is a novel technique for heating liquid food for the purpose of processing. This technique has certain advantages as compared to conventional techniques as it provides uniform heating to food materials and is energy efficient. In this study, ohmic heating treatment was applied to Aloe vera juice. The juice was ohmically heated from the room temperature to 75°C. Five different voltage gradients of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 V/cm were applied on five different concentrations (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) of the juice. It was observed that ohmic heating rate of the juice was highly influenced by its electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of the juice showed a linear increase as the temperature increased. Heating rate also followed a linear trend. The results were statistically analysed. Statistical analysis was done on all the parameters and it was concluded that ohmic heating had no effect on viscosity and TSS of sample, but there was a significant effect of this treatment on pH values of juice. System performance coefficient was calculated for the ohmic heater whose values came out to be 0.95, 0.92, 0.89, 0.87, 0.77 for 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 V/cm respectively. Thus in this study the ohmic heater worked best at 8 V/cm.ThesisItem Restricted Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide nanocomposite for water decontamination(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Manpreet Kaur; Kiran JeetThe present study focuses on synthesis of Graphene oxide and its nanocomposite films for the removal of arsenic As (III)) from water. Preparation of Graphene oxide was carried out by Modified Hummers method. Films of GO nanocomposites were prepared in acetic acid solution by providing physical shear. The electron microscopy results of films indicated that nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes (GO-CNTs) were well dispersed in chitosan nanoparticles (Ch) matrix. The maximum adsorption capacity for As (III) was obtained to be 30.30, 25.00, 23.81 and 11.63 mg/g for GO, Ch film, GO/Ch film and GO-CNTs/Ch film respectively at optimum condition (i.e. pH = 6, contact time = 20 minutes and temperature = 30°C). GO has high efficiency to remove As (III) ion from contaminated water and also other adsorbents such as GO/Ch film and GO-CNTs/Ch film show great potential in the field of water decontamination due to their ability to be used in the form of thin film membrane. Thermodynamic parameters result indicates that the adsorption processes is spontaneous and exothermic.ThesisItem Restricted To investigate the effect of magnetic field on CaCl2 dissolved water(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Gunvir Kaur; Paramjit SinghLife and water are linked closely as it is essential for life to begin and for life to live on. Water passes through soil and aquifers often come in contact with minerals which at the correct environmental conditions, dissolve in the ground water to make it hard. The high mineral content water is normally not dangerous to human‟s health, but it causes many household problems which makes it less desirable. A biological technique using magnetic field to purify water is physical, cheap, require no energy to run and create no pollutants but the efficiency of this treatment is still a controversial question. In present study, the physical parameters like total dissolved salts (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH have been evaluated in magnetized (0.05T – 0.20T) calcium chloride solution. Data collected during the experiment was analyzed statistically (SPSS-20.0). This analysis shows that the increase in TDS, EC and pH under the effect of magnetic field was significant (p < 0.01). The regression analysis was used to show linear relation between TDS and EC of water.ThesisItem Open Access Temperature Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Soymilk during Ohmic Heating(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Jasleen Kaur; Paramjit SinghOhmic heating, also known as „resistive heating‟ or „Joule heating‟ is a process when electrical current is passed through a conducting substance and due to its internal resistance heat is generated within that conducting substance. The present study aimed to design, built ohmic heating system and ohmic heating behavior was studied in soymilk. Study was conducted on five different voltage gradients (14, 12, 10, 8 and 6V/cm) and concentrations (100, 90, 80, 70, 60%) in the temperature range 30 to 70 ˚C. Ohmic heating behavior of any sample is affected by different parameters like electrical conductivity, viscosity, pH, soluble solids etc. Results indicated that there was a significant effect of voltage gradients and concentrations on the heating rate and heating rate showed a linear behavior. Also, plots between temperature and electrical conductivity depicted a linear trend. Other parameters- viscosity, pH and total soluble solids (TSS) were measured before and after ohmic heating. Statistical analysis was done on all of these parameters and it was concluded that ohmic heating had no effect on viscosity and TSS of sample, but there was a significant effect of this treatment on pH at 14 and 6V/cm and non-significant effect on rest of the voltage gradients. System performance coefficient (SPC) was calculated for all voltage gradients and all concentrations. It was observed that SPC was higher for 14V/cm for all concentrations and its value decreased as we decrease the voltage gradient.