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Open Access
Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmsochus esculentus (L.) Moench)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-10-25) Shweta; Sood, Sonia
The present investigation entitled “Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur with the objective of gathering information on heterosis, combining ability and gene action by using line × tester mating design involving nine lines and three testers. Lines, testers, their 27 cross-combinations, along with standard check 1 ‘Samrat’ and standard check 2 ‘Shakti’ were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during Summer season 2020 (E1), Summer season 2021 (E2) and Rainy season 2021 (E3). The data were recorded on different phenological and structural traits, fruit yield and yield attributing traits, quality traits and disease incidence of Cercospora leaf spot. Sufficient genetic variability was recorded for all the traits in three environments. Significant genotype × environment interactions were recorded for all the characters indicated role of environment on the performance of genotypes and cross-combinations. The analysis of variance for line × tester design revealed significant differences due to females, males and female × male interaction for most of the traits in three environments and under pooled over environments indicating substantial diversity in the experimental material. A large variation in magnitude and direction of heterosis was observed for most of the traits studied. Hybrids ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘VRO-4 × Hisar Unnat’ and Palam 5 ridged × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising crosses exhibited significant desirable standard heterosis for fruit yield and related traits and displayed maximum reliability by retaining their ranking among top five crosses over the environments. Lines ‘Palam Round’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti’ and ‘VRO-4’, and tester ‘Hisar Unnat’ were recorded good general combiners for fruit yield per plant and related traits. ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘9801 × P-8’, ‘Kashi Pragati × Palam Komal’ and ‘HPO-1 × P-8’ were the most promising cross-combinations on the basis of SCA effects for yield and component traits. The dominant component of variance was higher than additive component for most of the traits, indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action. Based on per se performance, SCA effects and standard heterosis ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’ and ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising cross -combinations for developing superior progenies. These cross-combinations had good amount of mucilage, ascorbic acid, produced green colour fruits with downy pubescence. Palam Round × Hisar Unnat was ridgeless, resistant to Cercospora abelmoschi and highly resistant to Cercospora malayensis whereas Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat had five ridges per fruit and resistant to both species of Cercospora leaf spot. These cross-combinations can be released as hybrids after further field testing and their exploitation in future breeding programmes. Single seed descent method, recurrent selection and bulk method can be the best breeding strategy to obtain maximum number of transgressive segregants with high fruit yield.
Open Access
Ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-26) Bhalla, Tamanna; Kumar, Suresh
A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Kharif 2020 and 2021 to study the ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray. Eleven weed control treatments viz. glyphosate 1000 g/ha, paraquat 1000 g/ha, 2,4-D Na salt 1250 g/ha, 2,4-D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone 25 g/ha, glufosinate ammonium 500 g/ha, bispyribac Na 20 g/ha, flumioxazin 200 g/ha, diuron 500 g/ha and weedy check (control) were tested in Randomized Block Design with three replications. To study the ecology of both the weeds, experiments were conducted at three locations i.e. Research Farm of Department of Agronomy (Palampur), KVK (Berthin, Bilaspur) and on farmer’s field (Kangra). Alternanthera philoxeroides recorded the highest shoot length (97.25 and 100.75 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (40 and 42) in the month of October and this weed did not flower throughout the duration of study at both the locations i.e. Palampur and Kangra. Whereas, Synedrella vialis exhibited a low growing, mat forming habit with maximum shoot height (13 to 15.50 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (12) in August and September. This weed propagated vegetatively (runner) as well as through seeds since flowering occurred throughout the growth period at all the three locations. Results of the weed control study revealed that the application of glyphosate 1000 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha behaving statistically alike were significantly effective in reducing the count (No./m2 ) and dry weight (g/m2 ) of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Synedrella vialis during both the years of study. The bioassay study indicated that all the herbicides used for the control of these weeds did not retain any residue in the soil and thus, can be considered safe for use.
