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Theses

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2015 - 202021
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 21
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Continuous rate intravenous infusion of propofol in dogs
    (palampur, 2020-11-13) Naryal, Sukti; Kumar, Amit
    The study was conducted for the clinical evaluation of propofol CRI and comparing it to isoflurane anaesthesia on 30 client owned dogs divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each, presented for various surgical procedures. Animals of all the three groups were subjected to a common drug regime till induction of anaesthesia i.e., administration of Inj. Butorphanol tartrate @ 0.2 mg/kg b.wt. I/M initially which was followed by Inj. Atropine sulphate @ 0.02-0.04 mg/kg b.wt. S/C after 30 minutes. The animals were further premedicated with Inj. Diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V and general anaesthesia in all the animals was induced by Inj. Propofol "to effect" I/V. Then further, following induction of general anaesthesia animals were either maintained with propofol CRI with using syringe pump (group A, n=10) or propofol CRI with using pediatric drip set (group B, n=10) or with isoflurane (group C, n=10). All the animals received 100 per cent oxygen throughout the procedure. Parameters under investigation included analog-clinical observations, cardiovascular parameters, pulmonary parameters, response to anaesthesia intra-operatively, haemato biochemistry, electrolytes and drug dosage at various time intervals and recovery parameters. Mean ± SE induction dose of propofol was 3.468 ± 0.125 mg/kg I/V in all (n=30) animals. Smooth induction and transfer with complete muscle relaxation and analgesia was achieved in all the animals. Progressive hypothermia was observed in all the groups which improved during the recovery phase with most pronounced values in group C animals. ECG conduction and duration findings were majorly within normal physiological limits with no significant changes. Significant increase in heart rate was seen in immediate post induction period in all the three groups which remained on the higher range when compared with the baseline values. Depression in mean blood pressure was observed in all the three groups after induction. The CVP values was lower with propofol CRI when compared to isoflurane but remained within normal physiological range in all the groups. SpO2 and EtCO2 values remained within acceptable range throughout the procedure in all the groups. Significant respiratory depression was seen in group A and B with transient apnea in 2 animals. Significant fall in the values of Hb, PCV and TLC was observed in group B. Biochemical parameters and electrolytes remained within physiological ranges in all the groups. The dose of propofol CRI was 0.38 mg/kg/min and 0.44 mg/kg/minute with syringe pump and pediatric drip set, respectively. Recovery period was longer in animals maintained with propofol than in animals maintained with isoflurane. Intra-operative and post-operative muscle dystonia, paddling and opisthotonus was seen in animals of group A and B. One animal showed persistent palpebral reflex throughout the procedure, one haemolysis in plasma sample intra operatively and one horizontal nystagmus post-operatively, without resulting in any clinical consequence. Post operative vocalization was a most common finding in animals of group C. The propofol CRI protocols used in the study were found safe and comparable with isoflurane anaesthesia and recommended for different types of surgeries limiting for 60 minutes in canine species
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN DOGS
    (CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-30) CHAWLA, HIMANSHU; Katoch, Ajay
    The present investigation was aimed to study the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in dogs. The study was conducted on 2063 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Palampur. On the basis of history and clinical signs, haematological examination, biochemical analysis, urine examination, radiographic and ultrasonographic studies, 188 cases suffering from urinary tract infection were included in the study representing an incidence of 9.1%. Amongst 188 dogs, 20 dogs were affected with Acute renal failure (ARF), 80 dogs with Chronic renal failure (CRF), 50 dogs with Cystitis and 38 dogs with Urolithiasis. Incidence of urinary tract infection was highest in 5-8 year age group (31.91%). The incidence of renal failure and urolithiasis was highest in >8years age group whereas the incidence of cystitis was highest in 5-8 year age group. Labradors, Pomeranian and Non-descript were the most common affected breeds. The most common clinical signs observed in renal failure dogs were anorexia, dullness and depression, dehydration, paleness of mucous membranes, vomiting, dental tartar, melena and hematuria whereas hematuria, dribbling of urine, stranguria and pollakiuria were commonly observed in dogs suffering