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Open Access
Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
(palampur, 2019-05-02) Sran, Ranjeet Singh; Satish Paul
The present investigation entitled “Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was undertaken to get the information on nature and magnitude of gene action, combining ability and heterosis and thereby identifying potential parents and cross combinations for seed yield, fibre yield and associated traits under variable environments that could support further improvements of linseed productivity using appropriate breeding methodology. Eight linseed varieties viz., Surbhi, Bhagsu, Nagarkot, T-397, Himani, Baner, JRF-4 and JRF-1 were hybridized following Griffing’s Method 2, Model 1 in a half diallel fashion. Experimental materials comprising of eight linseed varieties and 28 F1 progenies were evaluated in RBD with three replications during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Various cross combinations were also examined to study the genetics of resistance to powdery mildew and rust in linseed at Palampur and research station SAREC Kangra, respectively during the year 2017-18. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied during 2016-17, 2017- 18 and pooled over environments, suggesting prevalence of wide range of genetic variability. Variance due to environment in pooled analysis revealed significant differences for all the traits studied except seeds per capsule. Genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was significant for most of the traits except plant height and technical height indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes. Variances due to GCA, SCA and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits. For most of the traits, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action, under such situation diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generations followed by recurrent selection might be appropriate approach toward genetic improvement of these traits. Based on GCA, Nagarkot and Surbhi were found to be good general combiner for seed yield whereas, JRF-1 and JRF-4 for fibre yield. On the basis of SCA effect and heterosis, the cross combinations Surbhi × Baner, Himani × JRF-4 and Bhagsu × Nagarkot for seed yield and Nagarkot × Himani for fibre yield were found best in pooled over the environments. The segregation pattern of powdery mildew and rust disease indicated that resistance was governed by a single dominant gene in cross combination T-397 × Nagarkot.
Open Access
Mite fauna of agriculturally important crops in Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2021-04-01) C.S., Jayaram; Sharma, Pawan K.
Investigations on “Mite fauna of agriculturally important crops in Himachal Pradesh” were undertaken in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. The results yielded 78 species of mites comprising 22 phytophagous mites belonging to three families and 56 predatory mites belonging to seven families. Phytophagous mites belonging to the three families (Number of species / Total number of species) viz., Tetranychidae (11/22), Tenuipalpidae (7/22) and Tarsonemidae (4/22). The predatory mites reported during the present study under the seven families were viz., Phytoseiidae (26/56), Ascidae (3/56), Anystidae (3/56); Erythraeidae (4/56), Iolinidae (2/56); Stigmaeidae (14/56) and Tydeidae (4/56). In all 50 species comparing, 43 predatory mites and 7 phytophagous mites were added to the checklist of the mite fauna of the Himachal Pradesh. Diversity indices values were more in case of Tetranychidae under phytophagous mites, Phytoseiidae had maximum diversity values under Mesostigmata and Anystidae had more diversity values under prostigmatid predatory mites. Polyphagotarsonemus latus was found to be the dominant species in Zone-I, Tetranychus urticae was dominant in the Zone-II. In the Zone-III, E. prasadi dominated over all other species, and P. sextoni was found to be dominant in Zone-IV. Seasonal abundance of the phytophagous mites on brinjal and chilli revealed that during 2018 the peak population of T. urticae was observed in June at Palampur, Una and Bajaura. While at Sundernagar, the peak population was observed during September. During 2019 the peak population of T. urticae was during July in all the locations. Peak population of P. latus was observed during July in both 2018 and 2019 in Palampur, Una, Bajaura and Sundernagar. Minimum temperature was significatly correlated and also influence the population build up of T. urticae and P. latus at Palampur. In contarary, maximum temperature had more influence on population build up of both the species at Una and Bajaura. But in Sundernagar, population of T. urticae was influenced by minimum temperature and population of P. latus was influenced by rainfall. Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) was recorded as the invasive alien species on persimmon at Katrain. Erythraeus (Zaracarus) lahauli sp. nov., Eryngiopus sp., Euseius sp. nr. chikkamagalurensis and Scapulaseius sp. nr.sorghumae were deviated from the original species and listed as new species to India
Open Access
Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh
(Palampur, 2017-06-27) Chhavi; Sharma, Pawan K.
