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Open Access
Assessment of genetic diversity among elite maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes adapted to North Western Himalayas
(palampur, 2019-07-31) Jyoti; Jyoti; Lata, Swaran; Lata, Swaran
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of genetic diversity among elite maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes adapted to North Western Himalayas” was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity in maize genotypes using morpho-molecular markers and identification of potential genotypes for yield, its components and nutritional traits. The experimental material comprised of 40 maize genotypes along with four diverse checks. These genotypes were raised in alpha RBD design replicated twice during kharif 2018. Data were recorded on grain yield per plant and various morphometric traits along with reaction to prevalent diseases. Genetic diversity among different genotypes was studied on the basis of morphological traits using Mahalanobis D 2 -statistic and PCA. The analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures and molecular analysis was done using NTSYS-pc (version 2.02) software. Analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the traits suggesting ample amount of variability among them. High PCV, GCV was observed for grain yield per plant with moderate h 2 bs and genetic advance indicated the presence of additive and non additive gene action which provided the scope for improvement through hybridization and selection. On the basis of D 2 analysis three genotypes viz., CML 435, CML 551 Y and CML 295BBB showed superiority over the best check for grain yield and its related traits and almost similar grouping pattern in SSR diversity analysis. Overall, it can be concluded that CML 334 and CML 452 was observed as best genotypes for yield, its related traits and also resistant to bacterial stalk rot whereas moderately resistant to banded leaf and sheath blight. So these potential genotypes can be used as donor parents after further evaluation in the future breeding programme
Open Access
An appraisal of cultural weed management practices on weed dynamics, productivity and profitability in organically managed maize – pea cropping system
(palampur, 2019-09-28) Hetta, Gaytri; Rana, S.S.
The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under AICRP-WM (All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management) during 2018-19 (rabi) to 2019 (kharif) at Palampur. Ten weed control treatments based on hoeing (T1), stale seed bed + hoeing (T2), raised stale seed bed + hoeing (T3), mulch (T4), stale seed bed + mulch (T5), raised stale seed bed + mulch (T6), intercropping (T7), crop rotation (T8), intensive cropping (T9) and chemical check (T10). Twenty two weed species were found to infest the pea crop, whereas 13 weed species were found in maize crop. Stellaria media (14%), Phalaris minor (13%), Vicia sativa (12%), Tulipa asiatica (9%), Vicia hirsuta (6%), Avena ludoviciana (7%), Poa annua (6%), Anagallis arvensis (6%) and Ranunculus arvensis (4%) were the major weeds during rabi 2018-19. The dominant weed species in pea crop were Stellaria media and Phalaris minor with SDR values of 10.6 and 10.3, respectively. Shannon Weiner index accounting for order or abundance of a species within a sample plot was highest under RSSB + hoeing treatment (T3) followed by intensive cropping (T9). Lowest values of this index were obtained under intercropping (T7) followed by hoeing (T1). Echinochloa colona (24%) was the most dominated weed followed by Cyperus sp (22%), Commelina benghalensis (17%), Polygonum alatum (11%), Galinsoga parviflora (11%) and Digitaria sanguinalis (5%) during kharif 2019. The dominant weed species in maize crop were found to be Echinochloa colona, Cyperus sp. (C. iria and C.esculentus) and Commelina benghalensis with SDR values of 18.8, 17.9 and 14.6, respectively. Shannon Weiner index accounting for the order or abundance of a species within a community was highest for the RSSB + hoeing treatment (T3) followed by SSB + hoeing (T2), intercropping (T7) and chemical check (T10). It was lowest under RSSB + mulch (T6) followed by hoeing treatment (T1). The pod yield in plot with intensive cropping (T9) was maximum followed by chemical check (T10) in rabi 2018-19. Chemical check treatment (T10) gave highest maize green cob yield (10323 kg/ha). However, RSSB + hoeing with 9208 kg/ha of green cobs was statistically equal to the chemical check. Higher productivity (maize equivalent yield) of 11420 kg/ha was obtained under the chemical check (T10) treatment being at par with RSSB + hoeing (T3) (10160 kg/ha). The B:C followed the trend of intensive cropping > intercropping > chemical check > RSSB + hoeing > RSSB + mulch. Significantly higher energy use efficiency (12.3%) was recorded with crop rotation treatment (T8) followed by RSSB + hoeing (T3).