from cystitis and urolithiasis. Leucocytosis was observed in all the groups whereas thrombocytopenia was observed only in renal failure dogs. Dogs suffering from CRF had decreased TEC, Hb (10.50 ± 0.42 g/dl) and PCV (30.54 ± 1.21%). There was significant increase in BUN (141.44 ± 16.28 mg/dl) and Creatinine (8.67 ± 1.06 mg/dl) levels in ARF dogs whereas corresponding levels in CRF dogs were 180.29 ± 13.63 mg/dl and 8.16 ± 0.56 mg/dl respectively which in addition also showed hyperphosphatemia (8.54 ± 0.62 mg/dl). BUN (84.46 ± 11.01 mg/dl) and Creatinine (2.27 ± 0.35 mg/dl) were also significantly increased in Urolithiasis with no significant change in Cystitis. Significant decreased levels in Sodium (136.8 ± 1.89 mmol/L) and Chloride (99.76 ± 2.12 mmol/L) were observed in ARF dogs while only significant decrease in Sodium (140.1 ± 0.94 mmol/L) was observed in CRF dogs. Blood gas and acid base status revealed significant decrease in HCO3 in chronic renal failure dogs indicating metabolic acidosis. Urinalysis revealed significant decrease in urine pH in dogs suffering from Cystitis and Urolithiasis whereas significant decrease in urine specific gravity was observed in dogs suffering from Chronic renal failure and Cystitis. UPC ratio was highest in dogs suffering from Urolithiasis (4.84 ± 2.51) followed by Cystitis and Renal Failure. uALP : uCreat ratio (28.66 ± 22.84) and uGGT : uCreat ratio (28.72 ± 25.83) was higher in ARF dogs indicating significance of biomarkers in detection of acute damage to the kidneys. The highest sensitivity of Marbofloxacin (91.53%) was observed on antibiogram followed by Doxycycline (58.46%) and Nitrofurantoin (55.38%). E.coli (20.12%) was the most commonly isolated bacteria followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14.46%), Proteus spp.(11.94%) and Pseudomonas spp. (8.80%). Cystoliths, nephroliths, urethroliths, ascites, increased echogenicity, merging densities of cortex and medulla, end stage renal disease, hydronephrosis, pyelectasia, cystitis and prostate enlargement were diagnosed through radiography and ultrasonography. Ehrlichiosis induced Chronic kidney disease was detected in 10 cases signifying the importance of haemoprotozoan infection in causing renal disease. Conventional treatment along with fluid therapy, antibiotics, supportive as well as specific treatment based on cultural sensitivity tests and surgical intervention resulted in 70% (14/20) recovery in Acute renal failure, 60% (48/80) in Chronic renal failure, 100% (50/50) in Cystitis and 94% (36/38) in Urolithiasis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BOVINE MASTITIS
    (CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-11-04) BHARDWAJ, KANIKA; Sharma, Pardeep
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ABDOMINAL AFFECTIONS IN EQUINES.
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-07-03) Damle, Himanshu Umesh; Adarsh Kumar
    The present work involved standardization of various ultrasonographic techniques for scanning the equine abdomen and their clinical application. The standardization process involved 10 native adult horses and four different techniques were standardized viz. complete abdominal ultrasound technique, Fast Localized Abdominal Sonography in Horse (FLASH), transrectal ultrasound technique, and translumbar ultrasound technique. The equine abdomen was studied with respect to the ultrasonographic anatomy, relative position of organs and their clinically relevant features. In the FLASH technique, seven different windows were scanned in order to obtain specific information regarding various organs and the peritoneal space. With the translumbar technique, both kidneys were imaged in good detail and inferred that the technique can be applied on patients suspected for renal pathologies. The transrectal ultrasound technique helped visualize the organs of the caudal abdomen satisfactorily and also aided diagnosis in the patients. The various ultrasound techniques were applied on 16 patients presented with abdominal affections. The FLASH technique was applied on 14 patients and a diagnosis was achieved in 64.28 per cent of patients. The FLASH technique effectively identified peritoneal free fluid and its characteristics, changes in wall thickness, distended or turgid loops of small intestine with altered motility, and abnormal location of an intestinal segment in a very short span of time. With the FLASH technique, a diagnosis was achieved in the early hours of presentation and helped decide whether the patient is to be managed medically or surgically. Serial ultrasonography of the equine abdomen in the immediate post-operative period was found to be beneficial in montoring the status of the abdominal cavity. It was concluded that, ultrasonography is a versatile tool to study the equine abdomen and has immense diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Anatomically Contoured Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing for Fixation of Femoral Fractures in Dogs.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Sakshi; Tyagi, S. P.
