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Open Access
Management of Turcicum Leaf Blight of Maize in Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2020-10-07) Raghav Alias Bantu; Devlash, Rakesh
Investigations on turcicum leaf blight of maize were undertaken with the objectives to identify sources of resistance and evaluation of fungicides for its management. The pathogen on PDA showed grayish to blackish, fluffy growth. The conidia were cylindrical or straight, 3-8 septate with length varied from 93.5µm to 110.5µm and width ranged from 21.75 to 26.1µm. Observations recorded in disease development revealed that disease symptoms on leaves first appeared in third week of July as small oval water soaked spots on lower leaves measuring 0.2 cm in size which gradually increased and attained maximum elongated size of 12.5 cm x 2.3 cm in second week of September. A total of one forty four maize inbreds comprising of seventy medium maturing, twenty one early maturing and fifty three QPM along with two susceptible/moderately susceptible checks Early Composite and Dhari Local were screened against Exserohilum turcicum under artificially inoculated conditions. Fifty seven medium maturing, eleven early maturing and fifty QPM inbreds were found resistant to turcicum leaf blight. In vitro evaluation of fungicides revealed that propiconazole (Tilt 25EC) and tebuconazole (Folicur) showed 100% mycelial growth inhibition at lowest dose of 50 ppm. Carbendazim (Bavistin 50WP) and copper oxychloride (Blitox 50 WP) were found least effective. Propiconazole, zineb and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% were found most effective fungicide which exhibited 100 per cent spore germination inhibition at 500 ppm. Field evaluation of fungicides revealed that two sprays of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo) was most effective resulting in 80.3% disease control with 54.7 percent increase in yield. However, two sprays of propiconazole was economical and cost effective as compared to trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo).
Open Access
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO
(Palampur, 2004-05-28) AGGARWAL, PREETI; Sood, A.K.
Open Access
Analysis of virulence shift in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing bean anthracnose and its eco-friendly management
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-29) SHARMA, PRATIBHA; SHARMA, P.N.
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the highly variable pathogen that affects common bean production and durability of the resistant varieties deployed over time and space. The knowledge of pathogen population in a given area determines durability of resistant varieties. The shift in cultivation from inorganic farming to organic farming during the past one decade emphasizes the hunt for organic inputs that can be used to manage the plant diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the shift in virulence of C. lindemuthianum and to assess bean germplasm for sources of resistance against the prevalent virulences. In addition, evaluation of various organic bioformulations and biocontrol agents was also attempted for eco-friendly management of the disease. Twenty five isolates of C. lindemuthianum collected from commercial bean growing areas of six districts of Himachal Pradesh were categorized into 23 physiological races on the CIAT bean differential cultivars. Out of the 23 identified races in this study, five races viz., 3, 87, 211, 503 and 631 resembled the previously known races in the respective areas of their occurrence, while the remaining eighteen races were novel to various production areas explored in this study. Two hundred and fourteen common bean accessions screened against three new races (437, 198 and 1015) of C. lindemuthianum revealed the presence of few resistance sources amongst exotic and indigenous germplasm. Five common bean accessions namely EC 500364, EC 500821, EC 400454, EC 400408, and IC 423433 were resistant to all the three races (198, 437, 1015). While three exotic varieties having known Rgenes Cornell 49242 (Co-2), AB 136 (Co-6 and co-8) and G 2333 (Co4, Co5 and Co7) were found resistant to all 23 races identified in this study. Out of six bio-control agents viz., T. harzianum 11, T. harzianum (TH-5), T. koningii (DMA-8), T. koningii (JMA-11), T. viride and bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, T. koningii (DMA-8) caused maximum myceilal growth inhibition of 53.69% which statistically at par with T. harzianum(TH-11) (49.14 per cent). Jeevamrit was most effective bioformulation resulting in 100 per cent mycelial growth inhibition at 4% and above concentrations followed by cow urine and Tamerlassi where complete mycelial inhibition was recorded at 6, 8 and 10% concentrations. Under greenhouse conditions, seed treatment of the infected seeds with Jeevamrit (@4%) was found most effective in controlling seed borne infection (75.60%) whereas same formulation when applied after inoculation of the pathogen resulted in almost equal control (75.34%). However, Bavistin as a check showed 100% disease control in both cases. The comparative seed germination and seed vigour index was found to be higher in case of Jeevamrit treated seeds among the other tested bioformulations. Similarly, the disease severity was also minimum in Jeevamrit treated seeds.
Open Access
GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2014-12) INDU BALA; Jai Dev
The present investigation entitled “Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was ‘j+l’ type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried ‘i’ type epistasis alongwith ‘j+l’ type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK- 472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.
Open Access
BIOLOGY OF Phytophthora colocasiae Raci. CAUSING BLIGHT OF COLOCASIA AND ITS ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT
(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-01) BHANDHARI, DIVYA; Singh, Amar
The investigation entitled “Biology of Phytophthora colocasiae Raci. causing blight of colocasia and its eco-friendly management” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur during 2018-2020. Twenty isolates of colocasia blight pathogen (Phytophthora colocasiae) were isolated from the disease samples collected from five districts of Himachal Pradesh and pathogenicity was proved. Among different media tested carrot agar was found to be the best medium for mycelial growth and sporulation of P. colocasiae. On the basis of morpho-cultural variability and pathogenic variability twenty isolates were categorised into six and five groups, respectively. Only four isolates formed chlamydospores and these were formed abundantly under dark condition at pH 6.0 in carrot broth incubated at 18°C. Out of twenty isolates 18 were of A1 mating type whereas, 2 were of mating type A2. Nine isolates of Trichoderma spp. isolated from colocasia rhizosphere and and six unidentified bacteria isolated from colocasia phylloplane along with five standard isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated for their antagonistic activity in-vitro against P. colocasiae. Trichoderma sp.-6 was found significantly superior bioagent as it resulted in 72.9 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of P. colocasiae followed by Trichoderma sp.-5 (63.2%), Trichoderma sp.-4 (60.1%) and Trichoderma sp.-1 (54.5%) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (50.5%). Six bioagent isolates namely Trichoderma sp.-6, Trichoderma sp.-5, Trichoderma sp.-4, Trichoderma sp.-1, T. viride and P. fluorescens found effective under in-vitro were evaluated in-vivo by using three delivery systems under net house conditions. Trichoderma sp.-6 as corm treatment and drenching was found superior in managing colocasia blight than other bioagents while Trichoderma sp.-5 was found best as soil application. Among botanicals, Lantana ark at 15 per cent concentration was most effective resulting in 72.3 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of P. colocasiae under in-vitro conditions. Lantana ark was also found to be most superior in managing disease with 65 per cent disease control in leaf bioassays.