Open Access
Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
(palampur, 2019-05-02) Sran, Ranjeet Singh; Satish Paul
The present investigation entitled “Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was undertaken to get the information on nature and magnitude of gene action, combining ability and heterosis and thereby identifying potential parents and cross combinations for seed yield, fibre yield and associated traits under variable environments that could support further improvements of linseed productivity using appropriate breeding methodology. Eight linseed varieties viz., Surbhi, Bhagsu, Nagarkot, T-397, Himani, Baner, JRF-4 and JRF-1 were hybridized following Griffing’s Method 2, Model 1 in a half diallel fashion. Experimental materials comprising of eight linseed varieties and 28 F1 progenies were evaluated in RBD with three replications during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Various cross combinations were also examined to study the genetics of resistance to powdery mildew and rust in linseed at Palampur and research station SAREC Kangra, respectively during the year 2017-18. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied during 2016-17, 2017- 18 and pooled over environments, suggesting prevalence of wide range of genetic variability. Variance due to environment in pooled analysis revealed significant differences for all the traits studied except seeds per capsule. Genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was significant for most of the traits except plant height and technical height indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes. Variances due to GCA, SCA and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits. For most of the traits, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action, under such situation diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generations followed by recurrent selection might be appropriate approach toward genetic improvement of these traits. Based on GCA, Nagarkot and Surbhi were found to be good general combiner for seed yield whereas, JRF-1 and JRF-4 for fibre yield. On the basis of SCA effect and heterosis, the cross combinations Surbhi × Baner, Himani × JRF-4 and Bhagsu × Nagarkot for seed yield and Nagarkot × Himani for fibre yield were found best in pooled over the environments. The segregation pattern of powdery mildew and rust disease indicated that resistance was governed by a single dominant gene in cross combination T-397 × Nagarkot.
Open Access
Yield maximization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties at varying fertility level in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2019-08-30) Kumar, Nitesh; Mankotia, B. S
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 at CSKHPKV, Rice and Wheat Research Centre (RWRC), Malan with the objective of fine-tuning fertility levels for maximizing yield of rice varieties in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. The experiment consisted of 5 main-plot treatments comprising different fertility levels {50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF (90:40:40), 150% RDF, 50% RDF + Azolla and 100% RDF + Azolla} and 4 varieties as sub-plot treatments {Vivekdhan 65, HPR 2143, HPR 2720 (red rice) and AZ 6508 (hybrid)}. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and sufficient in available zinc and iron. Azolla was applied @ 20-25 g m -2 at 10 DAT, which was allowed to multiply in-situ for about 2-3 weeks and subsequently trampled twice. The increase in fertility level and Azolla application increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of rice. Application of Azolla increased the rice productivity significantly both at 50 and 100% RDF by 399 and 481 kg ha -1 , respectively. Application of 100% RDF + Azolla recorded productivity (5319 kg ha -1 ) and profitability (INR 79,490 ha -1 ) which was at par with productivity and profitability achieved with 150% RDF (5192 kg ha -1 , INR 75,738 ha -1 ). Similarly, 50% RDF + Azolla recorded productivity and profitability which was at par with 100% RDF thus revealing a saving of 50% RDF with the use of Azolla. Hybrid „AZ 6508‟ recorded maximum grain yield of 6924 kg ha -1 followed by Vivekdhan 65 (4822 kg ha -1 ), red rice „HPR 2720‟ (3924 kg ha -1 ) and HPR 2143 (3740 kg ha -1 ). The maximum net return (INR 93,924 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.13) were recorded by the hybrid AZ 6508. Though the productivity of Vivekdhan 65 was more than red rice „HPR 2720‟, but due to higher price of red rice it fetched more net return (INR 76,248 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (1.94). Interaction effect revealed that the application of 100% RDF + Azolla to the hybrid AZ 6508 produced grain yield of 7430 kg ha -1 with net return of INR 101,630 ha -1 and B:C ratio of 2.23. Thus, farmers of mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh can maximize the rice productivity by growing hybrid AZ 6508 and applying 100% RDF + Azolla @ 20-25 g m -2 10 DAT. Next to hybrid, red rice HPR 2720 is the most profitable choice.
