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Open Access
Management of false smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-08) Preeti; Upamnyu, Sachin
False smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak. is an emerging production constraint in rice growing regions of India and Himachal Pradesh. The investigation on “Management of false smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak.” was undertaken during 2020-22 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and RWRC, Malan. The pathogen was confirmed as Ustilaginoidea virens on the basis of its morphological and cultural characteristics. Systematic surveys were conducted in different rice growing areas in eight districts of State showed that false smut incidence varied from 0.2 to 55.5 per cent during kharif-2022. The incidence of false smut was the highest at Rampur (55.5%) followed by Surajpur (45.5%), Dhaulakuan (40.5%) and Puruwala (40.0%) of district Sirmour, while it was the least in district Shimla. The relation between disease incidence and weather variables was non-significant in all date of sowing except in 2nd date of sowing i.e. 5th June with maximum temperature. Disease incidence was comparatively higher in 21st May sown crop than in 5th June and 20th June sown crop The coefficient of determination (R2 ) revealed that selected weather variables i.e. temperature and relative humidity contributed 72.8, 95.3 and 99.8 per cent towards incidence of false smut on the crop sown at 21st May, 5th June and 20th June, respectively. Out of sixty one genotypes, seventeen genotypes (HPR 3236, HPR 3239, HPR 3243, HPR 3248, HPR 3250, HPR 3251, HPR 3253, HPR 3254, HPR 3260, HPR 3261, HPR 3262, PB 1121, Kasturi, HPR 2612, HPR 3228, HPR 3218, HPR 3226) showed highly resistant reaction, seven (HPR 3256, HPR 3259, HPR 2929, HPR 3213, HPR 3211, HPR 2703, HPR 2696) resistant, twenty three moderately resistant, five moderately susceptible while all the nine hybrids (Arize 6129, Arize 6444, Arize Swift, AZ 6508, BS 10008, DR 8101, PAC 834, PAC 807 Plus, Arize 6129 Gold (Check) showed susceptible reaction. In vitro evaluation of fungicides showed a complete inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen with propiconazole (Tilt 25 EC), tebuconazole (Folicur 250 EC), tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG (Nativo 75 WG), mancozeb 63% + carbendazim 12% WP (Companion) and mancozeb (Indofil M-45) at different concentrations ranging from 25-1000 ppm. However, under field conditions, application of two sprays of propiconazole 25 EC one at booting stage and second 10 days later proved to be the most effective resulted in the maximum (51.94%) reduction in disease incidence with highest grain yield of 57.95 q/ha and provided 28.46 per cent increase over control followed by two sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG registering around 50 per cent reduction in disease incidence with 24.60 per cent increase in grain yield over control. Two sprays of propiconazole 25 EC also provided the maximum reduction in smut ball formation (97.34%) followed by two sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG (96.76%).
Open Access
Studies on black point disease of wheat in Himachal Pradesh
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-26) Rana, Nikhil; Sharma, Bipan Kumar
Black point disease of wheat is common in all the wheat growing areas and has become a major constraint in recent years for successful and profitable cultivation of wheat in India. The investigations on different aspects of the disease were carried out at Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV Palampur and Research Sub Station Akrot (HP). There was considerable variation in the level of black point infection in grain samples collected from seven districts of Himachal Pradesh. The highest disease occurrence (83.33%) was recorded in Kangra district during Rabi 2021-22 cropping season. Out of five pathogens isolated, namely Alternaria alternata , Helminthosporium sativum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. and Curvularia spp. A. alternata was found to be the predominant pathogen associated with black point infection. The agar plate technique outperformed moist blotter technique for growth and spore formation by the fungus A. alternata. Potato dextrose agar was found most suitable media for A. alternata due to profuse growth of mycelia growth under lab conditions followed by Oat meal, Malt extract and least in Corn meal agar. The mycelium was light greenish to greenish black in most media. A. alternata growth was found to be maximum at 30 ± 2°C. Artificial screening of twenty five wheat cultivars showed varying degrees of susceptibility to black point incidence, ranging from 42.50 (VL-907) to 68.0 per cent (HS-240). The black point index ranged from 5.0 (VL-907) to 9.32 (HPW-360) with an overall range of 0-15.33. When exposed to conidial suspension sprays (20,000 conidia/ml) at various crop stages, susceptible varieties PBW-343 and HS-240 developed varying level of black point infection and ear head half outside boot leaf stage was found to be most susceptible stage for black point infection. Among quality characters tested under laboratory conditions in twenty five cultivars, there was 7.7- 18.96 per cent decrease in seed germination due to black point infection and overall 12.78 per cent increase in seed weight of infected seeds over healthy seeds.