The present investigation entitled “Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. Under laboratory conditions, C. medinalis completed three generations from August to mid-December. The life cycle of C. medinalis consisted of four distinct stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult, each having an average duration ranging between 3.70-4.50, 17.50-20.50, 7.00-7.50 and 6.40-7.40 (female); 2.50-3.30 (male), respectively, during different generations. The fertility parameters worked out for first, second and third generation resulted in the net reproductive rate (R0 ) of 29.16, 17.94 and 17.72 female eggs per female with the corresponding true generation time of 37.06, 37.99 and 39.38 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum in the first generation (0.091) and minimum in the third generation (0.073). The field collected adults of last generation when reared under laboratory conditions to study the survival of pest, failed to lay eggs. However, a few individuals of C. medinalis larvae survived in winter till January on paddy plants and weeds and a limited feeding was observed during this period. Survey for the incidence of C. medinalis and its associated natural enemies in four locations viz., Sundernagar, Nurpur, Jogindernagar and Palampur of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at different time intervals. The pest appearance was noticed in the second fortnight of July at Nurpur, Palampur and Jogindernagar. Whereas, at Sundernagar, the pest activity initiated during first fortnight of July and population of adults was at its peak in the first fortnight of September in all the four locations. From the correlation studies between adult catch and abiotic factors, it was concluded that the temperature (maximum and minimum) favours the C. medinalis build-up. However, RH (maximum and minimum) and rainfall had a negative impact on C. medinalis abundance. During survey, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) was found to be the most dominating larval parasitoid associated with C. medinalis. Fifty natural enemies were encountered in paddy ecosystem of all the four locations, out of which twenty four were found associated with C. medinalis. Spiders viz., Araneus pseudosturmii (Yin et al.), Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) and Runcinia ghorpadei (Tikader) were recorded for the first time from India. Based upon the Shannon index, diversity of natural enemies was maximum at Palampur (2.58-2.65) and minimum at Nurpur (1.52-1.89). The leaf damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of C. medinalis viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae per hill released at panicle initiation stage revealed that maximum leaf infestation was 24.48 per cent at highest release level (10 larvae/ hill) and lowest (6.94%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 0.94-28.93 per cent. Among forty three genotypes evaluated against C. medinalis, thirty three genotypes were found moderately resistant, nine as moderatey susceptible and one as susceptible. None of the genotypes was found to be free from leaf folder damage. Among the six treatments of Trichogramma chilonis, maximum control was achieved when 1,50,000 parasitized eggs per hectare were released. However, this treatment was found to be at par with 1,00,000 and 1,25,000 parasitized eggs per hectare. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against C. medinalis, flubendiamide (24 g a.i./ ha), indoxacarb (30 g a.i./ ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 g a.i./ ha) were found to be efficacious. However, biopesticide, Bt (1.5 kg/ ha) was found to be least effective for the control of pest. Incremental output input ratio was highest in case of lamba-cyhalothrin and lowest in Bt
Open Access
Studies on the Development and Quality Evaluation of Specialty Products prepared by utilizing Selected Tribal Crops
(Palampur, 2021-03-22) Rani, Anju; Sood, Sangita
The present investigation was undertaken with the two key objectives to assess the quality attributes of selected tribal crops and to develop specialty products and evaluate objectively and subjectively. Three hull-less barley varieties viz. Dolma, BHS-352 and HBL-276, proso millet and field pea were procured from tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh. Screened crops were investigated for their physico-chemical, functional, nutritional, antioxidant and anti-nutritional parameters. Results of the study showed that barley has attained good functional properties in comparison to their counterparts. Amongst the selected barley varieties, BHS-352 showed the maximum value for crude ash, crude fat and crude protein (2.64, 3.24 and 14.20) per cent respectively. Proso millet contains maximum crude ash, crude fat and crude fiber 3.41, 4.12 and 7.65 per cent respectively. Field pea was the richest source of protein (20.69 %) amongst all selected crops. Resistant starch and amylose were found the highest in HBL-276 (9.20 and 26.76) per cent respectively. Dolma variety and proso millet had substantial amount of amino acids whereas, BHS-352 and field pea showed good mineral profile. Field pea was noted to be rich in Iron (22.45), Calcium (92.14), Phosphorous (259.17) and Potassium (105.63) mg/100g. Hull-less barley attained the good amount of antioxidants (61.10-66.10 %). Dolma variety in particular showed the maximum value of antioxidants (66.10 %) and flavonoids (11.19 %). Maximum trypsin inhibition activity (4.12 TIU/mg), saponin (11.13 %) and phytic acid (312 mg/100g) content was found in field pea. The shape of starch granules of hull-less barley, proso millet and field pea appeared as oval, elliptical, disk to irregular shapes with smooth surface, Polygonal and spherical granules in cluster form. X-ray Diffraction pattern of all barley varieties and proso millet displayed Atype cereal starches whereas, field pea showed C- type starch. Different specialty products like Extruded product (Kurkure), Mixes (Dhokla mix, Idli mix and Laddu mix) Bread sticks, Pancake and Churros have been developed using the selected crops and storage study in three different packaging P1 (HDPE Packaging), P2 (Aluminum paper bag) and P3 (Aluminum pouch) was conducted for the most acceptable Kurkure and Mixes (Dhokla mix, Idli mix and Laddu mix) formulation and found to be acceptable up to 180 days. However, a slight decline in the chemical composition with the increase in storage period was observed. Amongst all packaging materials, the aluminium pouch (P3) was found best as the changes that occurred in the packed content were found minimum. Specialty products can serve an important role in the diet due to their various health improving benefits. Development of specialty products from these crops can enhance the utilization of these nutritious crops in developing the healthy
Open Access
DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN CALVES
(Palampur, 2006-04-25) KUMAR, ADARSH; Kanwar, M.S.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of extruded products enriched with potential crops of Himachal Pradesh
(Palampur, 2021-07-06) Anand, Abha; Dhaliwal, Y. S.
The present study was done to assess nutritional and functional profiles of potential crops and develop formulations for evaluation of extruded products supplemented with potential crops and further assess the shelf life of developed/standardized extruded products in relation to packaging materials. Three selected under-utilized crops viz. Amaranthus, Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Ricebean (Vigna umbellata) were procured from Mountain Agril. Research and Extension Centre (MAREC), Sangla (Kinnaur), Department of Organic Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur and local farmers of district Sirmour (H.P). Results of the study showed that amaranth, buckwheat and ricebean contained 16.70, 10.44 and 22.35 per cent of protein content.The mineral content observed in calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper content in ricebean grains was reported to be 334.5, 111.12, 3.94, 0.68 and 3.15 mg/100g. Amino acids in amaranth contained threonine (2.78 µg/mg), valine (3.67 µg/mg) and leucine (3.43 µg/mg). It also contained serine (6.59 µg/mg), alanine (2.10 µg/mg), histidine (16.34 µg/mg), proline (2.78 µg/mg) and tyrosine (2.10 µg/mg).These potential crops were further used to develop different extruded products such as pasta, breakfast cereals and ready to eat snacks. A laboratory scale co-rotating twin screw extruder with intermeshing screws (Model BC21; Clextral, Firminy Cedex, France) was used for the extrusion study. The barrel diameter and L/D ratio were 25 mm and 16:1 respectively. In present study CCRD was used to design the experiments without any blocking comprising three independent variables (at three different levels). Different combinations of cereals which includes rice flour, oat flour, amaranth, buckwheat and ricebean were formulated with set minimum and maximum ranges of rice, oat and maize flour 50 g to 100 g, blend (amaranth 50 g, buckwheat 25 g and ricebean 25 g) ranged from 25 g to 50 g and flavours 0 g to 10 g as per the RSM model design. 16 runs were optimized and all the samples were packed in laminate bags. The bags were allowed to equilibrate overnight at 5ºC. Physico-chemical, functional, nutritional properties, rheological and microbiological properties of selected formulations of extruded products prepared from potential crops were assessed. The sensory scores for all the parameters were highly acceptable till the six months of storage so utilization of the potential crops in extruded products will not only help the consumer to harness the nutritional and medicinal benefits of the under-utilized crops but will also suggest ways for their utilization.