Open Access
Economic analysis of hybrid paddy production in Poanta Sahib block of district Sirmaur (H.P.)
(palampur, 2019-07-23) Thakur, Narender; Gupta, Manoj
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal crop and is the staple food for more than 60 per cent of world‘s populace. About 90 per cent of all rice grown in the world is produced and consumed in the Asian region. In India, rice accounts for 32.7% and 41.5% of the acreage and production of food grains respectively. The present study was undertaken on hybrid paddy in Poanta Sahib block of Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. A survey of 60 hybrid paddy growers was conducted in Poanta Sahib block. Out of 60 farmers, 24 hybrid paddy growers were small and 36 growers were large. The major findings revealed that the average area under hybrid paddy cultivation was 1.14 ha on small farms, 1.94 ha on large farms with an average of 1.62 ha. The major component of cost was found to be hired labour estimated at Rs. 20592 per ha on overall farms. Value of seed was another major cost component as the cost of seed was estimated at Rs. 6346 per ha on overall farms. The productivity of hybrid paddy came out to be 67.14 q/ha on overall farms. The returns over total cost were Rs. 31802/ha on overall farms. The highest output-input ratio was on small farms (1.47:1) as compared to large farms (1.16:1) and it was 1.34:1 at overall farms. Maximum technological gap in hybrid paddy cultivation was in fertilizers use as excess amounts of chemical fertilizers were used. Number of irrigations was also higher than recommended rate on overall farm situations. The hybrid paddy production was found to be 108.84 q per farm on overall farms and 99.85 per cent of which was meant for sale in the market. The hybrid paddy growers followed three major marketing channels, out which channel-I (Producer- Govt. procurement agency-Miller-Govt. agency-fair prices shops-Consumer) was found to be major marketing channel disposing 64.38 per cent of total marketed surplus. The low efficiency index in channel-II was reported due to many market functionaries involved between producer and consumer. Non-availability of proper market and lack of milling facilities and labour shortage, high wage rate and tractor charges were the main problems reported by growers in the study area.
Open Access
Efficacy of bioformulations against cutworm, Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
(palampur, 2019-07-15) Joshi, Manish kumar; Verma, K. S.
The present investigation entitled “Efficacy of bioformulations against cutworm, Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)” was undertaken during 2018-2019 in the Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur to assess the intrinsic toxicity of different bioformulations viz., Dashparni ark, Neemastra, Agniastra, Brahmastra and garlic+ ginger+ mint mixture at concentration ranges from 2.5 to 40 per cent against the first, second and third instar larvae of A. ipsilon by leaf dip methods of bioassay. Based on LC50 values, the order of toxicity of bioformulations against first, second and third instar was observed as: Dashparni ark (8.28, 9.82, 11.69%) > Brahmastra (10.38, 11.58, 15.08%) > Agniastra (11.19, 13.21, 17.32%) > Neemastra (14.53, 15.43, 20.40%) > garlic + ginger + mint mixture (16.66, 19.01, 23.04%, respectively). The feeding inhibition (FI) studies of different bioformulations concentration ranges from 1.5 to 24 per cent were evaluated against the fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae of A. ipsilon. Based on FI50 values, the order of feeding inhibition of bioformulations tested against the fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae was observed as: Dashparni ark (5.11, 5.53, 7.08%) > Brahmastra (5.54, 5.76, 7.29%) > Agniastra (5.76, 6.17, 7.46%) > Neemastra (6.29, 6.67, 7.85%) > garlic + ginger + mint mixture (6.90, 7.39, 8.89%, respectively). Laboratory studies revealed that at recommended concentration (10%) of different bioformulations used against fourth instar larvae impaired the normal development of A. ipsilon by prolonging the larval period of fourth, fifth and sixth instar i.e. 3.55, 5.50 and 8.65 days in Dashparni ark as compared to control 2.45, 4.50 and 7.65 days, respectively. In Dashparni ark, there was 7.84 per cent increase in pupal period over control, reducing male and female longeivity, shortening the oviposition period and