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Open Access
Study of the economic effects of the Punjab canal colonies
(University of Leeds, 1925) Bajwa, Kapur Singh
To readers interested in the material progress of the Province, no introduction seems necessary for so fascinating, a subject as the "Enonomic effects of the Punjab Canal Colonies. The origin, growth and development of the Canal colonies is an interesting and surprising miracle of the 20th century -a miracle which has given rise to an important trading city like Lyallpur, the capital of the Lower Chonab Colony. The development of the Lower Bari Doab Colony has an importance of its own as it is the youngest of all its sister colonies and as most of us have seen the change that has come over the new Bar. One can see what it was like less than ten years ago as one passes in the Karachi mail through the desert skirting the youngest Canal Colony, not a vestige of cultivation on either side: only sand hills and a barren plain, dreariness unreclaimed save by the vivid mirage of water and trees. How this blight and hideousness of land, was redeemed by the miracle of the 20th century and what are the consequences of this change form the scope of my thesis. I have chosen what appears to me to be the notable features and grouped round them the circumstances which led to them and the consequences which came from them. It has not been possible, however, to mention all the noteworthy points in the development of different colonies and my apologies are, therefore, due for any partiality or neglect which I may appear to have done. I have deliberately given much attention and large space to Chapter LV (on means of communications) as the prosperity of colonies very much depends upon the progress and improvements effected in their means of communication and I feel therefore no hesitation in quoting A. Smith, that "improvement in the means of transport is the greatest of all the agricultural improvements". Chapter V (on population is meant to indicate the relation between migration of population and canal irrigation. Chapters VL & VII (dealing with depressed classes and the janglis respectively) are important both from social and economic point of view. The importance of Chapter VIII (unrocognised assets of the Canal Irrigation) lies in its exposition or a few important effects which are generally overlooked by a superficial observer. Chapters XI (experiment of co-operative sale) is very important from the present day stand point and the Chapter XIII dealing with the problem or indebtedness has much bearing upon the Chapter XI. The latter is a remedy of the economic ills of indebtedness diagnosed in the former. As for my appendices, I may submit that they form an integral part of my thesis and therefore deserve a careful perusal. Appendix "A" is based on an inductive enquiry into the village No. 369 near Cora, district Lyallpur. The usefulness of Appendix "B" lies in its reference to sufferings and hardships undergone by early colonists and also in its real story of a Sufaid Posh grantee.
Open Access
Economic viability and resource use efficiency of tenant farming in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Bansal, Surbhi; Grover, D.K.
The present study has been designed to review the dynamics of tenant farming/reforms, to study the fiscal viability and input use productivity of major crops of the state for the tenant as well as the owner farmers. The study has been based on the primary data collected from 180 farmers (120 tenants and 60 owners), spread over all the major agro-climatic zones of Punjab pertaining to the crop year 2017-18. The study highlighted that the operational cost of major growing crops namely paddy, wheat, cotton and sugarcane cultivation per hectare was observed slightly lower for tenant farmers in comparison to owner farmers. Total cost of cultivation (C2) was also found relatively lower in case of tenant farmers as compared to owner farmers. The returns over variable cost were found to be comparatively higher for tenant farms in relation to owner farms. The returns over variable cost were estimated `92169, `69929, `84424 and `200081 from paddy, wheat, cotton and sugarcane on tenant farms as compared to `89673, `68700, `82916 and `187784 on the owner farms respectively. The regression analysis brought out relatively efficient input use productivity on tenant farms especially in terms of micro nutrients and other chemical fertilizers. Expensive farm machinery, ineffective government policies and inadequate timely financial assistance from banks were found as major constraints confronted by the tenant farmers in the state.