    The study was conducted on the clinical cases of dogs presented in the department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCNCOVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur from January 2018 to April 2019. The main objectives were to evaluate the clinical application of specially designed anatomically contoured interlocking nails (ACIILN) for repair of femoral fractures in dogs and to compare it with other fixation techniques in similar kinds of fractures. Besides, a brief study was also undertaken to record the regional occurrence of fractures in dogs. The dogs formed the majority of fracture cases presented to the department (204 out of 262). The distribution of fractures in them was found to be 78 per cent and the incidence as 16 per cent with juveniles forming the majority among them (105 out of 204). The automobile accident was the main etiology for fractures in dogs (96 out of 204) followed by fall from a height (55 out of 204) and the femur, most affected among long bone (53 out of 145). All the femoral fractures in dogs were closed; the fracture types varied a lot and were repaired with different fixation techniques. ACIILN technique was utilized to fix 10 selected cases of simple diaphyseal femoral fractures in these dogs. The technique was later compared with only end threaded self-tapping pinning (ETP) in three selected comparable cases of mid-diaphyseal fractures.The ACIILN technique was almost similar to straight IILN techniques. However, difficulty was faced during drilling of distal holes to align with cannulation of ACIILN. Frequent misalignment of distal screws occurred, particularly at the most distal level. It was due to the sloping anatomy of distal femur leading to slipping of drill bits a little despite use of appropriate drill sleeves. It resulted in causing an eccentric hole and hence screws often missed the ACIILN cannulation. However, at least one screw could still be fixed properly in either segment of fractures in all cases and the fractures largely remained stable leading to uneventful healing in most cases. However, technically, it was more cumbersome, time- consuming and challenging as compared to ETP technique. Adequate intramedullary reaming of distal femurs by straight reamers was another common difficulty during application of ACIILN.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    OCULAR AFFECTIONS IN ANIMALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CORNEAL MELANOSIS.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Charbiwala, Murtaza Khozema; Tyagi, S. P.
    The present study was carried out to diagnose, evaluate and manage corneal melanosis in animals; evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic management of other ocular conditions; and to record and study the regional occurrence of ocular affections in animals. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of animals presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India from April, 2018 to March, 2019. The overall occurrence of ocular affections in animals was found to be 10.26 per cent; species-wise incidence was higher in dogs; sex-wise in males; ocular anatomy-wise in cornea. Among different animals, dogs were more commonly affected with corneal melanosis and the condition was mostly associated with Brachycephalic ocular syndrome with Pugs being most-commonly affected breed and males showing a higher incidence than females. Various characteristics like degree, depth and pattern of ‘Corneal melanosis’ were recorded and evaluated. Management of corneal melanosis was conducted with medical and surgical methods often in conjunction. Topical steroids, Cyclosporine and tacrolimus largely proved to be good in halting progression of corneal melanosis but not in reducing the exiting melanosis. Diamond burr superficial keratectomy (DBSK) proved to be an easy, effective and fast technique for surgical debridement of corneal melanosis. DBSK along with partial conjunctivectomy and diathermy of limbal vessels adjacent to melanotic area proved good in minimizing re-pigmentation of cornea following surgery. Parotid duct transposition proved to be a good option to lubricate eyes in cases of refractory keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Pre-emptive correction of macropalpebral fissure and medial lower entropion in young dogs by Medial canthoplasty prevented the development of corneal pigmentation in susceptible dogs. Post-operative diligent topical therapy was found to be extremely important for good outcomes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF URINARY BLADDER IN ENZOOTIC BOVINE HAEMATURIA AFFECTED CATTLE.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, Adarsh