Open Access
Effect of seed priming, nutrient management and tillage practices on productivity of rainfed maize-wheat system
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-24) Kaur, Navneet; Kumar, Anil
A field experiment was conducted from kharif 2020 to rabi 2021-2022 at the Irrigation and Water Management Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur. (H.P.) to study the effect of seed priming, nutrient management and tillage practices on productivity of rainfed maize-wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three factors viz., tillage practices, seed priming and nutrient management practices and was replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of three tillage practices [Conventional tillage (CT), CT + mulch (CT+M) and Zero tillage+ mulch (ZT+M)]; two seed priming [Hydropriming and micronutrient priming (0.5%Zn and 0.1%Mn)] and two nutrient management practices [recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (120:60:40 in maize and 80:40:40 in wheat) and Integrated nutrient management(50% N through FYM + 50% N and rest of P and K through inorganic sources)]. An additional treatment of control (CT, No priming, RDF) was also kept for general comparison of results. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium and low in available nitrogen. Results revealed that significantly higher growth and yield attributes, yield, nutrient content and uptake, system and water productivity and economic returns were obtained with conventional tillage + mulch followed by zero tillage + mulch amongst tillage practices, integrated nutrient management over RDF among nutrient management, whereas seed priming methods did not differ with respect to different parameters. As compared to initial status soil physical and chemical properties viz. bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content at end of two years cropping cycle improved significantly under conventional tillage + mulch and integrated nutrient management practice followed by zero tillage + mulch and integrated nutrient management system. For obtaining higher crop and water productivity as well as economic returns in maize-wheat cropping system under rainfed condition, conventional tillage + mulch practice with integrated nutrient management and seed priming should be adopted.
Open Access
Refinement of conventional integrated farming system model with natural farming
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-12) Singh, Gurpreet; Sharma, Vinod Kumar
An experiment was carried out in rabi and kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the productivity and profitability of integrated farming system under conventional and natural farming in mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh at 1 hectare AICRP-IFS on station research farm (Bhadiarkhar) of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The objective of the study was to refine existing integrated farming system model with natural farming and to identify and optimize component linkages for profit maximization. Components under study were field crops (CS), vegetable crops, livestock, poultry and mushroom. Farm area between different components was allocated as, 0.65 ha to field crops (4875 m2 under conventional farming, 1625 m2 under natural farming), 0.175 ha to vegetable crops (1050 m2 under conventional farming, 350 m2 under natural farming), 0.10 ha to fodder crops (750 m2 under conventional farming, 250 m2 under natural farming)and 0.075 for livestock, poultry, mushroom and other enterprises (manure pit, vermicompost unit and fodder chopping unit). Comparisons were made on the basis of production and economic benefits of different enterprises. Results revealed that among field crops, “maize + soybean- gobhisarson” and “soybean –wheat” cropping systems performed better under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among vegetable-based cropping systems, “okra-radish-garlic” and “okra+ soybean-pea” remained economically efficient under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among different farming systems, integration of CS + Vegetable + Dairy+ Mushroom+ Poultry resulted in highest net returns under conventional farming; whereas under natural farming, combination of CS + Vegetable + Mushroom + Poultry resulted in highest net returns under existing farm plan. Optimization of farming system was done using linear programming. With optimal resource allocation it was predicted that under conventional integrated farming system, maximum returns can be obtained with allocating maximum area and resources to field crops and vegetable cropping systems components. Whereas, maximum returns can be obtained by integrating and allocating available resources to vegetable based cropping systems component and poultry component under natural farming. The study suggests that farm resources were not optimally allocated in existing plan. With modification in existing component combinations emanated from the linear programming net farm profit can be increased.
Open Access
Genetic architecture of quality and yield components and molecular diversity assessment in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)
(Palampur, 2022-11-07) SOHARU, ALKA; Sood, V.K.
