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Open Access
A Study of Compliance of Basel II Norms by Selected Banks
(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sharma, Sarishma; Kumar, Babita
Open Access
Study on potentials of farm income in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sachdeva, Jatinder; Sharma, J. L.
The study was undertaken with a view to identify the potentials of increasing farm income in Punjab. The study was conducted in all the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab to make it representative for the state. The primary data were collected from a sample of 300 farmers pertaining to the agricultural year 2008-09. The techniques of multiple regression analysis and linear programming were used to analyze the data. The production function analysis revealed that human labour employed, availability of irrigation machinery and farm size were the most important determinants of the gross value of produce from crop production. Whereas, in the case of dairy farming quantity of concentrates fed and expenditure on veterinary care emerged as important determinants of the gross value of milk produced. The technical efficiency of the farms of Central Plain Zone (Zone-II) was the highest followed by South-western Zone (Zone-III) and Sub-mountainous Zone (Zone-I). This can be attributed to favourable soil, water and climatic conditions and better access to research and extension agencies in Zone-II. The improved plans developed at two levels of technology increased the returns to fixed farm resources ranging from 2.19 to 3.86 per cent in Improved Plan-I and 13.95 to 17.06 per cent in Improved Plan-II on farms of different size categories in the state. The findings of the study revealed that by developing irrigation facilities, providing training for vegetable cultivation and short term credit facilities will help in increasing farm income especially in Sub-mountainous Zone. The development of short duration varieties of oilseeds and pulses which can easily fit in the paddy-wheat rotation will also help in increasing the income of farmers. The rational use of inputs like fertilizers and insecticides-pesticides helps in decreasing variable cost and ultimately increases the farm income. To make the agricultural system competitive and to increase the income of farmers, efforts should be made by all the interest groups involved in the farm sector.
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AGRICULTURAL LAND MARKET IN GURDASPUR DISTRICT OF PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Manpreet Kaur
The study was conducted to know the present scenario of agricultural land market in Gurdaspur district of Punjab. The data pertained to the agricultural year 2008-09. Three blocks were selected i.e. Dhariwal, Kadian and Shri Hargobindpur. Out of these selected blocks, two villages from each block were selected randomly i.e, Kaler Kalan and Khunda from Dhariwal, Leel Kalan and Kahlawan from Kadian and Sandhawan Kalan and Attepur from Shri Hargobindpur. A sample of all the farmer households who had made any land transaction during the study period was taken. In this way, a total number of 137 farmers were selected, out of which 33 (24.08%) farmers leased-in, 46 (33.57%) leased-out, 41 (29.93%) sold and 17 (12.41%) farmers purchased land. In order to achieve the stipulated objectives, tabular and functional analyses were used. The proportion of farmers who sold, leased-in and leased-out land was the highest among small farmers and the lowest among medium farmers. However, the proportion of farmers who purchased land was the highest among small farmers (35.29%) and the lowest among the large farmers (5.88%). The study revealed that the small farmers were the main players of land market in the area. The expenditure on foreign migration and expenditure on purchase of land had positively and significantly influenced agricultural land sale market. However, in land purchase market, the contribution of factors like salary income, agricultural income, income from abroad was positive and significant. The factors like, less returns from the small farm holdings and division of land made positive and significant contribution in the land lease-in market. Similarly, the factors like irrigation problem, no earner in the family and old age had positively and significantly influenced the agricultural land leased-out market.
Open Access
CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS AND PRECEPTIONS REGARDING SERVICE QUALITY IN ORGANISED RETAIL STORES IN LUDHIANA
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) CHANDAN GOEL; Pratibha, Goyal
The research project titled ―Customer expectations and perceptions regarding service quality in organised retail stores in Ludhiana‖ was undertaken with the objectives to study the gap between expectations and perceptions of customer towards organised retail stores in Ludhiana and to identify the reasons behind gap between customer‘s expectations and perceptions, if any, and to suggest solutions for the same. The study was conducted by selecting four organised retail stores from Ludhiana city on convenience basis and 25 customers were selected from these stores, thus a total sample size of 100 customers were selected for the study. Primary data was collected with the help of RSQS scale. The study shows that majority of the respondents were willing.