Open Access
Fortification of substrates to produce bio-enriched Oyster mushrooms
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-03) Nidhi; Sud, Deepika
The present investigation entitled “Fortification of substrates to produce bio-enriched Oyster mushrooms” were undertaken to evaluate various cultural aspects, morphological and yield attributes on different agro-based substrates or fortified and non-fortified substrates, nutrient content and analysis of Se and Zn content after fortification in different doses. Cultural studies were carried out to determine the best solid, liquid media, temperature, pH and light intensity on mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. Yeast malt agar (8.50 cm) and potato dextrose yeast broth (10.17 g/ml) supported the best growth of P. ostreatus. Temperature of 25oC was found optimum for both solid and liquid media with mycelial growth of 8.53 cm (YMA) and mycelial mat of weight 9.91 g/ml (PDYB). The maximum mycelial diameter was recorded at pH 6.5 with mycelial growth of 8.19 cm in solid medium (YMA) and in liquid (PDY) broth maximum mycelial mat of weight 9.98 g/ml was recorded at pH 6. Light intensity of 200 lux supported the best mycelial growth in solid (8.26 cm) as well as liquid medium (10.11g/ml). Various agricultural waste viz., cereal substrates (wheat, paddy straw and maize cob), leguminous substrates (soybean and urd bean straw) and oilseed substrates (linseed and mustard straw) were evaluated. The results revealed that rice straw had the highest yield (363 g) and biological efficiency (103 %) among cereal substrates. Among leguminous substrates, the maximum yield (375 g) and biological efficiency (107 %) was found on soybean straw. Whereas, on oilseed substrates the maximum yield (282 g) and biological efficiency (80 %) was found on mustard straw. The best cereal (paddy straw), leguminous (soybean straw) and oilseed substrate (mustard straw) on the basis of highest biological efficiency were further used for fortification with three concentrations (25, 50, 75 mg/1000g) of sodium selenite and zinc sulphate. The results on morphological characters revealed that after being fortified with selenium and zinc, the size and colour of fruit bodies remain unchanged. Soybean straw resulted in maximum yield (313 g) and biological efficiency (89 %) after Se fortification at dose 25 mg/kg followed by 50 mg. Similarly, on rice and mustard straw the maximum yield and biological efficiency was recorded at dose 25 mg/kg of Se (300 g and 85 %, 279 g and 79 % respectively). After zinc fortification, the dose of 25 mg/kg on rice straw resulted in maximum yield (335 g) and biological efficiency (95 %) followed by 50 mg. Soybean and mustard straw also showed maximum yield and biological efficiency at dose 25 mg/kg of Zn (305 g and 87 %, 287 g and 82 % respectively). Among all the substrates, the minimum yield and biological efficiency was recorded at dose 75 mg/kg of Se and Zn. Nutrient analysis of fruit bodies harvested after fortification of best substrates with salts of Se and Zn exhibited maximum carbohydrate (60.29 %) and protein content (32.32 %) at 75 mg in Se fortified mushroom on soybean straw. However, at 50 mg/kg of Zn the maximum fat content (2.74 %) was recorded on soybean straw and maximum fibre content (18.12 %) was recorded on rice straw. The best dose of both the salts (25 mg/ 1000g of substrate) on the basis of maximum yield were combined and evaluated. The results revealed that soybean straw produced the maximum yield (324 g) and nutrient content (55 % of carbohydrate and 27.72 % of protein) followed by rice straw and mustard straw. Maximum Se uptake (69.95 µg/g) at dose 75 mg was recorded on soybean straw followed by rice (61.67 µg/g) and mustard straw (57.75 µg/g). Similarly, at dose 75 mg the maximum Zn uptake was recorded on rice straw (120.67 µg/g) followed by soybean (117.27 µg/g) and mustard straw (107.23 µg/g). The minimum Se and Zn uptake was recorded on combined dose on mustard straw (37.5 µg/g of Se and 81.03 µg/g of Zn). Amongst the tested substrates and doses soybean and rice straw were best suited for Se and Zn fortification at dose 50 and 75 mg