The present investigation entitled "Genetic architecture of quality and yield components and molecular diversity assessment in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)" was undertaken with the objectives to study diversity and quality profile of various land races prevalent in different regions of Himachal Pradesh and to study the nature and magnitude of gene effects for various quality and yield related traits and identification of desirable segregants. The materials comparising of 21 mash landraces along with three checks i.e. Him Mash-1, Palampur-93 and HPBU-111, were raised in a Randomized Block Design with two replications in two environmental (Berthin and Palampur) conditions and six inter-varietal crosses were raised in Compact Family Block Design at CSKHPKV Palampur. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability for all the traits. On the basis of mean performance for different traits studied, genotypes viz., Sirmour-1, Kangra-1, Sirmour-2, Chamba-6 and Him Mash-1 were observed to have superior performance for traits like, number of branches per plant, seeds per pod, pods per plant, biological yield per plant and yield per plant. High estimates of PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance as % of mean observed for biological yield per plant and harvest index over the environments indicated the presence of additive gene action and sufficient variability for improvement through selection. Correlation and path coefficient studies revealed high positive direct effects of biological yield per plant, branches per plant and pods per plant on seed yield per plant at both the experimental sites. Hence, can be regarded as reliable selection factors for developing high-yielding cultivars. On the basis of DUS parameters, D 2 , PCA and molecular genetic diversity analysis, Sirmour-1, Sirmour-2, Chamba-2, Mandi-1, Kullu-3, Chamba-5, Kangra-3, Chamba-7, Bilaspur-1 and Chamba-8 were found to be diverse genotypes, which can be further utilized in urdbean breeding programme(s). For proximate composition genotypes Chamba-6, Kullu-4, Kinnaur-1, Chamba-3 and Kangra-2 were found superior as they had maximum amount of protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrates, respectively. Among all the genotypes evaluated for cooking quality parameters, six genotypes namely Sirmour-2 for highest L:B ratio, Chamba-2 for high water uptake ratio, Chamba-7 for minimum amount of gruel solid loss, Chamba-8 and Chamba-1 for least cohesiveness and Him Mash-1 for least gumminess and chewiness after cooking were found promising. On the basis of yield and quality parameters genotypes Chamba-6, Sirmour-2 and Him Mash-1 were divulged as superior genotypes which can be firther validated by multilocation environment testing over the years. A simple scaling test employing generation mean analysis revealed that the digenic model (additive-dominance model) was inadequate for all of the traits, confirming the existence of non-allelic interactions for all of the crosses. Only duplicate type of epistasis was reported for three traits in Him Mash-1× Sirmour-2 and Palampur-93 × Kullu-4, four in Him Mash-1 × Kullu-4 and Palampur-93 × Chamba-8, two traits in Him Mash-1× Chamba-8 and Palampur-93 × Sirmour-2. Hence, bi-parental mating followed by selection in advanced generations is recommended.
Open Access
Productivity and soil quality assessment in maize-wheat system under zero budget natural farming
(palampur, 2022-10-13) Thakur, Praveen; Paliyal, Sukhdev S.
The present study on “Productivity and soil quality assessment in maize-wheat system under zero budget natural farming” was carried out during 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the experimental farm of CSKHPKV-Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan, Sirmour (H.P.), India. The efficient utilization of available resources at farm and the restriction of their use in zero budget natural farming (ZBNF), warrant the need to study the soil quality and crop productivity under ZBNF system. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the soil quality in maize-wheat system using ZBNF components along with farm yard manure (FYM). The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of three factors (jeevamrit concentration, interval of its application and FYM) along with control. There were two levels of jeevamrit concentration [5% (J1) and 10% (J2)], two levels of interval of its application [15 days (I1) and 30 days (I2)] and three levels of FYM doses [0 t ha-1 (F1), 5 t ha-1 (F2) and 10 t ha-1 (F3)]. The soil samples at 0-0.15 m depth from each plot were collected before sowing as well as after harvest of the both crops and were analyzed for soil chemical properties such as pH, electric conductivity, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, macronutrient content (N, P and K), secondary nutrient content (Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrient content (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo), physical properties (bulk density, mean weight diameter, saturated hydraulic conductivity and plant available water), biological properties (microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and microbial count). The results revealed that growth and yield attributes of both maize + blackgram and wheat + chickpea were increased with application of higher concentration of jeevamrit (J2) at 15 days interval along with higher dose of FYM (F3). Maize grain equivalent yield with jeevamrit (J2) at 15 days interval+10 t FYM ha-1 treatment increased upto 4.71% during 2018 and 8.42% during 2019 whereas wheat grain-equivalent yield decreased upto 4.17% during 2018-19 and 0.47 % during 2019-20, over control (RDF). Soil physical, chemical and biological parameters were improved significantly under zero budget natural farming and these properties improved further when FYM was applied along with ZBNF component over RDF. Available nutrient status in soil under RDF treated plots showed slight decrease from initial value, however the plots treated with higher concentration of zero budget natural farming components along with higher dose of FYM showed significant increase from rest of the treatments. The SQI under maize and wheat crop ranged from 2.60 to 3.67 and 2.56 to 3.71, respectively and the highest was observed under T6 (J2I1F3). The maximum nutrient uptake in both crops and its concentration in their grain was found with higher concentration of jeevamrit at 15 days interval along with 10 t FYM ha-1 , whereas the lowest were recorded with lower concentration of jeevamrit at 30 days interval without FYM.