Open Access
Modeling crop water requirement using weather model and spatial data of wheat under limited irrigations in North Western Himalayas
(Palampur, 2021-10-29) Pareek, Bheem; Rana, Ranbir Singh
Water is considered as one of the most crucial inputs for agricultural production. The decreasing water resources for agriculture production system in the face of climate change necessitates the use of real time weather data for reducing the water footprints of the crop. A field experiment entitled “Modeling crop water requirement using weather model and spatial data of wheat under limited irrigations in North Western Himalayas” was conducted during Rabi season 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the experimental research farm of department of Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. The experiment comprising of five irrigation treatments viz; Rainfed conditions (I1), two irrigations (I2), three irrigations (I3), Irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith modified (I4), Irrigation scheduling based on spatial reference ET of grid (I5) with three dates of sowing (25th October, 20th November & 10th December) was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications. The soil of experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen (374.3 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (21.7 kg ha-1 ) and potassium (221.2 kg ha-1 ). The experimental site is located 32°6ʹN latitude and 76°3ʹE longitude. The experimental site received 562.2 mm and 454.2 mm rainfall during cropping season 2018-19 and 2019-20 respectively. The study findings revealed that the growth parameters viz., plant height, LAI and dry matter recorded significantly higher when crop sown on 25th October with three irrigations (I3) during both the years. The sowing window of 25th October observed to be the best among the dates of sowing for yield parameters during both the years. However, irrigation schedule based on Penman Monteith modified proved to be the best irrigation treatment being statistically at par with I2 and I3 irrigations schedules during 2018-19, whereas, I3 gave the highest yield in three irrigation schedules during 2019-20. Similarly, the yield parameters reflected in significantly higher yield in I4 irrigation (4432 kg ha-1 ) being at par with I3 irrigations (4140 kg ha-1 ) and I2 (3922 kg ha1) compared to I5 (3812 kg ha-1 ) and I1 (3111 kg ha-1 ) irrigations in 2018-19. The yield parameters reflected in significantly higher yield in I3 irrigation (4109 kg ha-1 ) compared to I2 irrigations (3916 kg ha-1 ), I4 (3905 kg ha1), I5 (3798 kg ha-1 ) and I1 (3441 kg ha-1 ) irrigations in 2019-20. The highest benefit cost ratio (B:C) was observed for 25th October sowing (2.33), (2.35) with I4 irrigation treatment (2.04), (2.12) during both years, respectively. The GDD was 1247, 1183, 1128 and 1194, 1106, 1028 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd dates of sowing during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The HTU, PTU, PTI and HUE did not show variations. The FAO-CROPWAT model was validated and the RMSE for estimated ET and AET worked out from the field water balance method varied between 11.03-14.19% and 10.64-13.46% during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The RMSE of actual and predicted dry matter accumulation was 0.017, 0.028, 0.017, 0.066 and 0.21 for 30, 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest during 2018- 19 and 2019-20. The validated model was used to simulate elevated temperature regimes of 1°,2°,3°C rise in both maximum and minimum temperature, with 10%, 20% reduction and 10%, 20% increase in rainfall. With the 1°, 2°, and 3°C rise in temperature. Increase in crop water requirement observed between 3.07-8.46 and 2.68-8.60% during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The net irrigation water requirement increased ranging between 3.94-22.41 % and 3.87-25.64% for all elevated temperature regimes with 20% decreases in rainfall, whereas it ranged between -5.81 to 4.62% and-7.49 to 6.19% with 20% increase in rainfall compared to normal weather conditions during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. During the year 2018-19 the irrigations were same under I3 and I4 treatment but the water productivity was higher in I4, while in 2019-20 the less irrigation was applied under I4 treatment, still the water productivity was higher compared to I3 due to the use of real time weather data.
Open Access
Weed management in high density peach (Prunus persica Batsch) orchard under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
(Palampur, 2021-09-25) Sharma, Abha; Rana, M.C.
