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ThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE EXTRAPULMONARY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF GADDI GOAT(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-06-04) Baltoo, Ashwarya; Rajput, RajeshIn Gaddi goats, the nostrils were slit like passages and were situated obliquely at rostral most part of the head. The mean length and width at centre of the nostril was 2.79 cm and 0.31cm respectively. The nostrils were lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Nasal cavity of goat was conical, slightly bloated in the centre. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial lining of the mucosa contained ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells and basal cells. The submucosal branched tubule-alveolar glands were found throughout the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity had three nasal turbinate bones viz. dorsal, ventral and middle. The dorsal turbinate was the longest and widest one. The mean length of the dorsal turbinate was 11.47 ± 0.48 cm. The middle turbinate was pyramidal shaped having a shelf like arrangement. The mean length of the middle and ventral turbinates were 5.07± 0.17and 9.58 ± 0.54 cms respectively. The lamina of the ventral turbinate was divided into dorsal and ventral scrolls. The dorsal scroll had 2 turns, while the ventral had only 1 turn. The common nasal meatus was divided into dorsal, middle and ventral by the turbinates. The goblet cells and nasal glands showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue in nasal cavity. The nasopharyngeal mucosa was undulating and was lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Larynx was made up of unpaired epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilages in anterio-posterior sequence and the paired arytenoid cartilages were placed rostro-dorsally.The apex of arytenoid cartilages did not show well defined corniculate process in Gaddi goat. Thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Epiglottis Cartilage was cordate leaf like. The trachea was composed of forty two to forty eight cartilaginous rings. The right apical bronchus originated at 37thor 38th ring. The tracheal bifurcation into two principle bronchi occurred at the level of 5th rib. Total length of the trachea was 26.86 ± 0.45 cm. The mean outer vertical diameter and mean outer transverse diameter were20.19 ± 0.99 mmand 18.19 ± 0.72 mm respectively.The outer vertical diameter was maximum at the level of 35th tracheal ring, where as the outer transverse diameter was minimum there. The rings of trachea were incomplete dorsally. The trachealis muscles was present on the inner aspect to join the free ends of the tracheal cartilages.In Trachea goblet cells, tracheal glands and cartilages showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue.ThesisItem Open Access Anatomical studies on the testis of hill horse(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2012) Shukla, Parul; Bhardwaj, R.L.ThesisItem Open Access Anatomical studies on the small intestine of Gaddi goat(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010) Rafiq, Andleeb; Rajput, RajeshThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE OESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH OF GADDI SHEEP(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-09-29) Malik Ahmed, Shabir; Rajput, RajeshABSTRACT The study was conducted on the oesophagus and stomach of thirty Gaddi sheep to observe the gross anatomy, histoarchitecture and histochemistry, which revealed that the oesophagus increased in diameter from pharynx towards the cardia. The wall of the oesophagus was composed of four distinct layers i.e. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa / adventitia. Tunica mucosa was composed of lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis. The lining epithelium of oesophagus was keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The tunica submucosa was relatively thick, highly vascular tunic with connective tissue being more fibrous and less cellular. Tunica muscularis consisted of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. The stomach was composed of four structurally distinct parts: rumen, reticulum and omasum; collectively called forestomach and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and abomasum by simple columnar epithelium. The rumen, a large laterally compressed sac was partially divided into different sacs by muscular pillars internally, with external grooves corresponding to the position of internal rumen pillars. The mucosa of rumen was studded with papillae which varied from short tongue-like forms to large flattened foliate papillae. The mucosa of reticulum was raised into permanent folds which formed honeycomb-like structures. Omasum was a muscular, oval shaped organ containing many parallel crescent shaped laminae. The abomasum was thrown into high longitudinal folds. The compound stomach had all the layers of a typical tubular organ i.e. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa however lamina muscularis was absent in rumen and was confined to the tips of primary reticular folds in reticulum. Tunica submucosa consisted of collagen and elastic fibres that blended into the lamina propria without any distinct junction in rumen and reticulum. Tunica muscularis comprised of inner thicker circular and outer thin longitudinal layer in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The tunica mucosa of abomasum had cardiac, fundic and pyloric glands lined by simple columnar epithelium. Cardiac and fundic glands were simple tubular glands whereas pyloric glands were branched tubular glands. Chief, parietal and mucous neck cells were present in the fundic glands. The histochemical reactions were mainly demonstrated in the stratum corneum and superficial region of the oesophagus, in the lamina epithelialis and connective tissue core of mucosal projections of rumen, reticulum and omasum and the gastric glands present near the superficial region of glandular mucosa indicating the presence of glycogen (PAS), acidic mucopolysaccharides (Alcian blue pH 2.5) and lipids (Sudan Black B).ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER OF GADDI SHEEP(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-10-15) Razvi, Raheeqa; Rajput, RajeshABSTRACT Gross morphological, histological and histochemical studies were done on prenatal liver of Gaddi sheep. Total sixty samples were used for gross morphological study and from this twenty four samples were used for histological and histochemical studies. The prenatal liver samples were divided into four groups viz. group-I (1-60 days), group-II (61-90 days) and group-III (91- 120 days) and group-IV (121- full term) having 15 embryos/foeti in each group for gross morphological study and 6 samples in each group for histological and histochemical study. The prenatal liver consisted of two surfaces (visceral and parietal surface), two extremities (cranial and caudal) and two borders (lateral and medial border). Till full term, the liver was not completely oriented towards the right side of abdominal cavity. The mean body weight of sheep foetii increased significantly from group-I to group-IV. Liver accounted 9.07%, 8.45%, 6.15% and 5.49% of the total body weight in group-I, II, III and IV respectively. All biometrical parameters showed an increasing trend with the advancement of age except relative weight of liver and shape index. The right lobe of liver was largest followed by left and caudate lobe. First appearance of portal triad was observed at 76 days of gestation. Right lobe had maximum capsular thickness. Varying concentration of sudanophillic lipids and mucopolysaccharides were observed in different components of liver. In haemopoietic cells and hepatocytes the neutral mucopolysacchariders were present. The presence of bile pigments and glycogen was visible from 57 days of gestation. Iron particles were visisble from 97 days of gestation and bile canaliculi at 53 days of gestation. The concentration (ppm) of Mn, Co, iron, Se and Mo increased with the progression of gestation age. The Zn concentration was maximum between 61-90 days of gestation.While, the concentration of Cu and Ca was maximum between 1-60 days of gestation. Electron microcopy revealed that chromatin material became concentrated and there was decrease in number of mitochondria in post natal hepatocytes than the prenatal ones. The hepatocytes were clearly binucleated. Gall bladder appeared at 46 days of gestation. At 60 days of gestation the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa layers were clearly distinguishable. The thickness of tunica muscularis, tunica serosa and luminal diameter of gall bladder increased significantly with the advancement of gestational age. While, the thickness of tunica mucosa and submucosa was maximum in group-III. The presence of bile in gall bladder was observed from 53 days of gestation. Chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid were three main bile acids identified in bile.ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF GADDI SHEEP(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-10-19) Shukla, Parul; Rajput, RajeshAbstract The present study was conducted on the testis and epididymis of 68 Gaddi sheep foetii to study gross anatomy, histogenesis, organogenesis and histochemistry in different stages of gestation. The biochemical analysis was done in the foetal fluid. The samples were divided into 4 stages: stage I (31-60 days), stage II (61-90 days), stage III (91-120 days) and stage IV (121 till term) based on their age in days obtained by the formula, Y = 2.74 x X + 30.15, where X is CRL in cm and Y is age in days. The testes were located under the mesonephric kidneys which started descending into the inguinal canal at around 83rd day of gestation and started entering into the scrotum at around 95th day of gestation and finally settled into the scrotum at around 140th day of gestation. All the gross biometrical parameters increased with the increase in age of the fetus. The differentiation of cortex and medulla in the indifferent gonad was observed on 37th day of gestation. The differentiation of tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules containing large, small and sertoli cells was observed on 46th day of gestation. The differentiation of tunica albuginea into tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa was evident on 50th day of gestation. The connective tissue trabeculae divided the testicular parenchyma into lobules which contained developing sex