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ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF SOME OVULATION SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS IN DAIRY COWS DIAGNOSE D WITH POST PARTUM SUB CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-12-03) SHARMA, AKSHAY; Singh, MadhumeetThe study was conducted on 45 post-partum dairy cows at Livestock Farm Complex, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Assessment of energy reserves i.e. body condition score (BCS) and back fat thickness (BFT), was done at weekly interval up to 8 weeks post-partum along with serum leptin estimation to investigate its association with occurrence of sub-clinical endometriris (SCE). For diagnostic purpose, endometrial cytology via cytotape method was carried out as confirmatory test for diagnosis of SCE i.e. polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) proportion ≥1 per cent. Also, trans-rectal Doppler ultrasonography at a weekly interval i.e. day 0 to 56, along with B-mode for assessment of uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity, was used. Serum inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive protein (C-RP) levels were estimated for drawing a relation with SCE. MG6G and MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocols were applied to study their effect on PMNCs proportion during SCE and post-partum reproductive performance. On the basis of endometrial cytology, the incidence of sub-clinical endometritis positive and clinical endometritis positive cows was 60 and 8.89 per cent, respectively at 8 weeks post-partum, however, the cows in sub-clinical endometritis negative group had an incidence of 31.11 per cent. BCS and BFT were significantly lower (p<0.05) in SCEP cows as compared to SCEN cows on the day 0 and 56 post-partum, however, serum leptin concentrations were significantly low (p<0.05) only on day 0 post-partum in SCEP cows. Haemodynamic indices i.e. Time averaged maximum velocity and Blood flow volume- Time averaged maximum velocity, and diameter of middle uterine artery ipsilateral to gravid uterine horn was significantly higher (p<0.01 & p<0.05) on day 0 and 56 post-partum in SCEP and CEP cows as compared to SCEN cows. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and C-RP were significantly higher (p<0.01 & p<0.05) in SCEP and CEP cows as compared to SCEN cows at 8 weeks post-partum. MG6G and MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocols led to a significant (p<0.05 & p<0.01, respectively) reduction in PMNCs proportion and serum IL-6 concentration on the day of estrus in cows under SCEP group. MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocol fared better in terms of achieving conception i.e. 60 per cent vs. 30 per cent in MG6G protocol and also, resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.01) in days open of SCEP cows as compared to cows under SCEP control and CEP group.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF INTRA-VAGINAL PROGESTERONE RELEASING INSERT IN REPEAT BREEDER COWS(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-05) CHANDEL, ANSHUL; Singh, MadhumeetThe study was carried out on 43 repeat breeder cows selected from Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex and Instructional livestock farm complex Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur along with nearby field veterinary institutions for the evaluation of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert. The selected cows were divided into four groups viz. Group 1 (G1; n=12) CIDR-PGF2α synchronization protocol and post-insemination CIDR insertion from day 4 to 13, Group 2 (G2; n=13) CIDR-PGF2α synchronization protocol and post-insemination CIDR insertion from day 12 to 21, and Group 3 and 4 control (G3 and G4; n=9 each) in which no treatment was given to cows and artificial insemination (AI) was done on the day of spontaneous estrus. Blood samples were collected at the time of post-insemination CIDR insertion, 72 h after CIDR insertion and 48 h after CIDR removal. Effect of treatment on follicular growth and corpus luteum development was assessed by trans-rectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Pregnancy diagnosis was done 45 days post AI by rectal examination and TRUS. Intra-vaginal CIDR insertion led to a higher conception rate in repeat breeder cows as compared to untreated cows under control group. Estrus synchronization with CIDR based protocols resulted in significantly lower (p<0.01-0.05) diameter of corpus luteum albicans as compared to nonsynchronized (control) cows at estrus. No significant increase (p>0.05) in progesterone concentration and corpus luteum size was recorded at different days of observations following post-insemination CIDR insertion in both the treatment groups as compared to control group. Subsequently pregnant repeat breeder cows following post-insemination CIDR insertion had a non-significantly (p>0.05) higher progesterone concentration and corpus luteum size at different days of observations in both the treatment and control groups as compared to non-pregnant cows. Also, mean pre-ovulatory follicular diameter was found to be non-significantly higher (p>0.05) in subsequently pregnant as compared to non-pregnant cows in treatment and control groups.