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ThesisItem Open Access A Study of Compliance of Basel II Norms by Selected Banks(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sharma, Sarishma; Kumar, BabitaThesisItem Open Access A Study of Food Adulteration and its Remedial Measures(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Singh, Dilraj; Kapur, SandeepThesisItem Open Access A Comparitive Analysis of Milk Procurement System Followed by Cooperative and Private Sector Milk Processing Units(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Bansal, Sonal; Kapur, SandeepThesisItem Open Access Diversification of rural economy: A village study(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gagandeep Kaur; Raj KumarThe present study has been carried out in village Lohara of District Sri Muktsar Sahib (Punjab) to study the changing faces of rural economy through crop and occupational diversification of. A sample of 225 households was selected by using multistage random sampling technique.The sample consists of 104 households from farm sector and 121 households from non-farm sector. The farm households were further categorized as small (16), semi-medium (28), medium (48) and large (12) farmers according to the standard classification. The information regarding overtime changes in cropping pattern, employment and income pattern, investment pattern on farm and livestock, standard of living and factors influencing diversification was collected for the two periods of time viz. 2000-01 and 2016-17. Herfindahl-Hirschman Diversification Index (DI) was computed for both the periods under study to capture and compare the level of crop diversification. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare any significant difference between DI for two time periods. The crop diversification index for Kharif season was found to be increased significantly in 2016-17 over 2000-01. It was due to the shift of area towards non-basmati and basmati paddy, the strongest alternatives of cotton crop. It happened because of the failure of cotton crop due to adverse biotic and abiotic conditions such as insect pest attacks, untimely rains, etc. which resulted in poor returns from the crop. Besides, the government policies and marketing facilities in favour of paddy also attracted farmers for its cultivation. The farm investment in machinery, implements and farm buildings is found to be increased over the period of time. The analysis of occupational diversification showed that the proportion of persons in employed in agriculture and its allied activities has reduced overtime. On the other hand the employment in non-farm sector has increased. In the non-farm sector, highest proportion of persons was observed as wage earners followed by the self employees in 2016-17. The major constraints to agricultural diversification especially for not shifting from paddy-wheat cropping pattern to other crops are lack of market infrastructure, price volatility, productivity risk, marketing risk, weak resource base and high input costs. Barriers to growth leading occupational diversification reported were educational level, caste hierarchy, lack of skills, lack of opportunities and requirement of high investment in self-employment. To promote crop diversification in the state there is need to implement price difference payment scheme, development of value addition and food processing sector. Farmer Producer Organizations need to be encouraged through favourable government policies. Upliftment of educational status and skill base is suggested for growth leading occupational diversification.ThesisItem Restricted Status of agricultural marketing infrastructure in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gohain, Namami; Sukhpal SinghThe present study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the magnitude of existing agricultural marketing infrastructure in Punjab, studying the trends in market arrivals of different crops in Punjab, analyzing the extent of adequacy of market infrastructure, studying the problems and constraints faced by the farmers in the marketing of farm produce and spelling out the policy implications of the study. The primary data was collected during 2016- 17 from a sample of 180 farmers from 6 districts of the state. An increase in the number of principal markets, storage capacity and road length per 100 sq km of area was witnessed over the years whereas there was a decline in the average number of villages served per regulated market. Majority of the principal yards and sub yard had the facilities of covered sheds, auction platforms, roads and parking and boundary walls. Trend analysis indicated an increasing trend in the market arrivals of paddy, wheat, fruits and vegetables whereas cotton and maize displayed a decreasing trend over time. Analysis of adequacy of regulated markets in Punjab revealed that the magnitude of regulated markets is somewhat closer to the required number of markets for almost all the districts of the state. Factor analysis on various infrastructural facilities revealed that weighing facilities, lighting arrangements and electricity were adequate in the markets of Punjab. Garrett’s ranking technique ranked delay in procurement as the major problem of paddy marketing. However, exploitative practices by the intermediaries, lack of public procurement and lack of remunerative prices were identified as major problems faced during marketing of basmati, maize and cotton respectively. For the marketing of fruits, the major problem faced by the farmers was the exploitative practices by market intermediaries whereas in case of vegetable, lack of remunerative price for their produce was identified as the major problem. Therefore emphasis should be laid on enhancing the existing facilities in the regulated markets, providing appropriate information on prices of agricultural commodities and imparting training to farmers for efficient marketing.ThesisItem Open Access Economic evaluation of timber cultivation in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bhangu, Preet Kamal Singh; Manjeet KaurThe present study analysed viability of poplar and eucalyptus (desi and clonal) cultivation in block and boundary plantation in Punjab. It further investigated the comparative economics of timber cultivation vis-à-vis wheat-paddy, risk involved, supply chain analysis and adoption behaviour of timber cultivation in Punjab. For the purpose, primary data were collected from 300 farmers; 100 poplar growers, 100 eucalyptus growers and 100 non-adopter farmers from Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur and Muktsar districts. To analyse the supply chain of timber, 84 intermediaries were selected. The data were collected for the year 