Open Access
An Empirical Study of the Efficiency of Indian Stock Market
(College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2007) Harmeet, Chadha; Sachdeva, YP
Open Access
Economic Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) on Rural Women Labour in Punjab and Karnataka
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ahmed, Syed Rizwan; Sanjay Kumar
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme is to provide at least or more than 100 days of guaranteed employment in financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual labour work. The scheme guaranteed rural women in the economic activity by stipulating minimum 33 per cent participation rate thereby enhancing their livelihood, social, and income security. The present study examined the impact of MGNREGS on rural women labour in Punjab and Karnataka. In order to accomplish the broad objectives, both primary as well as secondary data were used. The secondary data in terms of MGNREGS implementation, revealed that Kerala and Tamil Nadu were higher performing states and Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa were at the lowest. Similarly in Punjab, Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Ludhiana were the best performing districts, while the poor performing districts were Pathankot, Patiala. In Karnataka, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Bagalkote were the most efficient districts, while Yadgir, was least efficient district. Impact of MGNREGS on employment, wage income, consumption expenditure, and financial inclusion of rural women labour in Punjab and Karnataka was compared through collecting primary data by selecting Hoshiarpur (Phase I), Nawanshahr (Phase II), and Ludhiana (Phase III) districts from Punjab, and Chitradurga (Phase I), Ballari (Phase II), and Kolar (Phase III) districts from Karnataka. Finally 12 selected villages were selected covering total 300 sample women labourers and the reference period of study was the year 2016-17. Results showed that in Punjab and Karnataka, overall the number of days worked under the MGNREGS were about 51 and 91 days per year, respectively. Annual income of the rural women labourers earned from MGNREGS was Rs. 5753 and Rs. 10536. Annual spending pattern of rural women labour under MGNREGS, on food items and non-food items revealed that in Punjab, after the implementation of MGNREGS, total food expenditure was Rs.12648 and total non-food expenditure was Rs.12383. Similarly in Karnataka, was Rs. 16,964, and Rs. 18,755. Gini co-efficient revealed that MGNREGA helped in improving the income and consumption expenditure after its implementation among the rural women labour thereby reducing the inequality level in study areas. Therefore there is improvement in the distribution of income and consumption expenditure among the beneficiaries due to MGNREGS in Punjab and Karnataka. Financial inclusion aspects reported that use of bank accounts, its account activity has improved moderately. In both states, 43 per cent of account holders obtained pass books and ATM cards. 73 per cent of them take some transport facilities to access to financial services. In Punjab, 51 per cent revealed that they take nearly half day duration of time to visit a bank or post office for completing transaction for depositing and withdrawing of money, whereas 44 per cent in Karnataka. In Punjab, 31 per cent of the respondents revealed that payments get credited to beneficiary account holders within one week, in Karnataka, the response were 55 percent. In Punjab, 23 per cent of them received payments from Government including MGNREGS while in Karnataka, the response were 23 per cent. In Punjab, 22 per cent of them deposits for savings directly in their bank accounts, and in Karnataka, the response were 23 per cent. In Punjab, 30 per cent sourcing of loan was from local money lenders while in Karnataka, the response were 24 per cent. In Punjab, annual savings was Rs. 4350 while in Karnataka, was Rs.6093. In Punjab, major problems faced by the rural women labour participant of MGNREGS were lack of adequate work, While in Karnataka, unnecessary delay in wage payment, and they complained of low wage rates. Likewise unemployment allowance was not paid, lack of childcare facilities and medical aid at work site, presence of social prohibition etc were reported. Suggestion forwarded by them, with regard to smooth and effective functioning of scheme was revealed that more women friendly work and skilled activities are needed to be identified, so that the beneficiaries may get minimum 100 days of employment in a year. Employment in the scheme may be provided more during agriculturally lean seasons. Wage rates may be enhanced and should be provided in time.