Open Access
Biology of Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose of soybean and identification of resistant sources
(Palampur, 2022-12-08) Sharma, Anshul Kumar; Singh, Amar
The present investigation entitled “Biology of Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose of soybean and identification of resistant sources” was undertaken to study the morpho-cultural characteristics, standardization of pathogen culture technique, physiological requirements of the pathogen, efficacy of bioagents, yield loss assessment and evaluation of resistant sources both under field conditions and in vitro against the pathogen associated with soybean anthracnose. Anthracnose of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) was found as a major disease in soybean growing areas of Himachal Pradesh with per cent disease index (PDI) recorded between 17.77 to 46.66 per cent. The pathogen was isolated on PDA and identified as Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus and Moore based on morpho-cultural characters and confirmed with molecular characterization. Pure culture of six isolates of C. truncatum from three districts (Kangra, Mandi and Hamirpur) of Himachal Pradesh were used in present study. In pathogenicity test, pathogen caused pre-emergence and post-emergence mortality and isolate Ct-3 and Ct-6 was found most virulent and caused up to 56 per cent pre-emergence and 16 per cent post emergence mortality. Among seven tested media, PDA (potato dextrose agar) was found best medium for mycelial growth as well as sporulation of the pathogen at temp. 25±1ºC and pH 7.0. Mathur’s medium was also found suitable for sporulation of the pathogen. Rapid disease development was observed at ≥ 90 per cent humidity and favours sporulation of the pathogen. Bio-control agents showed great potential in the management of the disease as Trichoderma koningii showed good inhibition of the pathogen in dual culture study and also found effective in improving per cent seedlings stand under glass house conditions. Screening of two hundred germplasm lines of soybean found 10 resistant and 33 moderately resistant lines under field conditions which were further screened at seedling as well as on young pods with artificial inoculation. Out of 43 genotypes found resistant or moderately resistant under field evaluation, two germplasm lines viz. PK 25 and CAT 01 were found resistant at seedling stage against virulent Colletotrichum truncatum isolate (Ct-3). Four germplasm lines viz. UPSM 780, AGS 164, PK 472 and PK 25 were found resistant against all the six isolates when evaluated with young pods inoculation method under lab conditions. Yield loss studies revealed that two sprays of Propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1% at full bloom + young pod stage leads to 41.93 per cent avoidable yield loss as compare to untreated control and was most beneficial in reducing disease severity and increasing yield over total cost of the fungicidal spray.
Open Access
Eco friendly management of stem rot of berseem caused by Sclerotinia spp
(palampur, 2022-10-07) Upadhyay, Parul; Banyal, D. K.
