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Open Access
Effect of foliar bio-nano P and K applications on nutrient optimization and soil productivity in maize-wheat cropping system in an acid Alfisol.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-01) Baghla, Devanshi; Sharma, V.K.
In modern agriculture, nano fertilizer use is being popularized throughout the world because of its higher nutrient use efficiency in comparison to non nano/conventional fertilizers. To assess the possibility of using bio-nano P and K fertilizers alone or in combination with conventional fertilizers and their impacts on fertilizer nutrient economy/optimization and soil health attributes in maize-wheat sequence, a field experiment was conducted in acid Alfisol during 2019-20 and 2020-21 with fourteen treatments and three replications in Randomized Block Design. The treatments comprised of basal conventional P and K fertilizer applications, each at three levels (0, 50 and 100 per cent of their recommended levels), with and without two post-emergence bio-nano fertilizer sprays. In addition, there were two treatments to assess the compatibility of bio-nano P and K sprays at 50 and 100 % of recommended levels of both nutrients. Natural farming practice was also applied as a check treatment. Through statistical analysis of year-wise and pooled data, it was observed that yield attributing characters (plant height, cob/spike length, no. of grains per cob/ spike and test weight), grain yields and nutrient uptake of maize and wheat increased significantly with increasing levels of P and K application through conventional fertilizers alone or along with bio-nano foliar sprays. Lowest and highest values of each were found with natural farming and P100K100 + bio nano P&K sprays treatment, respectively. Further, treatment combinations viz. P50 and P0 +bio-nano P, P100 and P50 + bio-nano P, K50 and K0+bio-nano K, K100 and K50 + bio-nano P and P50K50 + bio-nano P& K and P100K100 were found at par with each other in above mentioned parameters, which highlighted the effectiveness of bio-nano sprays as an effective nutrient supplying source to maize and wheat and for optimizing fertilizer nutrient requirement to the extent of 50 % of the recommended dose of P and K. Assessment of leaf nutrient status of maize and wheat during their critical growth stages supported that finding also. Like non-nano P and K fertilizers, their bio-nano foliar sprays have a positive effect on soil attributes affecting soil health. There was a significant improvement in bulk density, water holding capacity, water stable aggregates (> 0.06 mm), organic carbon, CEC, available nutrient status, MBC, dehydrogenase activity and microbial population. These attributes increased significantly with increasing levels of P and K application through conventional fertilizers alone or along with bio nano foliar sprays. Similar results were also observed on saloid-P, Al-P and Fe-P build-up in soils but with non nano P fertilizer application and on water soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable K build-up but with non nano K fertilizer application. However, bio-nano K application showed no significant effect on any inorganic and K fractions. The cost of cultivation of maize and wheat with fertilizer treatments involving non-nano fertilizer application alone were considerably lower than those with bio-nano sprays at all levels of P and K. Since cost of spraying of bio-nano sprays is considerably higher, fertilizer treatments involving non-nano fertilizer application Fertilizer treatments involving non-nano fertilizer application resulted in more net profits and B:C ratio. Highest B:C ratio was observed with P and K applications through non-nano fertilizers at recommended rates. Keeping in view the above-mentioned figures and facts it may be concluded that bio-nano sprays alone or in conjunction with conventional fertilizers optimized fertilizer P and K requirements of maize and wheat equivalent to 50 per cent of their basal application. However, this nutrient management intervention is less economically viable as compared to conventional fertilizers at current prices of bio-nano P and K fertilizers
Open Access
Effect of continuous application of target yield based fertilizers and organic manure in maize-wheat cropping system on soil properties, nutrients uptake and productivity of maize in an acid Alfisol
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-13) Thakur, Anjali; Dixit, S. P.