    Aim of the present study was the application of sonography of urinary bladder (UB) to derive the normal biometric parameters and compare the same with animals suffering from Enzootic Bovine Haematuria (EBH). For standardization USG scanning was done in 50 apparently healthy cattle.The echo pattern of UB in healthy animals was found to be homogeneously anechoic (black), indicative of clear urine content. The wall of UB showed a hyperechoic (white) appearance. The mean thickness value of UB wall at 7 different locations ranged from 0.18±0.003 cm to 0.27±0.003 cm and the average wall thickness of different locations was 0.22±0.003 cm in healthy animals. Seventy (70) animals suspected to be affected with EBH were examined in Kullu and Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Maximum occurrence of EBH was reported in the age group of 2 to 8 years (58.57 %). Males (44.28%) were almost equally affected as females (55.71%). USG scanning was done in all 70 animals suffering from EBH and findings were classified on the basis of severity. The 1st-degree alterations constituted wall undulation and consolidation showing hypoechogenic wall thickness increased at single or multiple places with smooth, irregular, pinhead eruption and inflamed bladder. The mean wall thickness in the affected bladder at 7 different locations of UB ranged from 0.37±0.01 cm to 0.57±0.012 cm. and the average wall thickness of different locations was found to be 0.46±0.012 cm which was significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to that of healthy animals. This was found to be the most sensitive and early indicator of initiation of EBH. The 2nd-degreealterationsincludedfocal and multifocal hyperechoic growths that arose from the mural surface of the bladder wall and projected towards the bladder lumen. Focal growths from the UB mucosa were found to occur initially in the caudal region followed by trigone of the UB. The 3rd-degree alterations constituted infiltrative growths that interrupted the continuity and infiltrated up to the muscular layer of the bladder wall, and hence could not be differentiated ultrasonographically. The 4th-degree alterations included fragile and shredded margins of proliferative growths that led to continuous and profuse bleeding during the act of micturition. The 5th- degree included massive obliterative narrowing of cystic luminal space with or without projections that extended up to urethra. Margins of these growths were found to be hyperechogenic due to its fibrotic nature and thus had comparatively less chance of bleeding. Colour Doppler studies at all stages of disease revealed extensive vascular supply justifying the bleeding nature of the condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    APPLICATION OF THELOSCOPY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE TEAT AND UDDER AFFECTIONS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-21) M.C., Vasanth Kumar; Adarsh Kumar
    The aim of the present study was to assess sonography and theloscopy techniques for the management of bovine teat and udder affections. A total of 98 bovines patients were included in the study. A linear probe of 7.3-10 MHz was used to scan the udder (transcutaneous scan) and teat (water bath scan). Ectopic udder was imaged as a mass having functional GC, TC, glandular tissue. Congenital teat fistulas were imaged as ancillary hypoechoic rent in TW. Conjoined teats were imaged as teats with accessory TC and GC which were having independent drainage from glandular tissue. Athelia was imaged as quarters with functional GC and absence of TC, SC. Herniation of intestines into udder was imaged as a motile sacculated loop with mixed echogenic content. Tumor in glandular tissue imaged as a large hypoechoic mass with the well marginated hyperechoic capsule showing high vascular perfusion. The abscesses in udder were imaged as a circular mass with the hyperechoic capsule and mixed echogenic contents. The statistical analysis of sonographically measured teat parameters like SCL, SCD, TEW, TCD, TWT was conducted. The effects of parity on TEW and lactation period on SCL & TEW were significant (P< 0.05). Other factors like age, pregnancy, udder lobe (RFQ, RHQ, LFQ, LHQ), CMT scores did not have any effect on the measurements. The various TC lesions diagnosed in axial theloscopy included foreign body, fibrosis cord, calcified mass, large blood clots, large pedunculated mass, diffused nodules, fibrotic pedunculated mass, deformed AF, nodular fibrin accumulation, edematous mass, mucosal diaphragm, granulation tissue mass. The ultrasonography proved as a vital diagnostic aid for diagnosing various insidious udder and teat disorders which can be a potential threat to the productivity of animals. Along with the diagnosis of the lesion by sonography, additional features like size, shape, location, vascularity, contents were also ascertained. Sonographic measurements of teat structures like SCL, SCD, TEW, TWT, TCD provided an imperative diagnostic lead in the prophylaxis and prediction of the incoming teat and udder disorders. Theloscopy was found to be a vital imaging aid for diagnosing various milk outflow disorders. The virtual telescopic examination of teat lesion gave a lead for therapeutic theloresectoscopy. Both the techniques can serve as gold standard indicators for determining the diagnosis, therapeutics and prognosis of the teat and udder affections.