cords on 60th day of gestation. The testicular capsule and connective tissue trabeculae contained abundant reticular and collagen fibers in stage IV of gestation. The diameter of seminiferous tubules, large, small, sertoli and leydig cells increased with the progression of gestation. The epididymal duct appeared grossly as a straight elongated tubular structure adjacent to the testis on 45th day of embryonic life. The epididymal duct was distinguishable into caput, corpus and cauda regions on 70th day of gestation. The gubernaculums appeared as a cylindrical gelatinous mass and was visible in the scrotum on 86th day of gestation and appeared as a regressed knob like structure on 99th day of gestation. The gross parameters increased with increase in age of Gaddi sheep foetii. The formation of the tunica albuginea in the epididymis was observed on 65th day of gestation and its differentiation into tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa was evident on 70th day of gestation. The connective tissue septae originated from the tunica albuginea and divided the epididymis into lobules at 115th day of gestation. Abundant reticular and collagen fibers were seen in the capsule on 137th day of gestation. The tubular and luminal diameter increased significantly from stage II to III and thereafter decreased at stage IV of gestation. The lining epithelium of epididymal tubules was tall cuboidal type. Histochemical reactions showed presence of glycogen, sulphated mucosubstances, lipids and proteins mainly in the capsule, seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue of the testis and in the capsule, peritubular connective tissue layer, basement membrane, lining epithelium and supra nuclear zone of the epididymis in these areas. Normal values of various macro and micro minerals, biochemicals and activity of various enzymes was analysed in foetal fluid of Gaddi sheep.ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF GADDI SHEEP(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY, 2015) SHUKLA, PARUL; Rajput, RajeshThe present study was conducted on the testis and epididymis of 68 Gaddi sheep foetii to study gross anatomy, histogenesis, organogenesis and histochemistry in different stages of gestation. The biochemical analysis was done in the foetal fluid. The samples were divided into 4 stages: stage I (31-60 days), stage II (61-90 days), stage III (91-120 days) and stage IV (121 till term) based on their age in days obtained by the formula, Y = 2.74 x X + 30.15, where X is CRL in cm and Y is age in days. The testes were located under the mesonephric kidneys which started descending into the inguinal canal at around 83rd day of gestation and started entering into the scrotum at around 95th day of gestation and finally settled into the scrotum at around 140th day of gestation. All the gross biometrical parameters increased with the increase in age of the fetus. The differentiation of cortex and medulla in the indifferent gonad was observed on 37th day of gestation. The differentiation of tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules containing large, small and sertoli cells was observed on 46th day of gestation. The differentiation of tunica albuginea into tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa was evident on 50th day of gestation. The connective tissue trabeculae divided the testicular parenchyma into lobules which contained developing sex cords on 60th day of gestation. The testicular capsule and connective tissue trabeculae contained abundant reticular and collagen fibers in stage IV of gestation. The diameter of seminiferous tubules, large, small, sertoli and leydig cells increased with the progression of gestation. The epididymal duct appeared grossly as a straight elongated tubular structure adjacent to the testis on 45th day of embryonic life. The epididymal duct was distinguishable into caput, corpus and cauda regions on 70th day of gestation. The gubernaculums appeared as a cylindrical gelatinous mass and was visible in the scrotum on 86th day of gestation and appeared as a regressed knob like structure on 99th day of gestation. The gross parameters increased with increase in age of Gaddi sheep foetii. The formation of the tunica albuginea in the epididymis was observed on 65th day of gestation and its differentiation into tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa was evident on 70th day of gestation. The connective tissue septae originated from the tunica albuginea and divided the epididymis into lobules at 115th day of gestation. Abundant reticular and collagen fibers were seen in the capsule on 137th day of gestation. The tubular and luminal diameter increased significantly from stage II to III and thereafter decreased at stage IV of gestation. The lining epithelium of epididymal tubules was tall cuboidal type. Histochemical reactions showed presence of glycogen, sulphated mucosubstances, lipids and proteins mainly in the capsule, seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue of the testis and in the capsule, peritubular connective tissue layer, basement membrane, lining epithelium and supra nuclear zone of the epididymis in these areas. Normal values of various macro and micro minerals, biochemicals and activity of various enzymes was analysed in foetal fluid of Gaddi sheep.