The present study on the effect of continuous application of target yield based fertilizers and organic manure in maize-wheat cropping system on soil properties, nutrients uptake and productivity of maize was carried out during kharif 2020 and 2021 in a long-term experiment on soil test crop response studies at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz., control, farmers’ practice, general recommended dose, soil test based fertilizer application, chemical fertilizers for 30 q ha-1 target yield with and without FYM, chemical fertilizers for 40 q ha-1 target yield with and without FYM, in a randomized block design. The soil was silty clay loam, acidic in reaction (pH 5.2), 7.2 g organic carbon ha-1 , 236, 41 and 272 kg available N, P and K ha-1 , respectively. Soil samples from 0-0.15 m depth were collected before and after the harvest of maize (kharif 2020 and 2021) and analyzed for the physical, chemical and biological properties. Grain and stover samples were also analyzed for nutrients concentration and nutrients uptake was determined. Grain quality parameters were also determined. Continuous application of 30 and 40 q ha-1 target yield based fertilizers with FYM improved the physical properties of the soil significantly over control and chemical fertilizers-alone treatments. Soil organic carbon content, CEC, available N, P, K, S, exchangeable Ca and Mg, DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, microbial biomass C, N, P, S and enzyme activity were highest in STCR-IPNS treatments, however, soil pH did not vary significantly within the treatments. Integration of FYM with 40 q ha-1 target yield based chemical fertilizers improved the maize grain quality resulting in highest crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, total carbohydrates, starch, reducing and non-reducing sugar content but it was at par with target yield 30 q ha-1 + FYM treatment. Target yield based chemical fertilizers application for 30 and 40 q ha-1 with FYM significantly increased the grain and stover yield as well the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu uptake by maize over farmers’ practice, general recommended dose and soil test based fertilizer application. The highest B:C was recorded in 40 q ha-1 target yield treatment (3.02 and 3.04), followed by 40 q ha-1 target yield + FYM (2.87 and 2.80) and lowest in control (1.30 and 1.19) during kharif 2020 and 2021, respectively.
Open Access
Development of prescription based fertilizer recommendation for okra
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Thakur, Shikha; Dixit, S.P.
The present research study was conducted at the experimental farm of the Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur (32˚ 6' N latitude and 76˚ 3’ E longitude) to determine the nutrients requirement, contribution of nutrients from the soil, FYM and fertilizers in okra. There were seventy two treatment combinations comprising of N, P, K and FYM. These treatments were formed by different combinations as per the standard procedure of soil test crop response correlation studies (STCR) and having four levels of N (0, 35, 70 and 105 kg N ha-1 ), P (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and K (0, 27.5, 55 and 82.5 kg K2O ha-1 ) and three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1 ). The soil of the experimental site was Typic Hapludalf, silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen (256 kg ha-1 ), high in available phosphorus (31.3 kg ha-1 ) and medium in soil available potassium (190 kg ha-1 ). The fruit and stover samples taken at harvest of okra were processed and analyzed for determining the nutrients concentration and nutrients uptake. The results revealed that the okra fruit yield ranged from 52.7 to 132.6 q ha-1 in different treatments. The total uptake of N, P and K in different treatments ranged from 28.3 to 94.7, 5.56 to 24.9 and 20.1 to 67.1 kg ha-1 , respectively. The amount of nutrients required to produce one quintal of okra fruit was 0.67 kg nitrogen (N), 0.15 kg phosphorus (P) and 0.45 kg potassium (K). Per cent contribution of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from soil was 14.88, 35.32 and 11.82, fertilizer 40.98, 20.95 and 63.56 and FYM was 6.93, 3.64 and 5.27, respectively. Fertilizer adjustment equations developed with the help of basic data viz. nutrient requirement, contribution of nutrients from soil, FYM and fertilizers are: FN= 1.64T – 0.36 SN – 0.17 ON, FP= 0.70 T – 1.69 SP – 0.17OP, FK= 0.71T – 0.19 SK - 0.08 OK. The ready reckoners for different doses of N, P2O5 and K2O were also generated at different soil test values for different targets yield of the okra.
