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ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON HEPATIC DYSFUNCTIONS IN CANINE(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-09-13) SHARMA, Saurabh; Wadhwa, Des RajThe study was conducted on 894 dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.). On the basis of history and clinical examination, dogs suspected for hepatic dysfunction were subjected to haemato-biochemical examinations, radiography and ultrasonography to confirm hepatic diseases. Among these, 26 dogs (2.91%) dogs with different hepatic dysfunctions were diagnosed, out of which 80.77% were of primary liver disorders and 19.23% were of reactive hepatopathies. Among primary hepatopathies, the acute hepatitis formed the largest group (57.69%) followed by cirrhosis (19.23%) and hepatitis with jaundice (15.38%) and a single case (3.85%) of hepatic tumour. The mean age of dogs having primary hepatic dysfunctions was higher (53.09 ± 9.23 months) than the dogs having reactive hepatopathies (23.80 ± 7.94 months). The dogs suffering from liver dysfunctions showed symptoms like inappetance/anorexia, ascites, vomition, dullness, constipation, fever, diarrhoea, pale mucosa, jaundice, weight loss, melaena and weakness. Haematological examination revealed significantly decreased haemoglobin and packed cell volume in primary hepatic dysfunctions and neutrophilic leucocytosis in hepatitis and reactive hepatopathy. The mean activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatse were markedly higher in all the hepatic dysfunctions. Biochemical examination revealed hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in primary hepatic dysfunctions. Ultrasonographic studies were found very helpful in evaluation of liver status and classification of hepatopathies. Following the combined therapy comprising hepatoprotectant (Silymarin), fluid therapy, liver extract, antibiotic, antiemetic and diuretics, 60 per cent cases of hepatitis and 40 percent cases of cirrhosis could be treated successfully.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-12) Rana, Sanjeev; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was undertaken to carry out epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic studies on bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. Epidemiological survey at various dairy farms comprising 843 cattle revealed papillomatosis in 6.16 per cent. The warts were more frequent in the age above 3 years (68.04%). The incidence was higher in cross bred animals and Jersey cross was maximum affected (74.22%). All the affected animals were females. Mostly heifers (29.89%), 1st lactation (26.80%), and 2nd lactation (21.64%) animals were affected. Teats papillomatosis was recorded in 93.81 per cent cases. Warts on other body parts were present in 17.53 per cent cases, which included warts on muzzle, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, legs and inner aspect of thigh. The warts were severe (more than 20) in most animals (55.67%), less than 1 cm (72 %) and mostly of flat type (62.88%). Haematobiochemical profile of affected animals revealed no change than control group. Histopathologically, there was thickening of epidermis, degenerative changes in stratum granulosum and hyperkeratinization of stratum corneum. Combined use of anthiomaline along with levamisole was more efficacious (60 %) than anthiomaline alone (54.54%). Autogenous wart vaccine was effective in 71.42 per cent cases. Levamisole and ivermectin were effective in early and mild cases only and were effective in 27.27 and 36.36 per cent cases respectively. Based on the present study, it is advocated to use combination of anthiomaline and levamisole or autogenous vaccine for treatment of papillomatosis in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN KANGRA VALLEY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-06-22) Kaushik, Manoj; Pal, B.Mastitis is the most serious disease of lactating animals especially in high yielders. In India, losses due to mastitis amounting to the tune of rupees 2809.32 crores per annum were reported. The present investigation was carried out for a period of 1 year and 3 months. A total of 60 animals (54 cows and 6 buffaloes) comprising of 98 quarters, suffering from various types of mastitis, were included in this study. Clinical appraisal of mastitic cows and buffaloes; various direct and indirect tests viz., Strip cup test, MCMT, BTB indicator card method, WST and SCC were applied for the diagnosis. The incidence was also recorded. Microbial cultures of milk samples from affected quarters and in vitro drug sensitivity were also done. The status of micronutrients (zinc and copper), Vitamin E and acute phase proteins viz., ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen and albumin were estimated at pre and post- treatment. Treatment was done either with appropriate antibiotic alone or in combination with either tri-sodium citrate or zinc sulphate or vitamin E and selenium as per treatment schedule assigned. The overall incidence of the disease was observed to be 12.83% in College Veterinary Clinics & 6.94% in University Livestock Farm during the study period. On the basis of animals affected, the maximum incidence of mastitis was observed in the sub-acute form (46.67%) followed by acute (18.33%); whereas on quarters basis, the highest incidence was observed in sub-acute (44.90%) followed by acute (18.36%). Highest incidence was observed in crossbred (75.00%) and it was in the 4 th parity (38.33%). High yielders (30.00%) in the early stage of lactation (60.00%) and in rainy season (40.00%) were more prone to mastitis. Besides, left side quarters (60.20%) especially the fore quarters (51.02%) were mainly affected.SCC was significantly