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20194
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2019 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ABDOMINAL AFFECTIONS IN EQUINES.
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-07-03) Damle, Himanshu Umesh; Adarsh Kumar
    The present work involved standardization of various ultrasonographic techniques for scanning the equine abdomen and their clinical application. The standardization process involved 10 native adult horses and four different techniques were standardized viz. complete abdominal ultrasound technique, Fast Localized Abdominal Sonography in Horse (FLASH), transrectal ultrasound technique, and translumbar ultrasound technique. The equine abdomen was studied with respect to the ultrasonographic anatomy, relative position of organs and their clinically relevant features. In the FLASH technique, seven different windows were scanned in order to obtain specific information regarding various organs and the peritoneal space. With the translumbar technique, both kidneys were imaged in good detail and inferred that the technique can be applied on patients suspected for renal pathologies. The transrectal ultrasound technique helped visualize the organs of the caudal abdomen satisfactorily and also aided diagnosis in the patients. The various ultrasound techniques were applied on 16 patients presented with abdominal affections. The FLASH technique was applied on 14 patients and a diagnosis was achieved in 64.28 per cent of patients. The FLASH technique effectively identified peritoneal free fluid and its characteristics, changes in wall thickness, distended or turgid loops of small intestine with altered motility, and abnormal location of an intestinal segment in a very short span of time. With the FLASH technique, a diagnosis was achieved in the early hours of presentation and helped decide whether the patient is to be managed medically or surgically. Serial ultrasonography of the equine abdomen in the immediate post-operative period was found to be beneficial in montoring the status of the abdominal cavity. It was concluded that, ultrasonography is a versatile tool to study the equine abdomen and has immense diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Anatomically Contoured Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing for Fixation of Femoral Fractures in Dogs.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Sakshi; Tyagi, S. P.
    The study was conducted on the clinical cases of dogs presented in the department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCNCOVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur from January 2018 to April 2019. The main objectives were to evaluate the clinical application of specially designed anatomically contoured interlocking nails (ACIILN) for repair of femoral fractures in dogs and to compare it with other fixation techniques in similar kinds of fractures. Besides, a brief study was also undertaken to record the regional occurrence of fractures in dogs. The dogs formed the majority of fracture cases presented to the department (204 out of 262). The distribution of fractures in them was found to be 78 per cent and the incidence as 16 per cent with juveniles forming the majority among them (105 out of 204). The automobile accident was the main etiology for fractures in dogs (96 out of 204) followed by fall from a height (55 out of 204) and the femur, most affected among long bone (53 out of 145). All the femoral fractures in dogs were closed; the fracture types varied a lot and were repaired with different fixation techniques. ACIILN technique was utilized to fix 10 selected cases of simple diaphyseal femoral fractures in these dogs. The technique was later compared with only end threaded self-tapping pinning (ETP) in three selected comparable cases of mid-diaphyseal fractures.The ACIILN technique was almost similar to straight IILN techniques. However, difficulty was faced during drilling of distal holes to align with cannulation of ACIILN. Frequent misalignment of distal screws occurred, particularly at the most distal level. It was due to the sloping anatomy of distal femur leading to slipping of drill bits a little despite use of appropriate drill sleeves. It resulted in causing an eccentric hole and hence screws often missed the ACIILN cannulation. However, at least one screw could still be fixed properly in either segment of fractures in all cases and the fractures largely remained stable leading to uneventful healing in most cases. However, technically, it was more cumbersome, time- consuming and challenging as compared to ETP technique. Adequate intramedullary reaming of distal femurs by straight reamers was another common difficulty during application of ACIILN.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    OCULAR AFFECTIONS IN ANIMALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CORNEAL MELANOSIS.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Charbiwala, Murtaza Khozema; Tyagi, S. P.
    The present study was carried out to diagnose, evaluate and manage corneal melanosis in animals; evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic management of other ocular conditions; and to record and study the regional occurrence of ocular affections in animals. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of animals presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India from April, 2018 to March, 2019. The overall occurrence of ocular affections in animals was found to be 10.26 per cent; species-wise incidence was higher in dogs; sex-wise in males; ocular anatomy-wise in cornea. Among different animals, dogs were more commonly affected with corneal melanosis and the condition was mostly associated with Brachycephalic ocular syndrome with Pugs being most-commonly affected breed and males showing a higher incidence than females. Various characteristics like degree, depth and pattern of ‘Corneal melanosis’ were recorded and evaluated. Management of corneal melanosis was conducted with medical and surgical methods often in conjunction. Topical steroids, Cyclosporine and tacrolimus largely proved to be good in halting progression of corneal melanosis but not in reducing the exiting melanosis. Diamond burr superficial keratectomy (DBSK) proved to be an easy, effective and fast technique for surgical debridement of corneal melanosis. DBSK along with partial conjunctivectomy and diathermy of limbal vessels adjacent to melanotic area proved good in minimizing re-pigmentation of cornea following surgery. Parotid duct transposition proved to be a good option to lubricate eyes in cases of refractory keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Pre-emptive correction of macropalpebral fissure and medial lower entropion in young dogs by Medial canthoplasty prevented the development of corneal pigmentation in susceptible dogs. Post-operative diligent topical therapy was found to be extremely important for good outcomes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF URINARY BLADDER IN ENZOOTIC BOVINE HAEMATURIA AFFECTED CATTLE.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, Adarsh
    Aim of the present study was the application of sonography of urinary bladder (UB) to derive the normal biometric parameters and compare the same with animals suffering from Enzootic Bovine Haematuria (EBH). For standardization USG scanning was done in 50 apparently healthy cattle.The echo pattern of UB in healthy animals was found to be homogeneously anechoic (black), indicative of clear urine content. The wall of UB showed a hyperechoic (white) appearance. The mean thickness value of UB wall at 7 different locations ranged from 0.18±0.003 cm to 0.27±0.003 cm and the average wall thickness of different locations was 0.22±0.003 cm in healthy animals. Seventy (70) animals suspected to be affected with EBH were examined in Kullu and Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Maximum occurrence of EBH was reported in the age group of 2 to 8 years (58.57 %). Males (44.28%) were almost equally affected as females (55.71%). USG scanning was done in all 70 animals suffering from EBH and findings were classified on the basis of severity. The 1st-degree alterations constituted wall undulation and consolidation showing hypoechogenic wall thickness increased at single or multiple places with smooth, irregular, pinhead eruption and inflamed bladder. The mean wall thickness in the affected bladder at 7 different locations of UB ranged from 0.37±0.01 cm to 0.57±0.012 cm. and the average wall thickness of different locations was found to be 0.46±0.012 cm which was significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to that of healthy animals. This was found to be the most sensitive and early indicator of initiation of EBH. The 2nd-degreealterationsincludedfocal and multifocal hyperechoic growths that arose from the mural surface of the bladder wall and projected towards the bladder lumen. Focal growths from the UB mucosa were found to occur initially in the caudal region followed by trigone of the UB. The 3rd-degree alterations constituted infiltrative growths that interrupted the continuity and infiltrated up to the muscular layer of the bladder wall, and hence could not be differentiated ultrasonographically. The 4th-degree alterations included fragile and shredded margins of proliferative growths that led to continuous and profuse bleeding during the act of micturition. The 5th- degree included massive obliterative narrowing of cystic luminal space with or without projections that extended up to urethra. Margins of these growths were found to be hyperechogenic due to its fibrotic nature and thus had comparatively less chance of bleeding. Colour Doppler studies at all stages of disease revealed extensive vascular supply justifying the bleeding nature of the condition.