Open Access
Effect of foliar application of boron and molybdenum on productivity and quality of cauliflower in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh
(Palampur, 2022-11-27) Sankhyan, Pankaj Kumar; Parmar, Devender Kumar
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2021 at the experimental farm of CSK HPKV Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu to assess the effect of foliar applied B and Mo on cauliflower. Three foliar concentrations of boron (0.034%, 0.051%, 0.068%) and molybdenum (0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%) along with two control treatments (NPK alone and NPK+FYM) were replicated thrice and evaluated in a randomized block design. All the treatments except NPK alone received recommended dose of FYM @20 q ha-1. The foliar application of B and Mo was done at 30, 45, and 60 days after transplanting. The results revealed that the crop growth parameters yield attributes, yield, quality, and nutrient uptake were significantly affected by the foliar spray of boron and molybdenum. The growth parameters, yield attributes, curd quality, nutrient uptake, curd yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio increased with increasing the concentration of B from 0.031% to 0.068% and that of Mo from 0.10% to 0.20% and the maximum curd yield was recorded with 0.068% and 0.20% concentration of B and Mo, respectively. The foliar application of boron and molybdenum had a non-significant effect on soil pH, organic carbon, available NPK, B and Mo but significantly influenced the availability of micronutrient cations after the harvest of cauliflower. It is concluded from the present study that the application of B @ 0.068% and Mo @ 0.20% at 30, 45, and 60 DAT along with basal dose of recommended NPK+FYM was most remunerative for cultivation of cauliflower during kharif season in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
Effect of molybdenum application on cauliflower productivity in an acid Alfisol
(Palampur, 2022-10-31) Himshikha; Kumar, Pardeep
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), apart from being a prime source of minerals and vitamins, provide several health benefits therefore it is popular throughout the world. It is a heavy feeder of both macro and micronutrients but micronutrients’ availability in the soil is a major concern. Among micronutrients, molybdenum (Mo) is the least studied micronutrient throughout the world and is inherently deficient in acid soils. Moreover, Mo deficiency is one of the leading factors responsible for stagnating the productivity and quality of cauliflower. Keeping this in mind, a field experiment was conducted in the acid soils of Palampur to assess the effect of graded Mo levels on the productivity of cauliflower. The experiment comprised of ten treatments viz., RDF i.e. NPK @ 115: 75: 70 kg ha-1 (T1), GRD (RDF + 20 t ha-1 FYM) (T2), GRD + Mo with 8 different levels (T3-T10) (@ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20 kg Mo ha-1 ) replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD). The results revealed that the productivity and quality of the crop was significantly affected by molybdenum application. The curd yield, gross yield and total soluble solids (TSS) were highest (i.e., 231.7 q ha-1 , 459.4 q ha-1 , and 7.39o Brix respectively) in the treatment where Mo was applied @ 5.0 kg ha-1 along with GRD. The same treatment registered an increase of 43.2% and 36.6% over RDF (T1) and GRD (T2), respectively in marketable curd yield. However, the treatments where Mo dose exceeded above 5.0 kg ha-1 registered a negative impact on the crop yield and profitability. The treatment GRD + Mo @ 2.5 kg ha-1 (T7) fetched highest net returns (₹ 3,18,521 ha-1 ) whereas the benefit-cost ratio (2.51) was maximum in RDF (NPK (T1)). Available Mo content (0.307 mg kg-1 ) was significantly higher in treatment GRD + Mo @ 20 kg ha-1 (T10). The optimum Mo dose was worked out as 5.67 kg ha-1 coupled with GRD which produced the maximum yield of 238.4 q ha-1 .