The investigation on the eco-friendly management of stem rot of berseem caused by Sclerotinia spp. was undertaken in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur during 2020-22. The pathogen was isolated from the diseased berseem samples and pathogenicity of the associated pathogen was proved. On the basis of symptoms, the disease was identified as stem rot and on the basis of morpho-cultural & molecular identification the pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Temperature was observed as the most important factor in the disease development having significant negative correlation with disease severity. Twenty fungal and one bacterial bioagents isolated from berseem rhizosphere along with five established bioagents from department of Plant Pathology were evaluated for their antagonistic activity against S. sclerotiorum in dual culture. Bioagent TRN-10 was found the most effective with 75.20 per cent mycelial inhibition, which was followed by TRN-9 (73.00%), TRN-14 (72.20%), TRN 12 (71.90%), TRD-2 (64.07%) and BN-1 (51.90%). These six bioagents were tested for their effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds in which TRN-10 gave the maximum mycelial inhibition i.e. 34.44 per cent using volatile metabolites with 56.00 per cent inhibition of sclerotial germination. However, bioagent TRN-9 provided maximum mycelial inhibition i.e. 50.74 per cent using non-volatile metabolites with 51.99 per cent inhibition of sclerotial germination. Among the botanicals, extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (aqueous) and Melia azedarach (alcoholic) gave maximum mycelial inhibition i.e. 15.93 & 39.26 per cent, respectively at 50 per cent concentration under in vitro. Panchgavya as an organic input and Brahmastra as a natural product, were found most effective with 65.50 & 70.70 per cent mycelial inhibition, respectively at 25 per cent concentration under in vitro conditions. The five most effective bioagents i.e. TRN-9, TRN-10, TRN-12, TRN-14 and TRD-2 were evaluated for their disease management potential in pot culture. TRN-10 was found most effective which provided maximum disease control when applied as soil (58.33%) and seed treatment (60.00%). Bioagent TRN-9 gave maximum increase in seedling root (34.45%) & shoot length (51.13%) however, TRN-12 provided maximum increase in green fodder yield (50.00%) under in vivo conditions. Among the botanicals, extract of Eupatorium adenophorum was found the best with 23.48 per cent disease control in pot culture. Panchgavya and Brahmastra as organic and natural product provided 48.74 & 45.09 per cent disease control under in vivo conditions, respectively. The integration of eco-friendly components in pot culture showed that T7 {Trichoderma spp. (TRN-10) + Eupatorium adenophorum + panchgavya + ghanjeevamrit} was found most effective for the management of the stem rot disease with 75.00 per cent disease control after 35 days of inoculation
Open Access
Ecofriendly management of bacterial wilt of tomato
(palampur, 2022-09-23) Sharma, Sachin; Kumar, Pardeep
Bacterial wilt is a major hindrance to the production of solanaceous crops in both tropical and temperate regions of world and it causes substantial yield losses in tomato. The investigation on “Ecofriendly management of bacterial wilt of tomato” was undertaken during 2021-22 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Systematic surveys were conducted in 9 districts of Himachal Pradesh for the prevalence of bacterial wilt in tomato. The highest wilt incidence (90-100%) was recorded at Solan, Shimla and Kangra districts. A total of 70 PGPR isolates were obtained from the wilt affected fields and after biochemical testing, the isolates were designated as Pf (P. fluorescens) and Bc (Bacillus spp.). R. solanacearum was isolated on TZC agar and identified with the help of biochemical tests. All the PGPR isolates were subjected to in vitro laboratory assay and 6 potential PGPR were found effective against R. solanacearum which showed inhibition zone of 9.53 to 14.73 mm. The effect of potential PGPR on growth parameters viz., root length, shoot length, vigor index and seed germination were studied and it was found that all of them significantly improved growth parameters as compared to control. Maximum seed germination (94.60%) was recorded in seed bacterization with Pseudomonas isolate Pf 22 followed by 93.50 per cent in Bacillus isolate Bc 17. The isolate Pf 22 showed minimum wilt incidence (51.8%) followed by Bc 17 (56.9%). Commercial Trichoderma formulations were also evaluated and it was found that inhibition zone varied from 10.74 to 12.56 mm. Maximum shoot length, root length and vigor index was observed in seed treatment with Trichoshield (T. harzianum) followed by Guard TH (T. harzianum). Seed germination (92.05%) was significantly higher in seed treatment with Trichoshield. Highest disease control (41.14%) was noted in seed treatment with Trichoshield followed by Guard TH (38.27%). Combined effect of potential PGPR and commercial Trichoderma formulations on shoot length, root length and vigor index were studied using roll towel method. Combination treatments gave significantly enhanced results as compared to individual treatment of PGPR and commercial Trichoderma formulations. Maximum shoot length, root length and vigor index were observed in combined treatment with Pseudomonas isolate Pf 22 and commercial Trichoderma formulation Trichoshield followed by Pf 22 and Guard TH. Maximum germination was observed in Pf 22 + Trichoshield (95.72%) followed by Pf 22 + Guard TH (94.58%) as compared to control (81.50%). In pot experiment, lowest wilt incidence was observed in combined treatment of seed with Pf 22 + Trichoshield (47.94%) and resulted in 48.67 per cent protection against bacterial wilt. This study indicated the potential benefits of using combined treatments of PGPR and commercial Trichoderma formulations which effectively enhanced plant growth and suppression of pathogen