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE TORSION IN BOVINES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur, 2019) Abrol, Ankur; Singh, MadhumeetThe present study was planned with the objectives of recording of incidence of uterine torsion in cattle and buffaloes of Himachal Pradesh and to determine the success rate of different procedures adopted to treat uterine torsion. The study was conducted in two parts. First part comprised of field survey of cases presented under field conditions of Himachal Pradesh and conducted through questionnaires. Second part comprised of recording of clinical observations, obstetrical interventions, haemato-biochemical and Doppler sonographic studies of middle uterine artery of torsion affected bovines presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) of college of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. In the field conditions of Himachal Pradesh buffaloes were more commonly presented with uterine torsion as compared to cows and right side and post cervical torsion was encountered more frequently as compared to left side and pre cervical uterine torsion. Modified Schaffer’s method was used more often than Caesarean section under field conditions to correct the condition and has a better dam and calf survival rate as compared to Caesarean section method. Among the uterine torsion affected bovines presented in TVCC, haematological analysis of uterine torsion affected cows and buffaloes showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in haemoglobin and lymphocyte concentration while there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in granulocyte and cortisol concentration as compared to eutocial cows and buffaloes, respectively. Resistance index was significantly higher (p<0.05) in middle uterine artery ipsi-lateral to uterine torsion affected cows as compared to eutocial cows. Blood flow volume and blood vessel diameter of ipsi-lateral middle uterine artery was significantly reduced (p<0.01) in uterine torsion affected cows and buffaloes as compared to the eutocial cows and buffaloes, respectively. Significantly higher blood flow volume on TAMAX basis (p<0.01; p<0.05) was discernible in middle uterine artery ipsi-lateral to the gravid horn as compared to the contra-lateral artery in normal eutocial cows and buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MONITORING OF EARLY PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC MORTALITY IN CATTLE(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur, 2019) Mahajan, Mohit; Singh, MadhumeetThe study was conducted at Instructional Livestock Farm Complex of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. Trans-rectal ultrasonography of the genital tract and the middle uterine arteries was performed in twenty-nine Jersey and Jersey crossbred cows (N=29) using portable ultrasound machine with a linear rectal probe at frequency 7.5 MHz, in brightness (B-mode), color Doppler and spectral modes from day 21 to day 42 post insemination at weekly intervals. Diagnosis of the pregnancy was based on sonographic visualization of a viable embryo within uterine horns. Cows with embryonic mortality were diagnosed on the basis of embryonic debris and remnants. Whereas, cows diagnosed as non-pregnant during ultrasonographic examination were only scanned up to day 28 post-insemination. Spectral Doppler analysis of the middle uterine artery (MUA) for determination of pregnancy and embryonic mortality as performed on Day 21. Parameters such as Pulsatality index (PI), Resistivity index (RI), Vascular Perfusion Index (VPI), Mean blood flow volume (Mean BFV), Maximum blood flow volume (Maximum BFV), Time Average Mean Velocity (TAMEAN), Time Average Maximum Velocity (TAMAX), Cross sectional area of MUA and Systole-Diastole ratio were calculated. In pregnant cows, sexing of the foetus was done on Day 60 of gestation, based on migration of the genital tubercle. Out of 29 cows taken for the study, 20 were found pregnant and 9 were non-pregnant. Among 20 pregnant cows, 5 were recorded to undergo embryonic mortality subsequently. Ultrasonography was found to be an efficient tool for diagnosis of pregnancy as early as 21 days with Corpus luteum parameters and with visualization of embryo as early as 28 days of gestation. Pregnant cows were diagnosed with sonographic visualization of embryo proper within an anechoic uterine horn. Whereas, cows with embryonic mortality revealed, reduced intra-uterine allantoic fluid, with hyperechoic free-floating structures, representing embryonic debris and remnants and distorted allanto-chorionic membrane within the uterine horn. Spectral Doppler ultrasonography of middle uterine artery was also found to be a suited tool for non-invasive accurate diagnosis of pregnancy, non-pregnancy and embryonic mortality. The overall incidence of embryonic mortality evident on ultrasonographic examination was 25 per cent, with 15 per cent embryonic mortality between Day 21-28 and 10 per cent between Days 28-35 of gestation. The percentage of male and female foeti were recorded to be 57.14 and 42.86 per cent, respectively at Day 60 of gestation.ThesisItem Open Access Study on effect of body condition score on reproduction in dairy cows in H.P(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2011) Nazhat,Sayed Ahmad; Kumar, NavneetThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ESTROUS BEHAVIOUR AND ESTROUS CYCLE RELATED ENDOCRINE PROFILE OF GADDI GOATS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-11-30) KUMAR, SUNIL; Sood, PankajABSTRACT Ten adult dry and non-pregnant Gaddi does were used in the present study for estrous behaviour and estrous