reducing the fecundity by 13.3 per cent in Dashparni ark i.e. 1085 eggs as compared to 1250 eggs in control. Evaluation of bioformulations against A. ipsilon in pot experiment under laboratory conditions revealed that the application of bioformulations (10%) in the potato seedling tray reduced the plant cut by fourth instar larvae to 69.24 per cent in Dashparni ark followed by Brahmastra (61.53%), Agniastra (49.24%), Neemastra (41.53%) and garlic + ginger + mint mixture (29.24%) over control. Based on the outcome of the present study, it was concluded that organic products have potential in causing mortality in the early stages of larval development besides impairing growth and development of later instar larvae. Among five organic products, Dashparni ark was observed to be the most effective treatment against the test insect.
Open Access
Elucidating the role of MYC2 transcription factor in Cucumber mosaic virus infection
(palampur, 2019-07-30) Eshwar, Jadhav; Hallan, Vipin
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has the broadest host range among known plant viruses, infecting more than 1,200 species of plants from monocotyledons to dicotyledons. As the effects of CMV is very diverse in nature causing epidemics in diverse crops, it is important to understand the host- pathogen interactions in order to develop plants which can be resistant to plant virus infections. The expression of stress-responsive genes is intimately dependant on its transcriptional control which directly leads to plant response to various stresses. The MYC2 class of transcription factors has recently emerged as a master regulator of the signalling pathways of jasmonic acid (JA) and those of other phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), and auxin (IAA). Jasmonic acid is the plant hormone that regulates the plant growth, development and defense responses. The MYC2-3 mutant line of Arabidopsis thaliana was used for the analysis of the role MYC2 transcription factor in CMV virus infection. Characterization of MYC2-3 mutant line through jasmonic acid and abscisic acid treatments revealed that the wild type showed reduced root length as compare to MYC2-3 mutant. It was also revealed that the MYC2-3 mutant line has resistance to CMV virus as compared to the wild type plant. Also, SDS PAGE and MALDI-TOF analysis showed that the expression of enzymes and proteins involved in the photosynthetic pathway to be directly affected in the MYC2-3 mutant line on CMV infection. This study could be directly used for development of CMV resistant plant varieties through genome editing in future
Open Access
Effect of local environmental conditions on the growth of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides spp. mongolica) varieties in Lahaul valley, Himachal Pradesh (HP)
(palampur, 2019-07-22) Samimi, Hazrat Mohammad; Singh, Virendra
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.), locally known as Chharma, belonging to the family Elaeagnaceae, is a multipurpose plant naturally grows in high altitude cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh. Fruit and leaves of seabuckthorn are quite rich in vitamins, antioxidants, sterols and polyphenols etc., which have application in development of variety of health food, cosmetics and medicines. In order to meet increasing demand of seabuckthorn raw material in industries, there is a need to carry out massive cultivation of improved seabuckthorn. Local improved forms of seabuckthorn could not be domesticated by farmers due to presence of thorns, small fruit size, lower fruit harvesting yield and low fruit yield. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adaptation and growth of five Russian seabuckthorn (H. rhamnoides spp. mongolica) varieties, which are globally introduced, after two years of growth at university Seabuckthorn Research Farm situated at Kukumseri (2750 m asl) and in the farmers’ fields in cluster of villages at higher altitude (3200-3300 m asl) in Lahaul, Lahaul-Spiti, a cold desert region of Himachal Pradesh. Seabuckthorn varieties were planted at a spacing of 3 m x 1.25 m spacing. There were total 11 treatments (5 Russian seabuckthorn varieties at two altitudes and a local selection of seabuckthorn “Drilbu” as a control). The Russian varieties showed higher survival rates at lower altitude at university farm (82-74%) than exotics growing higher altitude (54-20%), showing there was a significantly (P<0.05) lesser survival of seabuckthorn varieties at higher altitude under extreme climatic condition and unusual heavy snowfall during September month of 2018. NX1 and NX6 showed higher survival rates than other varieties. At lower altitude, LNX-6 showed the maximum height of 107 cm, followed by LNX-3 (103 cm). There was a significantly (P<0.05) decline in height of same varieties raised at higher altitude. Similar trends were observed in case of stem girth. At lower altitude, the maximum canopy spread in east direction was observed in LNX3 (34.1 cm), which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other forms. The canopy spread declined significantly (P<0.05) in varieties from lower altitude (34.1-19.0 cm) to higher altitude (23.3-18.8 cm). Similar trends were observed in plant canopy spread in south direction. LNX-2 showed the maximum canopy spread of 24.2 cm, followed by LNX1 (22.2 cm) and others. The maximum leaf length was observed in LNX-1 (5.7 cm), followed by LNX-3 (5.5 cm) and others. The leaf length of exotics significantly (P<0.05) decreased at higher altitude. It was maximum of 5.2 cm in HNX3, significantly (P<0.05) higher than other varieties. The similar trends were observed in case of leaf width parameter. Growth parameters in seabuckthorn exotics were observed better at lower altitude (2750 m asl) than higher altitude (3200-3300 m asl). After 2 years of growth under field conditions, over all, seabuckthorn exotics NX1 and NX6 have shown promising results of high rates of survival and growth of the plants, an indication of performance of the varieties. There was no occurrence of thorns in any of the varieties. However, further studies are required to ascertain the best and most promising Russian seabuckthorn varieties, particularly under fruiting stage.
Open Access
Studies on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) defence to blight pathogen Ascochyta rabiei
(palampur, 2019-07-30) Gaikwad, Dinesh Subhash; Sharma, Kamal Dev
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a self-pollinated diploid (2n=2x=16) with haploid genome size of ∼740 Mbps, is an important food legume of subtropical and tropical regions and is believed to be originated in the Mediterranean region. In cool and humid regions of the world, chickpea blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei causes huge yield losses. Some accession of C. arientinum and wild Cicer species possess resistance to the disease, however molecular mechanism governing host resistance are poorly understood. With the aim to understand regulation of expression of genes involved in defence to A. rabiei, the expression of six defence genes [Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Isoflavone reductase (IFR) Flavanone 3- hydroxylase (F3H), Pathogenesis related protein - 2b (PR-2b), Basic leucine zipper 24 (bzip24) and SNAKIN-2 (Antimicrobial peptides)] was elucidated in resistant and susceptible genotype of chickpea after inoculation (2 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 72 h) with A. rabiei. Gene expression was studied using quantitative Real-Time PCR and the expression was normalized with two reference genes, Clathrin adaptor complexes (CAC) and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCT). The sequences of the mRNAs were retrieved from National Center for Biotechnology Information database followed by identification of coding sequences (CDS) and design of primers. The genes (PAL, IFR, F3H) of the phenylpropanoid pathway that govern phytoalexin production expressed within 2 h after landing of the spores on chickpea surface and expression was considerably higher in resistant HC-1 then susceptible GPF2. The genes for pathogenesis related protein (PR-2b), antimicrobial peptide (SNAKIN-2) and transcription factor (bZIP24) had peaks at 24 h in the resistant genotype indicating maximum expression in resistant genotype at the time of host penetration and subsequent pathogen spread. The susceptible host (GPF2), on the other hand was slow in its response as is evident from low or delayed overexpression as compared to resistant host. It appears that defence to Ascochyta blight in chickpea is a precisely coordinated reaction of the host, where phytoalexin accumulation appears to occur within hours of inoculation, whereas antimicrobial peptides accumulate at the time of host invasion and pathogen spread

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