higher (p<0.01) in all types of mastitic milk. Staphylococcus spp. (58.06%) was the major isolate followed by Streptococcus spp. (19.36%), E.coli (12.90%), Bacillus spp. (5.38%) and Pseudomonas spp. (4.30%) associated with mastitis. Serum level of ceruloplasmin and plasma level of fibrinogen were found significantly higher (p<0.01) whereas albumin decreased (p<0.01) in mastitic animals and the mean values of these parameters became almost normalized at post-treatment. Zinc concentration was decreased but copper concentration was increased and Vitamin E was also decreased in mastitic animals. These values almost normalized at post-treatment. Clinically, intramammary administration of cefoperazone alongwith parenteral administration of Vit. E & Se was most effective in mastitis.ThesisItem Open Access STRATEGIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION STUDIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2009-08) S. Bais, Isha; Sharma, K. B.Unlike other nutrients, mineral elements can not be synthesized by living organisms. Therefore, a minimum level of mineral intake is necessary to fulfill the basic needs of the animals. Thus, investigations were conducted on strategic mineral supplementation in growing heifers to ensure better performance of heifers in their productive life. The heifers of different stages of development were selected and the effect of mineral supplementation on haematological, biochemical, growth and cyclicity was observed. The plasma as well as feed, fodder and water samples were analyzed for mineral status and the mineral mixture was formulated according to the prevalence of mineral deficiency and the animals were supplemented with mineral mixture for three months. Haematological and biochemical parameters varied within the normal range during the supplementation period. Overall significant (p<0.05) reduction in deficiency of calcium, sodium, potassium and copper was upto 47.20, 46.85, 49.36 and 78.93 % in calves, growing heifers and mature heifers respectively. Significant (p<0.05) effect on growth and cyclicity was observed with overall 12 % increase in body weight and 42.88 % of the growing and mature heifers showed signs of estrous. Mineral analysis of feed and fodder samples showed optimum levels except for copper which was quite low. It has been revealed from the study that correlation exists between mineral status of feed, fodder, water offered and blood plasma of the animals. On the basis of present study, it is concluded that a sufficient amount of mineral nutrients has to be supplemented to achieve optimum growth and performance of different stages of development in heifers of this area of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ENTERITIS IN NEONATAL CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010-06-25) Himanshu; Pal, B.Neonatal calf diarrhoea, being the leading cause of calf mortality in the dairy farm, is a major factor for economic loss to the livestock industry. During the present study the overall incidence of neonatal calf diarrhoea was found to be 47.97% in the livestock farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.). The incidence was highest (28.57%) in the age group of 4-6 days. Male calves suffered more (45.56%) than female calves (43.58%). The incidence was highest (67.87%) in rainy season and lowest (33.33%) in summer season. Sixty four (64) neonatal diarrhoeic calves, divided into 8 groups (8 calves in each group) were undertaken to study the clinical signs, haemato-biochemicals, electrolytes changes and therapeutic effects. Out of 64 diarrhoeic faecal samples cultured on specific media 56 (87.50%) were positive for Escherichia coli, 2 (3.12%) for Proteus sp. and 6 (9.37%) for mixed infection. All the 64 faecal samples were also screened for Cryptosporidium sp. microscopically and found 16 (25%) samples were positive. The diarrhoeic calves of 8 groups were treated with different therapeutic regimens viz., group I and II with ORS, group III and IV with intravenous RL along with oral administration of amoxicillin in group III and ofloxacin in group IV, group V and VI with intravenous RL along with parenteral administration of gentamicin in group V and enrofloxacin in group VI, group VII and VIII with intravenous RL along with oral administration of nitazoxanide in group VII and nitazoxanide with ofloxacin in group VIII. The effect of diarrhoea at pre-treatment and response of therapy on day 3 and day 5 (post-treatment) were judged. The efficacy of different treatment regimens were evaluated on the basis of restoration of clinical signs, haemato-biochemicals and electrolytes changes. Increased PCV and TLC were observed at pre-treatment. Decreased level of immunoglobins, plasma glucose and increased level of total plasma protein, plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma creatinine were observed at pre-treatment. Besides, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and hypochloraemia were also observed at pre-treatment. In mildly dehydrated calves, there was no difference in respect of improvement of diarrhoea at post- treatment between the group I and group II. In moderately dehydrated calves, group IV showed better improvement as compared to group III. In severely dehydrated calves, group VI showed better improvement than group V. Calves affected with Cryptosporidium sp. along with the bacterial infection treated with ofloxacin along with nitazoxanide (GroupVIII) showed better improvement as compared to group VII which was treated with nitazoxanide alone.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATION ON DIETARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS VIS-À-VIS SKIN HEALTH IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2008) Gupta, Ankur; Mandial, R.K.