cycle related endocrine profile. The study was conducted during short days under natural photoperiod from October, 2014 to February, 2015. All the does were induced by PG (Iall group), four of which were investigated in the subsequent spontaneous estrous cycle (S group). Information on the later set of goats during induced estrus (from the Iall group) was also used and categorized in a third group (I) to draw a comparison of estrous behaviour characteristics and endocrinology parameters between S, I and Iall. The endocrinology determinants were evaluated in peripheral blood plasma collected from estrus onset and every 3 hours thereafter till termination of estrus; in addition, day 7 and day 14 blood samples were also evaluated. A comparison of estrous behaviour characteristics was also made between confined (C) versus grazing (G) conditions. The average time interval from PG administration to estrous onset was 76.1±3.8 hours. Standing to be mounted, biting of estrus female, sniffing of vulva and tail flagging were most frequent signs characterizing onset of estrus, irrespective of PG injection or housing conditions. Unlike G condition, where all estrous signs peaked at 3 to 3.5 hours after estrous onset, all the other estrous behaviour signs attained peak frequency at 6 to 12.5 hours post estrous onset in S, I and Iall groups and C condition. Overall, estrous expression was better in S estrus and in C condition compared to their respective corresponding groups. There was no significant difference in estrous duration, estrous onset to ovulation and follicular diameter of S versus I versus Iall groups (28.4±1.4 versus 32.0±5.3 versus 30.6±4.1 h, 23.9±2.1 versus 28.5±2.7 versus 24.0±5.6 h and 9.8±0.6 versus 9.3±0.5 versus 9.5±0.5 mm, respectively). Double ovulation was present in one goat of the I group. There was no significant difference in ultrasonography assisted ovulatory and other associated endocrine determinants between the S, I and Iall groups. Estradiol17β, LH peak concentration, their timings from estrous onset, estradiol- 17β peak to ovulation interval and LH peak to ovulation interval did not differ significantly in all the three groups. The day 7 and day 14 plasma progesterone concentrations did not differ and the average values ranged from 6.5±1.1 to 7.2±1.9 ng/ml at day 7 and 10.9±2.6 to 12.4±2.1 ng/ml at day 14 in S, I and Iall groups. Genital discharge fern pattern differed with stage of estrus. Typical fern pattern coincided with peak frequency of estrous behaviour signs except under G condition, where the peak per se occurred much early. Induction of estrus did not affect ovulatory and endocrine characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS ON RESTORING FERTILITY OF INFERTILE ABANDONED COWS MAINTAINED IN GOSHALAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-07) SHARMA, ROHIT; Singh, MadhumeetABSTRACT Abandoned cows, reared in 18 Goshalas in different districts of Himachal Pradesh were examined clino-gynaecologically for reproductive status. Overall 321 abandoned cows diagnosed to be affected with 402 reproductive ailments (few of them with multifactor etiology) were taken for this study. These animals were treated as per the condition diagnosed. Uterine discharge samples of cows diagnosed as endometritis were subjected to culture sensitivity tests in Nutrient broth and Mueller Hinton agar. Blood samples were collected for estimation of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn. Na, K and Cl), biochemicals (Total Proteins, Cholesterol, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT), and hormones (T3, T4, TSH, cortisol, progesterone, estradiol-17β and insulin). There was highest prevalence of endometritis (27.8%) followed by cervical disorders (14.43%) which included cervical fibrosis, cervicitis, non-patent cervix and kinked cervix etc. However management errors were detected in 38.80 per cent animals. The antibiogram of uterine discharges indicated highest sensitivity for fluoroquinolones derivatives and gentamicin followed by tetracycline. Whereas high resistance was recorded forMetronidazole, Penicillin,Cloxacillin andNitrofurantoin. All bacteria were resistant toCotrimoxazole. Copper concentration significantly increased in recovered abandoned cows suffering from endometritis and treated anestrus cows, irrespective of recovery. Inorganic phosphorus concentrations significantly increased only in recovered true anestrus animals. The post-treatment recovery could be followed in 220 cows with 280 reproductive problems. A good proportion of endometritic cows (21.69%) responded to treatment whereas only 2.17 percent of the animals affected with cervical problems conceived. High post treatment recovery was recorded in true anestrus (42.17%) and silent estrus (56.25%) cows. In all 37 (16.82%) abandoned cows conceived out of total 220 cows followed to evaluate post-treatment recovery. Principal contributor to reproductive problems in abandoned cows was technical errors committed by personals handling genitalia (50.00%) of which only 12.75 per cent were treatable. Whereas, much higher (44.45 %) post treatment recovery rate was recorded in cows (38.80 %) suspected to have managemental problems.