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Status of agricultural marketing infrastructure in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gohain, Namami; Sukhpal Singh
The present study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the magnitude of existing agricultural marketing infrastructure in Punjab, studying the trends in market arrivals of different crops in Punjab, analyzing the extent of adequacy of market infrastructure, studying the problems and constraints faced by the farmers in the marketing of farm produce and spelling out the policy implications of the study. The primary data was collected during 2016- 17 from a sample of 180 farmers from 6 districts of the state. An increase in the number of principal markets, storage capacity and road length per 100 sq km of area was witnessed over the years whereas there was a decline in the average number of villages served per regulated market. Majority of the principal yards and sub yard had the facilities of covered sheds, auction platforms, roads and parking and boundary walls. Trend analysis indicated an increasing trend in the market arrivals of paddy, wheat, fruits and vegetables whereas cotton and maize displayed a decreasing trend over time. Analysis of adequacy of regulated markets in Punjab revealed that the magnitude of regulated markets is somewhat closer to the required number of markets for almost all the districts of the state. Factor analysis on various infrastructural facilities revealed that weighing facilities, lighting arrangements and electricity were adequate in the markets of Punjab. Garrett’s ranking technique ranked delay in procurement as the major problem of paddy marketing. However, exploitative practices by the intermediaries, lack of public procurement and lack of remunerative prices were identified as major problems faced during marketing of basmati, maize and cotton respectively. For the marketing of fruits, the major problem faced by the farmers was the exploitative practices by market intermediaries whereas in case of vegetable, lack of remunerative price for their produce was identified as the major problem. Therefore emphasis should be laid on enhancing the existing facilities in the regulated markets, providing appropriate information on prices of agricultural commodities and imparting training to farmers for efficient marketing.
Open Access
Economic evaluation of timber cultivation in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bhangu, Preet Kamal Singh; Manjeet Kaur
The present study analysed viability of poplar and eucalyptus (desi and clonal) cultivation in block and boundary plantation in Punjab. It further investigated the comparative economics of timber cultivation vis-à-vis wheat-paddy, risk involved, supply chain analysis and adoption behaviour of timber cultivation in Punjab. For the purpose, primary data were collected from 300 farmers; 100 poplar growers, 100 eucalyptus growers and 100 non-adopter farmers from Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur and Muktsar districts. To analyse the supply chain of timber, 84 intermediaries were selected. The data were collected for the year 2015-16. BC ratio, NPV and annuity value were estimated. Two types of agro-forestry systems AFS-1 (wheat + khariff fodder during first four years) and AFS-2 (sugarcane for first two years and wheat during 3-4 years) were identified. AFS-2 (NPV Rs 164998) gave marginally higher returns than AFS-1 (Rs 155489) at 12 % discount rate at fourth year of harvesting. The study revealed that net returns from poplar cultivation were at par with pure cropping system. In case of eucalyptus, the clonal variety gave higher returns in terms of BC ratio, NPV and annuity value. NPV was Rs 52991 for desi eucalyptus and Rs. 76299 for clonal variety at 12% discount rate at the fifth year of harvesting. In boundary plantation, the one side plantation gave the higher returns than two and four side plantation. Farmers got the net margin of Rs 260 per quintal in case of poplar by selling it to pre-harvest contractor whereas in case eucalyptus farmers received net margin of Rs 280 per quintal. Socio-economic parameters like age and members working in agriculture were negatively correlated with adoption behaviour while farm size, education, off farm income and extension contacts were positively correlated with adoption behaviour of timber cultivation.
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A Sociological Study on Cancer in Rural Areas of South Western Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Lavjit Kaur; Sharma, Shalini
Cancers are often characterized by the body part and type of cell they originate from. The present study was an attempt to understand the conditions that contributed to cancer in the South Western region of Punjab state with specific objectives i) To investigate the relationship between prevalence of cancer and socio-demographic parameters of the cancer patients, to analyse the socio-economic consequences of cancer from perspective of patient and his/her family, To assess the quality of health services available and state intervention for cancer and To understand the beliefs, perceptions and health seeking behavior of the cancer patients. The study was conducted in Bathinda and Sri Muktsar sahib districts randomly selected from south western region of Punjab. Sample size was 160 cancer victims. Master tables for the data collected were prepared and the data were quantified for precise and systematic analysis and interpretation. Study revealed that nearly half of the sampled respondents (46.8%) from south western region of Punjab were at first stage of cancer. Due to quacks and other traditional healers 11.25 per cent of the respondents got delayed in seeking treatment. Expenditure on food items followed by education of children had to be cut due to cancer. Majority (89.3%) had taken loan to meet the rising expenses. Respondents sold livestock and ornaments to meet expenses for treatment. Anxiety level, marital conflicts, debt burden and economic loss had significantly contributed towards the severity of consequences. Forty five per cent of the respondents had availed the benefit of MMPCRK scheme of government in the region. Nearly half (43.8%) of the public hospitals and one fourth of private hospitals had good health facilities. Majority (87.5%) of the respondents accorded any role to their karmas for their disease. Two third (62.5%) of the respondents did not hesitate to share about their disease .One third of the male respondents perceived imbalanced diet and sedentary lifestyle behind causing cancer. NGOs, religious bodies and philanthropists can contribute significantly towards treatment, management and rehabilitation of cancer victims. People need to be sensitized regarding the judicious use of natural resources to minimize the risk caused by unmindful human endeavor.