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A STUDY OF MARKETING PRACTICES OF SELECTED MUSHROOOM GROWERS IN PUNJAB
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) RAMANDEEP SINGH; Gagandeep, Banga
The research was under taken with the objectives of analyzing the marketing practices of the selected mushroom growers in Punjab and identifying the problems involved in marketing of mushroom in Punjab. A sample of 50 mushroom growers was selected from list of mushroom growers taken from directorate of horticulture, Punjab and Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab. None of the mushroom growers were using promotional elements for marketing their produce. All the mushroom growers were selling their produce in packaged form but without any brand name. The major problems faced by mushroom growers in marketing the produce were nonpopularity of the produce, high perishability of the produce, low demand due to high prices lack of local processing facilities, and inadequate transportation facility from farm to market. Non-availability of sufficient market information also affects operational efficiency of the mushroom growers.
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATTITUDE AND ADOPTION OF FROZEN FOOD AMONGST THE CONSUMERS OF LUDHIANA AND DELHI CITIES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Harpreet Kaur Ahuja; Gagandeep, Banga
The present research project was undertaken with the objectives to study the attitude and adoption of consumers towards frozen food in Ludhiana and Delhi cities and to find out the constraints inhibiting the adoption of frozen food. The study was conducted by selecting five stores from each city selling frozen food along with regular food items on judgment basis and 20 customers who are aware of frozen food were selected from these store, thus a total sample size of 200 customers were selected for the study. Primary data was collected with the help of a structured non dis-guised questionnaire. The results show that the main reasons given by the respondents for purchase of frozen food were easy to cook and less time consuming. It was also found that 96 and 99 percent of the respondents of Ludhiana and Delhi were ready to adopt frozen food respectively. The main problems in adoption were the availability, lack of freshness and costliness of frozen food.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELF HELP GROUPS FORMED BY NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOs) IN RURAL PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sorokhaibam Somina Devi
The present study was conducted to study the growth and to assess the impact of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) promoted Self Help Groups (SHGs) on various socio-economic parameters of the member households in Punjab state. Five NGOs were randomly selected and further four SHGs were selected randomly from each NGO making a total of 20 groups and out of these five members each were selected making a total sample of 100 respondents. The reference year of the study was 2012-13. The results of the study showed that in Punjab up to March 2012, 17543 SHGs were linked with credit to the extent of ` 1588 million and a total of 48 NGOs were working as SHG Promoting Institutions (SHPIs). SHGs had the impact on saving, income, assets formation, employment, and other social aspects of the members. An average of ` 5414 was being saved by the members annually after joining the SHGs, which is almost 2.6 times more than the amount saved in pre SHG situation. After joining the SHGs, average annual income of the members increased to ` 82960 showing about 29 per cent increase from the pre SHG situation. The average value of assets increased to ` 80279 in post SHG situation showing an increase of 39 per cent over the pre-SHG situation. About 88 per cent of the members were engaged in various economic activities after joining the groups. Majority of the members revealed that their influence on economic resources, decision making ability and the status of their family in the society had increased after joining the groups. The major problems faced by the members were found to be the lack of training and capacity building, non-cooperation from the banks and marketing problems. The study suggested that the socio-economic impact of the SHG led to increase in income and employment. But it requires a lot more efforts on part of the Government, NGOs as well as the banking sector to promote SHGs in the state. There is a crucial need to focus on awareness programmes, imparting training and developing entrepreneurial skills among the rural poor.