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF THE SOME PROGRAMMED BREEDING PROTOCOLS ON FERTILITY FOLLOWING TIMED AI IN DAIRY COWS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-20) SHIVAJI, KAPSE SUPRIYA; Singh, MadhumeetABSTRACT The work was conducted at the University dairy farm and in nearby field institutions. In all, 201 cows were divided into three treatments viz; Ovsynch, Heatsynch and Doublesynch synchronization protocols and one control groups. Treatment was started in all the cyclic on day 6 of estrous cycle after the observed heat. In the ovsynch protocol group, cows were injected GnRH-PG-GnRH hormones on day 0, 7 and 9, respectively. Similarly, in the Doublesynch protocol group PG-GnRH-PG-GnRH were given on days -2, 0, 7 and 9 and in the Heatsynch protocol group cows GnRH-PG-EB was injected on day 0, 7 and 8, respectively. All these cows were inseminated on day 10 and 11. Control cows did not receive any treatment and were inseminated on the day of observed heat. Ovsynch protocol improved conception in cows when the protocol was initiated on day 6 of estrous cycle. The highest conception rate was recorded in the cows synchronized with Ovsynch protocol (47.91%) followed by Doublesynch (41.66%), Heatsynch (36.17%) and control (37.14%) groups. Blood was collected from 66 cows of different treatments and control groups for the analysis of plasma P4, T3, T4, TSH using Radioimmunoassay procedure. Four blood samples each were collected on days 0, 7, 8/9 (day 8 in Heatsynch only and day 9 in Ovsynch and Doublesynch only) and 10. There was no difference in hormonal concentrations between different protocols. Transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the ovaries was done in the cows to study the follicular dynamics and to establish a relationship between the follicle size and pregnancy status. There was a significant relation between follicular size at AI and pregnancy rate in cows.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATION ON FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS AND SEMEN CRYOPRESERVATION IN GOATS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-01-06) KUMAR Sharma, Amit; Sood, PankajABSTRACT Goats are multipurpose animals. Two different breeds, namely Gaddi and Chegu, strengthen the socioeconomic status of a large percentage of rural population in Himachal Pradesh. Out of season breeding in Gaddi breed is known, but has not been proved scientifically. Genetic degradation in both Gaddi and Chegu breeds due to lack of males of superior germplasm is seriously restricting the benefits from goat rearing. Accordingly, in present study (May 2016 to December 2017) information on breeding practices adopted by regional Gaddi shepherds (n=25) was collected and out of season breeding was confirmed to occur in 80% Gaddi goats. To verify breeding during long days, experimental studies on ovarian follicular dynamics were undertaken during non-breeding (n=11) and breeding seasons (n=7) in the same Gaddi does raised under semi-intensive conditions. Follicular dynamics revealed active ovaries during both seasons as indicated by a preponderance of 3- and 4-follicular waves in 94.4% animals. The ovaries were more active during breeding than non-breeding season. It was reflected by higher daily number of follicles of different sizes/day (5.50±0.55 versus 3.15±0.67) and higher growth rate of dominant follicle (0.79±0.04 versus 0.65±0.03 mm/d). The most distinct feature was presence of relatively larger dominant follicle during non-breeding than breeding season (7.66±0.10 versus 6.85±0.24 mm) which, however, remained anovulatory and could be incriminated to a shorter interwave interval during breeding season (4.90±0.31 versus 5.66±0.28 d). To overcome the paucity of superior males, a cryopreserved semen bank was established using elite Gaddi (n=11; aged 2.16±0.36 years) and Chegu (n=8; aged 1.98±0.34 years) bucks. The semen cryopreservation protocol was established using 74 ejaculates from Gaddi bucks. Removal of seminal plasma and incorporation of 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol in the extender provided best post thaw semen in the study. The standardized protocol was eventually used to cryopreserve 106 and 180 qualifying ejaculates, collected twice weekly, in Gaddi and Chegu, respectively. In terms of progressive motility, the sperms of Gaddi compared to Chegu were more resilient to cryoinjury as indicated by a relatively reduced per cent change of 52.03 versus 58.31 and accordingly significantly higher progressive motility of 35.18±0.87 versus 30.86±0.78, respectively. In terms of age, the sperms of young Gaddi bucks than adult bucks were more cryosensitive, while such disparity was missing in Chegu. The semen quality improved with a reduction in temperature, while there was no such relation with photoperiod (sunshine hours) in both the breeds. The average fertility of cryopreserved semen generated in present study used as double straw coupled with 4 µg GnRH administration at induced estrus resulted in a fertility percentage of 41.25% in Gaddi (confirmed pregnancy in 33 out of 80) and 67.50% (non return rates in 27 out of 40). In conclusion, (i) the discrepancy in out of season breeding in Gaddi does at farmers versus experimental conditions could be due to variation in management practices (ii) the ovaries are active, but with anovulatory waves during non-breeding season (iii) removal of seminal plasma, use of 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol provides best semen quality from Gaddi and Chegu bucks with acceptable fertility results (iv) Gaddi sperms are less cryosensitive (v) it is temperature instead of photoperiod that could have varying effects on semen quality of Gaddi and Chegu bucks.