2015-16. BC ratio, NPV and annuity value were estimated. Two types of agro-forestry systems AFS-1 (wheat + khariff fodder during first four years) and AFS-2 (sugarcane for first two years and wheat during 3-4 years) were identified. AFS-2 (NPV Rs 164998) gave marginally higher returns than AFS-1 (Rs 155489) at 12 % discount rate at fourth year of harvesting. The study revealed that net returns from poplar cultivation were at par with pure cropping system. In case of eucalyptus, the clonal variety gave higher returns in terms of BC ratio, NPV and annuity value. NPV was Rs 52991 for desi eucalyptus and Rs. 76299 for clonal variety at 12% discount rate at the fifth year of harvesting. In boundary plantation, the one side plantation gave the higher returns than two and four side plantation. Farmers got the net margin of Rs 260 per quintal in case of poplar by selling it to pre-harvest contractor whereas in case eucalyptus farmers received net margin of Rs 280 per quintal. Socio-economic parameters like age and members working in agriculture were negatively correlated with adoption behaviour while farm size, education, off farm income and extension contacts were positively correlated with adoption behaviour of timber cultivation.ThesisItem Restricted Employment and income pattern of agricultural migrant labour in south western Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Maan, Arshdeep Singh; Sharma, V.K.The present study was undertaken to examine the employment and income pattern among migrant agricultural labour in south western, Punjab for the year 2017-18. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the 120 respondents from four cluster of villages of Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The results of the study revealed that majority of permanent and casual migrant agricultural labour belonged to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Uttarakhand. The study showed that migrant agricultural labour had migrated into Punjab due to poor living conditions, poverty, unemployment and indebtedness at their native places. The majority of respondents belonged to Hindu and Muslim religion. The study further revealed that both permanent and casual migrant agricultural labour rendered their services in agriculture for 234 days and 206 days respectively. Permanent migrants earned Rs 95087 and casual migrant earned Rs 63662 in a year from hiring out of labour in agriculture. The per capita expenditure on food and non-food items were Rs 26562 for permanent migrant agricultural labour and Rs 20142 for casual migrant agricultural labour. Permanent and casual migrant agricultural labour recorded Rs 68525 and Rs 43520 as their surplus income respectively.ThesisItem Restricted Production and export performance of major fruits and fruit products for India(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Rajesh C R; Jatinder Mohan SinghThe production and export performance of major fruits and fruit products viz. banana, guava, citrus, mango and papaya were analysed for the period 1995-96 to 2014-15 using the time series data, to bring out the policy measures required for the upliftment of fruits economy in the country. The study was conducted using secondary data collected from various sources. To analyse the data various statistical tools such as; compound growth rate analysis, cuddy-della valle index, decomposition analysis and markov chain analysis were employed. The results revealed that the growth in banana production was positive and significant which was due to increase in area even though the growth in yield was moderate. The growth in area under papaya was meagre while production showed productivity led growth. The growth in productivity of mango was negative while production was mostly area led. The increased area under guava and citrus have resulted in positive and significant growth in production. The export of banana, orange, mango and papaya in terms of quantity and value were found to be increasing for the last two decades, while in case of guava negative growth was observed in value terms. The growth of export earnings of mango pulp and other processed fruits and vegetables was found to be increasing while the volume of export was minimal. The study emphasised on increasing area under those fruit varieties which have higher export potential, the use of better cultivars and technology to meet demand of the consumers and improved infrastructure along with better research to match the international export standards in order to earn valuable foreign exchange.ThesisItem Open Access Study on potentials of farm income in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sachdeva, Jatinder; Sharma, J. L.The study was undertaken with a view to identify the potentials of increasing farm income in Punjab. The study was conducted in all the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab to make it representative for the state. The primary data were collected from a sample of 300 farmers pertaining to the agricultural year 2008-09. The techniques of multiple regression analysis and linear programming were used to analyze the data. The production function analysis revealed that human labour employed, availability of irrigation machinery and farm size were the most important determinants of the gross value of produce from crop production. Whereas, in the case of dairy farming quantity of concentrates fed and expenditure on veterinary care emerged as important determinants of the gross value of milk produced. The technical efficiency of the farms of Central Plain Zone (Zone-II) was the highest followed by South-western Zone (Zone-III) and Sub-mountainous Zone (Zone-I). This can be attributed to favourable soil, water and climatic conditions and better access to research and extension agencies in Zone-II. The improved plans developed at two levels of technology increased the returns to fixed farm resources ranging from 2.19 to 3.86 per cent in Improved Plan-I and 13.95 to 17.06 per cent in Improved Plan-II on farms of different size categories in the state. The findings of the study revealed that by developing irrigation facilities, providing training for vegetable cultivation and short term credit facilities will help in increasing farm income especially in Sub-mountainous Zone. The development of short duration varieties of oilseeds and pulses which can easily fit in the paddy-wheat rotation will also help in increasing the income of farmers. The rational use of inputs like fertilizers and insecticides-pesticides helps in decreasing variable cost and ultimately increases the farm income. To make the agricultural system competitive and to increase the income of farmers, efforts should be made by all the interest groups involved in the farm sector.