Open Access
Agricultural labour employment in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Yendrembam Latika Devi
The study was undertaken with aim (i) to examine the pattern and change in agricultural labour employment in Punjab, (ii) to decompose change in agricultural labour employment among different components, and (iii) to study the impact of different factors on labour employment in agriculture. To meet objectives, the cross-section data for year 1985-86 and 2006-07 were collected from the “Comprehensive scheme to study the cost of cultivation of principal crops in Punjab”. The study revealed that on sample farms, the overall cropping intensity increased from 184 per cent in 1985-86 to about 199 per cent in 2006-07. Wheat and paddy were the major crops, together occupying about 53 per cent of gross cropped area in 1985-86, which further increased to about 73 per cent in 2006-07. Cotton and fodder were the other main crops, but percent area under these declined overtime. Over the study period, per hectare use of human labour in state agriculture declined by about 23 per cent i.e. from 1089 man hours in 1985-86 to 839 man hours during 2006-07. Use of family labour and total hired labour declined by about 38 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively and the magnitude of decline was relatively more on the large size farm categories as compared to smaller ones. Among individual crops, the substantial fall in use of human labour in wheat, paddy and potato indicated overtime large scale mechanization along with increased use of weedicides in these crops. During the same time period the human labour use has been gone up in cotton, sugarcane, maize and basmati, thus indicating relative low pace of mechanization for some cultural operations of these crops, whereas the productivity had been increased significantly. Overtime change in technology of crop production had strong negative effect on human labour use and contributed maximum towards its decline in the per hectare crop cultivation. Among various factors the value of agricultural output, use of bullock labour, tractor, fertilizers and irrigation had shown positive impact on human labour employment. Whereas farm size, use of weedicide, combine harvester and increase of wage rate in state affect the agricultural labour employment adversely.
Open Access
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG THE MARGINAL AND SMALL FARMERS IN LUDHIANA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sitang, Nanung
The study entitled „Financial Inclusion among marginal and small farmers in Ludhiana district of Punjab‟ aimed at studying the over time flow of formal agricultural credit, extent of formal credit facilities and reasons for financial inclusion/exclusion by the respondents in the district. Two stage stratified sampling technique was used with block as first stage sampling unit and village as second unit. Two farm categories were considered based on their operational holdings, i.e. marginal and small farmers. From each village, 50 marginal and small farmers were randomly selected, thus forming a sample of 100 farmers. The study indicated a significant increase in the institutional agricultural flow in the district during the last ten years. However, the total and per holding agricultural credit advances at constant prices were lower as compared to the current prices. Only 2.40 per cent and 5.74 per cent was the share of formal credit system in the creation of farm assets and purchase of farm livestock of the respondents, respectively. The average operational holding of the respondents was 3.96 acres. Only the marginal farmers were found leasing out their land due to considerably small land holding with comparatively high operational costs. The level of income was found to be low thus; expenditure level and level of savings were also low. Seventy five per cent of the farmers reported low income as the main discouragement factor from having a frequent and healthy links with formal credit systems. Majority of the farmers were found taking short-term loans, few medium term loans, while none of them took long term loans. Ten per cent of the respondents were found to be financially excluded from the various formal credit sources, in the study area. The analysis brought out that the number of respondents financially inclusive up to the extent of one level were more in the Mangat block than in Pakhowal block while up to the extent of level two was more in the Pakhowal than in Mangat block. Overall, about 85 per cent was the share of institutional credit and about 15 per cent was the share of non-institutional credit in total credit. Majority of these farmers were account holders in co-operative banks, while few had savings accounts in the commercial banks. The selected farmers of Pakhowal block were more aware and had better access to credit institutions than the Mangat block. Only 58 per cent of the selected farmers had KCC. Low income, complicated and time consuming procedures, bribes to patwaris and agents, unawareness, high rate of interest, easy access to non-institutional credit sources, illiteracy, poor and difficult physical access, absence of rural branches and hostile staff behavior were reported as the major constraints of financial inclusion by the respondents.

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