Open Access
Management of Turcicum Leaf Blight of Maize in Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2020-10-07) Raghav Alias Bantu; Devlash, Rakesh
Investigations on turcicum leaf blight of maize were undertaken with the objectives to identify sources of resistance and evaluation of fungicides for its management. The pathogen on PDA showed grayish to blackish, fluffy growth. The conidia were cylindrical or straight, 3-8 septate with length varied from 93.5µm to 110.5µm and width ranged from 21.75 to 26.1µm. Observations recorded in disease development revealed that disease symptoms on leaves first appeared in third week of July as small oval water soaked spots on lower leaves measuring 0.2 cm in size which gradually increased and attained maximum elongated size of 12.5 cm x 2.3 cm in second week of September. A total of one forty four maize inbreds comprising of seventy medium maturing, twenty one early maturing and fifty three QPM along with two susceptible/moderately susceptible checks Early Composite and Dhari Local were screened against Exserohilum turcicum under artificially inoculated conditions. Fifty seven medium maturing, eleven early maturing and fifty QPM inbreds were found resistant to turcicum leaf blight. In vitro evaluation of fungicides revealed that propiconazole (Tilt 25EC) and tebuconazole (Folicur) showed 100% mycelial growth inhibition at lowest dose of 50 ppm. Carbendazim (Bavistin 50WP) and copper oxychloride (Blitox 50 WP) were found least effective. Propiconazole, zineb and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% were found most effective fungicide which exhibited 100 per cent spore germination inhibition at 500 ppm. Field evaluation of fungicides revealed that two sprays of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo) was most effective resulting in 80.3% disease control with 54.7 percent increase in yield. However, two sprays of propiconazole was economical and cost effective as compared to trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo).
Open Access
Population dynamics of aphids in Wheat under conventional and natural farming
(Palampur, 2021-11-08) Thakur, Shrutam; Sharma, Pawan K.
The present investigations entitled “Population dynamics of aphids in Wheat under conventional and natural farming” were undertaken at Holta Farm of Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV Palampur during Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21. Two species of aphids viz., Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) were found infesting wheat. The activity of aphids commenced from last week of January during both the years of study in all the farming systems. The peak population was observed in the 3 rd and 4 th week of March in all the farming systems in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Maximum population of adult coccinellids was recorded during the 3 rd week of March in conventional and organic farming and a week later in natural farming during 2019-20. During the second year of study, the peak was observed during the 1st week of April in conventional and natural farming and during 2 nd week in organic farming. The peak population of grubs and pupae was observed during the 4th week of March in conventional and organic farming, and a week later in natural farming in the year 2019-20. In the second year the peak of grub population was observed during the 4th week in conventional and natural farming, and week later in organic farming. The population of pupae was highest during the 1st week of April in all the farming systems. The adult syrphids reached to their peak levels during the 2nd week of April in all the farming systems in 2019-20 and during the 3rd week of April in 2020-21. The maggots and pupae of syrphids reached their peak population during the 4th week of March in 2019-20 in all the farming systems. In 2020-21, the peak population of maggots was observed during the 4 th week of March, whereas the pupae reached their peak levels around the 1st week of April. The peak population of lacewings was recorded during the 4th week of March during both the years of study. The activity of parasitoids of aphids reached to its maximum around the 4 th week of March during both the years of study. However, higher per cent parasitization was observed in conventional and organic farming as compared to organic farming. Lacewings and Diaretiella sp. showed positive and significant correlation with aphid population in both the years of study, whereas coccinellids showed positive correlation during both the years and was significant during the first year. The duration of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd , 4 th larval stages, pupae and adult of C. septempunctata was 2.0±0.71, 4.60±0.55, 4.80±0.84, 6.00±1.58, 4.20±0.84 and 38.80±1.66 days, respectively and it showed a great predation potential by consuming 16.0, 16.19, 21.44, 18.55 and 36.80 aphids per day during 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval stages and adult, respectively. Total aphids consumed during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval stages and adult were 33.6, 72.6, 103.0, 112.0 and 1424.6 aphids, respectively.
Open Access
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO
(Palampur, 2004-05-28) AGGARWAL, PREETI; Sood, A.K.

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