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Relationship of Family Solidarity and Substance Use among Youth in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Beri, Sadhika; Sidhu, Simran Kang
Substance use is the use of a drug or the other substance for non-medical use, with the aim of producing a kind of mind-altering effect in the user. Recent studies divulged that family solidarity can be related as a factor of deviance among substance users. Family solidarity refers to the extent to which the members of a family give their contribution to each other’s wellbeing (Bengtson 1991). The idea of family solidarity is related to mutual respect, personal support and commitment to a common cause. Present study was undertaken to find out relationship between family solidarity and substance abuse with the specific objectives i) to identify socio-economic profile of the of substance users. ii) to analyze solidarity in the families of substance users.iii) and to measure relationship between family solidarity and socio-economic status of the respondents. The study was conducted in de-addiction centers of four relatively developed districts named Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Bathinda, representing three cultural regions of Punjab; Majha, Doaba and Malwa. From each district two de-addiction centers were taken on the basis of availability. 20 substance abusers from each de-addiction center were interviewed. Sample size was 160 respondents. The major findings of the study were that among the drug abusing youth maximum respondents (44 per cent) were of 21-25 years of age. Heroin and cannabis were found to be abused by majority (87%) of the users. Nearly one fourth of the respondents ordered drugs by phone calls to the drug paddler and got the home delivery immediately. Monthly expenditure on drugs by 40 percent of the respondents was more than Rs.50.000. Various reasons for starting up of drug abuse as cited by the respondents were peer pressure (51%), failure of romantic relationship (48%), unemployment (45%) and easy availability (82%). It was discovered that education, parental occupation, family income and mothers working status were positively related to family solidarity of the drug abusers. Overall only 15 percent of the families of substance abusers were tight-knit as against more than half were obligatory families. Substance abuse and other types of deviance among youth can be checked by addressing the family solidarity issue sincerely. Increase in parental support and monitoring reduces peer deviance which had been proved one of the significant causes of substance abuse. The availability of family centered support groups should be fostered along with other services that address the needs of entire family. Last but not the least Law and order against on the counter drug supply should be strictly maintained.
Open Access
Study on potentials of farm income in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sachdeva, Jatinder; Sharma, J. L.
The study was undertaken with a view to identify the potentials of increasing farm income in Punjab. The study was conducted in all the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab to make it representative for the state. The primary data were collected from a sample of 300 farmers pertaining to the agricultural year 2008-09. The techniques of multiple regression analysis and linear programming were used to analyze the data. The production function analysis revealed that human labour employed, availability of irrigation machinery and farm size were the most important determinants of the gross value of produce from crop production. Whereas, in the case of dairy farming quantity of concentrates fed and expenditure on veterinary care emerged as important determinants of the gross value of milk produced. The technical efficiency of the farms of Central Plain Zone (Zone-II) was the highest followed by South-western Zone (Zone-III) and Sub-mountainous Zone (Zone-I). This can be attributed to favourable soil, water and climatic conditions and better access to research and extension agencies in Zone-II. The improved plans developed at two levels of technology increased the returns to fixed farm resources ranging from 2.19 to 3.86 per cent in Improved Plan-I and 13.95 to 17.06 per cent in Improved Plan-II on farms of different size categories in the state. The findings of the study revealed that by developing irrigation facilities, providing training for vegetable cultivation and short term credit facilities will help in increasing farm income especially in Sub-mountainous Zone. The development of short duration varieties of oilseeds and pulses which can easily fit in the paddy-wheat rotation will also help in increasing the income of farmers. The rational use of inputs like fertilizers and insecticides-pesticides helps in decreasing variable cost and ultimately increases the farm income. To make the agricultural system competitive and to increase the income of farmers, efforts should be made by all the interest groups involved in the farm sector.

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