Open Access
Effect of seed priming with boron and its foliar application on okra productivity
(Palampur, 2022-10-31) Singh, Ayushi; Kumar, Pardeep
Boron (B), the second most deficient micronutrient worldwide (next to zinc) severely impacts the sustainability goals of food and nutritional security. Okra is a crop with high export potential and diverse benefits, however, poor seed germination; a major constraint causes significant yield reduction. Okra grown on B-deficient acid soils of Himachal Pradesh aggravate this problem and reduce productivity. An investigation was carried out during Kharif, 2021 to evaluate the impact of seed priming with B and its foliar application on germination and productivity of okra (cv. Palam Komal). A laboratory study was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with seed primed using varied B concentrations (1.0, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01%), distilled water (hydropriming) and durations (12, 24, and 36 h), with one control (unprimed seeds), to figure out the best three B priming concentrations and two priming durations based on their germination percentage to evaluate their performance under field conditions. The highest germination percentage (96.7%) was registered from seeds primed with B @ 0.05% for 24 h, followed by the treatment comprising of seed primed with B @ 0.05% for 36 h (93.3%). Based on laboratory experimentation results, B primed seeds (0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%) and distilled water, for 24 and 36 h were selected in conjugation with foliar application of B @ 0.034% for field experimentation in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated thrice at the Experimental Farm, Department of Soil Science, COA, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The results affirmed that seed priming with B @ 0.05% for 24 h duration paired with foliar application of B @ 0.034% significantly improved the germination percentage, growth parameters and yield of okra. The impact of B application was non significant on soil pH and EC. Seed priming with B @ 0.05% for 24 h and foliar application of B @ 0.034% enhanced the uptake of N, P, K and micronutrient cations. Therefore, it can be concluded that seed priming is an effective alternative to alleviate the germination problem but needs to be supplemented with foliar application for getting higher yield of okra in acid soils of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
Development of prescription based fertilizer recommendation for Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2022-08-31) Rana, Shaifali; Datt, Naveen
The present investigation was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur (32 6' N latitude and 76 3' E longitude). The soil of the experimental site was Typic Hapludalf, silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available N, high in available P and low in available K at the initiation of the experiment. The experiment was conducted as per the technical programme and methodology of AICRP on Soil Test Crop Response. The experiment was conducted in two phases. In first phase soil fertility gradient was developed by dividing experimental field into three equal strips and applying graded doses of fertilizers in these strips and growing of exhaust fodder crop Wheat. In the second phase i.e. next season test crop brinjal (var. Hisar shyamal) was grown by dividing each strip into 24 plots having 21 treated and 3 controlled. Response to selected combinations of three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 t/ha), four levels of nitrogen (0, 50,100 and 150 kg N ha-1 ), four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and four levels of potassium (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O ha-1 ) at different fertility levels of brinjal was studied. The values of the Alkaline KMnO4 extractable nitrogen ranged from 226 to 289 kg N ha 1 , Olsen’s phosphorus ranged from 20 to 40 kg P ha-1 and neutral normal NH4OAc extractable potassium ranged from 148 to 235 kg K ha-1 in the experimental field. The total uptake of N, P and K ranged from 33.9 to 145.2, 5.1 to 21.6 and 23.9 to 82.9 kg ha-1 by brinjal, respectively. In the present investigation the fresh fruit yield ranged from 163.9 to 375.6 q ha-1 and dry matter yield of fruit ranged from 11.5 to 25.5 q ha-1 The nutrient requirement for production of one quintal of fruit yield of brinjal was found to be 0.30 kg Nitrogen, 0.05 kg Phosphorus and 0.19 kg Potassium. Percent contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 16.71, 26.29 and 14.20 from soil, whereas from other sources as FYM was 7.64, 3.91 and 6.65 percent. Contribution from fertilizer as a percentage was 40.91, 19.11 and 76.23, using with FYM for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Fertilizer adjustment equations developed for conjoint use of fertilizers with the help of basic data are: FN= 0.74 T – 0.41 SN – 0.19 ON, FP= 0.24 T – 1.38 SP – 0.20 OP, FK= 0.25T – 0.19 SK - 0.09 OK
Open Access
Determination of nutrient requirement and contribution of nutrients from soil, FYM and fertilizers in turmeric in an acid Alfisol
(Palampur, 2021-10-28) Prakriti; Dixit, S. P.