Open Access
Molecular marker- assisted gene pyramiding of yellow rust resistance genes Yr5 and Yr10 into agronomically superior and potential cultivar HS 240 and a doubled haploid genotype DH 40
(palampur, 2022-08-17) Singh, Kritika; Chaudhary, H.K.
The research endeavour entitled “Molecular marker- assisted gene pyramiding of yellow rust resistance genes Yr5 and Yr10 into agronomically superior and potential cultivar HS 240 and a doubled haploid genotype DH 40” was executed in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur during years 2018 to 2022 with the goal to incorporate genes conferring resistance to yellow rust in wheat into single genetic background and develop homozygous lines following doubled haploidy breeding technology. Marker- assisted backcrossing was employed to introgress Yr5 and Yr10 genes into genetic background of HS 240 and DH 40. Donor genotypes used for transfer of resistance genes were near isogenic lines developed using Avocet variety i.e., Avocet-Yr5 and Avocet-Yr10. Molecular markers STS7/8 and Xpsp 3000 were used for selection of Yr5 and Yr10 genes, respectively. Recovery of recurrent parent genome was quantified using polymorphic microsatellites. 448 SSR markers were used for screening of parental genotype, out of which 69 were polymorphic for HS 240 & Avocet-Yr5 and HS 240 & Avocet-Yr10 whereas, 68 markers for DH 40 & Avocet-Yr5 and DH 40 & Avocet-Yr10. For wide hybridization, intercrossed F1s were crossed with Imperata cylindrica to produce haploids which were further treated with colchicine for the development of homozygous doubled haploid plants. In BC1F1 and BC2F1 generation, plants having target genes were subjected to background selection. Background analysis revealed that the extent of recurrent parent genome recovery ranged from 63.07- 84.06 percent, 62.32- 83.33 percent, 60.29- 83.03 percent and 63.97- 83.82 percent for crosses HS 240*2/Avocet Yr5, HS 240*2/Avocet-Yr10, DH 40*2/Avocet-Yr5 and DH 40*2/Avocet-Yr10, respectively in BC1F1 generation. In second backcross, recovery percentage of recurrent parent genome ranged from 84.06- 92.03 percent, 84.78-92.03 percent, 84.56-91.91 percent and 86.76-93.38 percent in crosses HS 240*3/Avocet Yr5, HS 240*3/Avocet-Yr10, DH 40*3/Avocet-Yr5 and DH 40*3/Avocet-Yr10, respectively. Selected individuals having common recurrent parent were intercrossed to produce pyramided lines. The pyramided F1s were further subjected to development of doubled haploids. Various haploidy and doubled haploidy parameters like pseudoseed formation frequency (PFF), embryo formation frequency (EFF), haploid regeneration frequency (HRF), haploid formation frequency (HFF), percent survived plants (PSP) and doubled haploids formation frequency (DHFF) observed in cross (HS 240*3/Avocet-Yr5)//(HS 240*3/Avocet-Yr10) were 55.07 percent, 44.99 percent, 54.54 percent, 21.82 percent, 37.50 percent and 38.89 percent, respectively. While in cross (DH 40*3/Avocet-Yr5)//(DH40*3/Avocet-Yr10), 48.38 percent, 51.17 percent, 51.63 percent, 22.88 percent, 34.29 percent and 41.67 percent of PFF, EFF, HRF, HFF, PSP and DHFF were recorded on wide hybridization with I. cylindrica. Seven doubled haploid plants were developed from F1s of (HS 240*3/Avocet-Yr5)//(HS 240*3/Avocet-Yr10) and five for (DH 40*3/Avocet Yr5)// (DH40*3/Avocet-Yr10). The results of present investigation suggested that marker- assisted backcrossing and doubled haploidy breeding technology hasten the recovery of recurrent parent genome along with screening of target genes at early stage; and reducing number of generation & time for gene introgression in homozygous state thereby accelerating rapid line development.