A field experiment consisting of nine weed management practices viz., legume intercropping (T1), turmeric intercropping (T2), fodder intercropping (T3), sod culture (T4), glyphosate (T5), paraquat (T6), mulch (T7), manual weeding (T8) and weedy check (T9) was conducted at Palampur from kharif 2018 to rabi 2019-20. Soil of the experimental field was acidic in reaction, high in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Artemisia vulgaris and Ageratum conyzoides were the major weeds constituting 26.5 and 19.7 per cent of the total weed flora during kharif 2018. However, Artemisia vulgaris and Alternanthera philoxeroides were the major weed constituting about 24.4 and 20.4 per cent of the total weed population during kharif 2019. In rabi season, Artemisia vulgaris and Trifolium repens were the major weeds constituting 31.2 and 26.4 per cent during rabi 2018-19 and 33.7 and 26.2 per cent during rabi 2019-20 of the total weed flora. In kharif season, legume intercropping had the lowest weed count during both the years and was statistically at par with glyphosate treatment. The legume intercropping gave significantly lower total weed dry matter and was statistically at par with glyphosate treatment during kharif 2018. However in kharif 2019, legume intercropping treatment gave significantly lower total weed dry matter and was statistically at par with glyphosate and fodder intercropping. In rabi season, legume intercropping had the lowest weed count and weed dry matter during both the years and was statistically at par with glyphosate treatment. Highest weed control efficiency was obtained in legume intercropping followed by glyphosate treatment in both seasons during both the years. No phytotoxicity of any herbicide was recorded on peach. Highest water holding capacity, organic carbon content, carbon sequestration in soil, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity of soil was recorded in weed mulch treatment which was statistically at par with legume intercropping during both the years. Legume intercropping gave maximum available N, P and K, count of bacteria, fungi & actinomycetes, microbial index and carbon sequestration by fruit trees during both the years. Legume intercropping resulted in highest fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant over rest of the treatments. Uninterrupted growth of weeds reduced the fruit yield by 41.14 per cent during 2019 and by 50.82 per cent during 2020. Peach equivalent yield was highest in legume intercropping followed by turmeric intercropping in peach. Highest gross return, net return, net return per rupee invested and sustainability was observed in legume intercropping during the course of study. Based on two years study, it may be advocated to adopt legume intercropping for weed management, higher production and quality fruits, soil health, economic viability and sustainability of peach orchard.
Open Access
Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]
(Palampur, 2021-08-10) Kharwal, Neerja; Singh, Nageswer
In the present investigation entitled “Influence of organic vis-a-vis inorganic farming on quality parameters of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]” the fifteen genotypes of adzuki bean grown under inorganic, organic and Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) production system were procured during 2018-19 and 2019-20, from the Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur were evaluated in triplicate for various biochemical constituents for quality significance and nutritional aspects by following standard procedures. Besides, the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and anti-nutritional factors analysed in husk and de-husk mature seed samples. Differences among the adzuki bean genotypes grown under three different production systems were also apparent. The mean value of genotypes grown under ZBNF during the both the years of experimentation showed significant variation for crude protein (19.19-22.13 %), in vitro protein digestibility (79.43-90.48 %), methionine (0.76-1.38 g/100g protein), tryptophan (1.49 -1.87 g/100g protein), PPO activity (0.050-0.367 ΔOD/min), sodium (89.85-123.11 mg/100g), potassium (839.67-1574.72 mg/100g), calcium (253.33- 409.51 mg/100g), magnesium (116.11-178.86 mg/100g), copper (1.21-2.09 mg/100g), iron (3.99- 8.84 mg/100g), manganese (1.24-2.12 mg/100g), zinc (1.21 -2.09 mg/100g), total phenols (1074.23- 2011.78 mg/100g), simple phenols (637.68-944.42 mg/100g), flavonoids (18.18-24.46 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.234-4.739 µg/g), antioxidant activity (0.520-1.776 μg/ml), trypsin inhibitor activity (8903-11055 TIA U/g), tannins (261.75-942.18), saponins (59.58-108.1 mg/100g) and phytic acid (187.77-257.39 mg/100g). Under ZBNF production system recorded significantly higher values for in vitro protein digestibility, limiting amino acids (methionine and tryptophan), PPO activity, protein fractionations and certain minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper), phytochemical constituents (total phenols, simple phenols, and flavonoids), antioxidant activity and some anti-nutritional factors like tannins, saponins, whereas for crude protein content, mineral (potassium), total carotenoids, anti-nutritional factor (phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity) content significantly higher values were recorded in adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic system as compare to ZBNF system. Multipurpose / versatile adzuki bean genotypes grown under inorganic, organic and ZBNF production system genotypes were identified based on genotypic rating under each production system as ADHP-6, ADHP-3 and LOCAL TOTRU ranked first, second and third respectively under inorganic system, In case of organic production system genotypes HPU-51, ADHP-9 and ADHP-3 occupied the first, second and third position, respectively. While, under ZBNF production system first rank occupied by genotype EC-340286 followed by ADHP-6 and ADHP-8, based on the cumulative grading for nutritional and phytochemical constituents. De-husking process of adzuki bean mature seeds revealed substantial decrease in phytochemical constituents i.e. total phenols, simple phenols, flavonoids, total carotenoids and anti-nutritional factors like saponins and tannins while increase in trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid. The potentially superior genotypes/varieties thus identified can be used for further developmental research by the plant breeders and cultivation on a large scale by the farmers of H.P and others.

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