The present study was carried out on turmeric var. Palam Pitamber during kharif 2021 at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur, to determine the nutrients requirement, contribution of nutrients from the soil, FYM and fertilizers in turmeric in an acid Alfisol. The experiment was conducted on pre-established three fertility gradients which was divided into seventy two plots i.e. each gradient into twenty four plots. There were seventy two treatment combinations comprising of N, P, K and FYM. These treatments were formed by different combinations as per the standard procedure of soil test crop response correlation studies (STCR) and having four levels of N (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg N ha-1 ), P (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and K (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg K2O ha-1 ) and three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1 ). The soil was Typic Hapludalf, silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.47), medium in organic carbon (7.61 g kg-1 ), low in available nitrogen (256 kg ha-1 ), high in available phosphorus (31 kg ha-1 ) and medium in soil available potassium (190 kg ha-1 ). Soil samples (0-15 cm) collected before the sowing of turmeric crop were analyzed for pH, organic carbon and available N, P and K. The rhizome and haulm samples taken at harvest of turmeric were processed and analyzed to calculate nutrients uptake. The results revealed that the rhizome yield ranged from 94.21 to 224.0 q ha-1 , whereas the yield of haulm varied from 10.09 to 25.01 q ha-1 in different treatments. The total uptake of N, P and K ranged from 21.07 to 52.74, 5.84 to 14.45 and 25.70 to 66.94 kg ha-1 by turmeric, respectively. The amount of nutrients required to produce one quintal of rhizome was 0.25 kg nitrogen (N), 0.06 kg phosphorus (P) and 0.31 kg potassium (K). Per cent contribution of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from soil was 10.04, 27.26 and 15.57, fertilizer was 46.88, 16.33 and 53.14 and FYM was 3.23, 3.01 and 5.28, respectively. Fertilizer prescription equations were developed with the help of basic parameters viz. nutrient requirement, contribution of nutrients from soil, FYM and fertilizers. The ready reckoners were also generated at a different soil test values for different targets yield of the crop.
Open Access
Effect of management practices on productivity, quality of maize and soil properties in an acid hill soil
(Palampur, 2021-10-07) THAKUR, CHANDAN; Sharma, Sanjay K
Fertilizers play an important role in any crop production system but their imbalanced and sole application has been found to affect adversely the production potential, quality of produce as well as the soil health. The productivity of maize is quite low and there is ample scope to improve this by manipulating nutrient management systems in such a way that these are more eco-friendly, effective and largely acceptable. Natural farming system (NFS), involving no chemical fertilizers, very less amount of organic inputs prepared using the excreta from indigenous (‘Desi’) cows and other locally available inputs is being advocated for minimizing costs, maintaining the soil health and productivity as well as the quality of produce. Therefore, this investigation was carried out to study the effect of management practices on productivity and quality of maize grains and soil properties. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments involving recommended NPK levels, and their integration with FYM and lime, organic farming package, three natural farming system practices involving formulations based on excreta of indigenous and crossbred cows and buffalo, and their supplementation with 25 per cent of recommended NPK. The NFS formulations (beejamrit, jeevamrit and ghan-jeevamrit) differed markedly with respect to NPK contents, pH, microbial counts and total dissolved solids. Application of 100 per cent NPK + FYM resulted in better growth and recorded the highest maize grain (42.25 q ha1 ) and stover yield (71.82 q ha-1 ) but was statistically at par with 100 per cent NPK + lime. Among organic/NFS treatments, sole organic farming treatment recorded significantly higher maize grain equivalent yield (29.13 q ha-1 ) in comparison to NFS based on crossbred cow (24.15 q ha-1 ) and NFS based on buffalo (23.07 q ha-1 ) but was at par with NFS based on indigenous cow (26.54 q ha-1 ). Supplementation with 25 per cent NPK in these treatments significantly enhanced the yield over pure organic/natural farming system treatments. Similar trend was also observed for NPK uptake by maize. Reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ash and crude protein as well as available NPK contents were also higher under 100 per cent NPK + FYM, closely followed by 100 per cent NPK + lime treatment. However, carbohydrates, starch, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and iron contents were higher under pure organic farming and natural farming system treatments in comparison to treatments involving use of chemical fertilizers. Organic carbon, bulk density, water holding capacity, mean weight diameter, and Mg in soils along with the microbiological characteristics were recorded higher in organic farming + 25 per cent NPK treatment but Ca was recorded highest in 100 per cent NPK + lime treatment. A significant and positive correlation was found for maize grain equivalent yield and nutrients uptake with soil properties for organic and natural farming system treatments. Hence, there was a notable effect of management practices on productivity, quality of maize and soil properties in an acid hill soil, with conventional integrated nutrient management system giving the better results for most of the parameters under study

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