Open Access
Impact of Panchayati Raj Institutions on Socio-Economic Development of Rural Households in Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2022-07-18) Ghabru, Mahima Gopal; Lal, Harbans
Panchayati Raj Institutions inter-alia have initiated the process of socio-economic development of rural areas by ensuring participatory management of masses and implementation of various social upliftment and poverty alleviation schemes. They are expected to bring radical transformation in rural areas through holistic agricultural and institutional development. In a state like Himachal Pradesh where majority of the population lives in rural areas this study becomes more relevant as PRIs embrace every aspect of rural life and are considered as harbingers of democracy and guardians of the village community. Therefore, present study was conducted to examine and analyze the role and impact of Panchayati Raj Institutions on the rural households in the four districts viz., Solan and Una (developed districts), Chamba and Sirmaur (under-developed districts) of Himachal Pradesh using both primary and secondary data. Multistage random sampling technique was employed and a total sample of 8 blocks, 40 panchayats/villages and 200 sample respondents was selected. The findings of the study put forth that in all the selected panchayats meetings of Gram Sabha were scheduled four times annually but the quorum was not met more than two times in most of the selected panchayats. The study employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to devise the development index for various selected panchayats. Fifteen per cent (6 no.) of panchayats primarily of Una and Solan districts were very highly developed and 22.50 per cent (9 no.) panchayats were highly developed while all the less developed panchayats were from Chamba and Sirmaur district showing that these panchayats still lag behind in developmental indicators. It was observed that around 29.50 per cent respondents from developed districts and 26.50per cent respondents from under-developed districts respectively were ready to pay for conservation of natural resources while 20.50 and 23.50 per cent respondents from developed and under-developed districts were unwilling to pay for resource conservation as they felt it would not be utilized effectively. In under-developed districts as the bid value increased the willingness to pay decreased. The study also put forth the different source of income for panchayats in which maximum share was of external sources i.e. Funds under Centre Sponsored Schemes like MGNREGA, PMAY, NRLM, etc. and funds from Finance Commission, across majority panchayats. Panchayats generated lot of income from various internal sources in which maximum share was contributed by liquor cess followed by house/land tax across all sample panchayats. Panchayats were effectively utilizing funds available with them by community asset creation, land development, sanitation, water supply, electrification, and welfare etc. Respondents in the study area felt that various activities were adequately being done by panchayats but there was scope for improvement by ensuring more transparency in their working, by timely execution of works and ensuring that works to be done in the panchayat area are taken up with the consent of all people. Therefore it is felt that by ensuring capacity building of panchayat representatives, recruitment of technical and support staff and by creating awareness among masses about the importance of gram sabhas and their participation in them could lead to holistic and effective socio-economic development in rural areas.
Open Access
Effect of nutrient management and irrigation scheduling on crop and water productivity of rice wheat cropping system
(palampur, 2022-08-25) Gangmei, Tigangam P; Kumar, Anil
The field experiment was conducted at Water Management Farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during kharif 2018 to rabi 2019-20 to evaluate the effect of irrigation scheduling and nutrient management practices on crop and water productivity and soil health parameters in direct seeded rice-wheat cropping sequence. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen and potassium and high in phosphorus content. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three irrigation schedules {irrigation at critical stages (I1), 0.6 CPE (wheat)/ 0.8 (rice) CPE (I2) and 1.0 CPE (I3)} in main plot and four nutrient management practices {inorganic nutrient management (F1), organic nutrient management (F2), natural farming management (F3), integrated nutrient management (F4)} in subplots, replicated thrice. Better root growth, higher yield attributes, crop and water productivity, nutrient uptake and net returns in rice were obtained when the crop was irrigated at critical stages and integrated nutrient management practice was used. Whereas for wheat crop, irrigation scheduled at 1.0 CPE and integrated nutrient management was found best for all the parameters. The flowering and maturity got delayed under natural farming whereas lesser number of days was taken for these phenophases when integrated nutrient management practice was followed. Higher iron, zinc and protein content in rice and protein content in wheat were recorded under integrated nutrient management. Crop quality parameters amylose in rice and gluten in wheat with lower values were better under natural farming practice. Higher soil pH, water holding capacity and lower bulk density was observed under integrated nutrient management. All the other nutrient management practices except inorganic nutrient management practice recorded a buildup of available nutrient content at the end of 2 year cropping system. Thus for higher crop and water productivity, crop quality and better soil health under direct seeded rice-wheat cropping sequence, the rice crop should be irrigated at critical stages whereas wheat should be irrigated at 1.0 CPE schedule; and in both crops, the integrated nutrient management practice should be followed.

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