Open Access
INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF URDBEAN ANTHRACNOSE CAUSED BY COLLETOTRICHUM TRUNCATUM
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-08-24) CHATAK, SHINEY; Banyal, D.K.
The investigation entitled “Integrated disease management of urdbean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum truncatum” was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2018-20 with aim to identify disease and pathogen, effect of weather variables on disease development and evaluation of IDM components viz; host resistance, organic and natural farming inputs, botanical, bioagents and chemicals under in vitro, in vivo and field conditions for the management of disease. The disease was identified as anthracnose based on symptoms and pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum truncatum on the basis of morpho-cultural characteristics that further confirmed through rDNA analysis of internal transcribed region using ITS1 and ITS4 primer. Disease severity was significantly positively correlated (as showed by partial correlation coefficient) with temperature and moisture under field conditions. Out of two hundred two diverse germplasm lines evaluated under field conditions for anthracnose resistance, only three lines (93-259, HBU1-2-4 & DKU-94) were found resistant and nine i.e. 341, DKU-411, PU-13-33, 26-332, 175-T94-2, DKU 99, 598, 557 and 1142 were moderately resistant. In vitro evaluation of organic and natural farming inputs viz; panchgavya, jeevamrit, beejamrit, tamarlassi and eupatorium ark against C. truncatum revealed that jeevamrit and beejamrit gave highest mycelial inhibition (100%) whereas, tamarlassi was least effective (22.80%). In vitro evaluation of alcoholic and crude extract of botanicals namely Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus sp., Eupatorium odoratum and Lantana camera showed that crude extract of eucalyptus provided highest mycelial inhibition of 88.79 per cent @ 30% whereas, at 30 % concentrations alcoholic extracts of all the tested botanicals provided complete mycelial inhibition. In vitro evaluation of bioagents viz; Trichoderma koningii (DMA-8), T. koningii (JMA-11), T. harzianum (SMA-5), T. harzianum (TH-11) and T. viride gave mycelial inhibition ranging from 4.83 to 33.24 per cent. Among five fungicides evaluated in vitro trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% at 50 ppm, carbendazim 50WP at 100 ppm, propiconazole 25EC at 250 ppm, tebuconazole 25EC at 250 ppm and mancozeb 75WP at 500 ppm showed complete mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Under in vivo, panchgavya, eucalyptus, mancozeb 75WP, carbendazim 50WP and trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% provided 51.37, 43.72, 73.77, 90.16 and 90.71 per cent disease control over check among organic and natural farming inputs, botanicals, and fungicides respectively and were further selected for the development of integrated management model under field conditions. In integrated disease management, seed treatment with carbendazim 50WP followed by three sprays of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% gave highest disease control of 85.44 per cent with 49.58 per cent increase in yield over check. However, among treatments involving integration of chemical with non-chemical as either seed treatment or foliar spray seed treatment with beejamrit followed by three foliar sprays of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% and seed treatment with carbendazim 50WP followed by three foliar sprays of panchgavya also found effective with 81.64 and 46.20 per cent disease control along with 46.02 and 31.09 per cent yield increase, respectively over check.
Open Access
High resolution mapping of Co-Ind gene from common bean landrace KRC-5 possessing resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-07-07) SHABNAM; Rana, S.K.
The common bean landrace KRC-5, native to Kinnaur region of Himachal Pradesh is known to possess resistance against different races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In this study, an attempt has been made to fine map the resistance locus in common bean landrace KRC-5 and to convert RAPD marker linked to the resistance gene into specific SCAR marker. In addition, the effectivity of the R-gene was tested against 24 physiological races of C. lindemuthianum. The segregation studies on F2 and F2:9 mapping population obtained from Jawala x KRC-5 cross against races 3 and 211 showed a good fit of 3R:1S and 1R:1S ratio, thus confirmed the presence of a single dominant gene in landrace KRC-5. To fine map the gene, a set of 576 molecular markers comprising of SSRs and RAPDs was used for polymorphism survey. One hundred and thirty six markers found polymorphic on parents failed to distinguish the resistant and susceptible bulks in bulked segregant analysis (BSA). Therefore to accomplish the fine mapping, ddRAD sequencing based strategy using 40 RIL individuals including parents was applied to identify SNP based markers. From ddRAD 1,15,578 SNP markers were identified on 11 common bean linkage groups and finally 1,979 SNPs were retained for linkage map development using JoinMap software. In addition 28 anchored SSRs and two SCARs were also genotyped on 40 individuals (RILs & parents) used for ddRAD to validate the linkage of identified SNPs on bean chromosomes. The genotyping of 219 F2:9 RIL individuals with SCAR marker ScOPR15408 and previously developed SCAR (ScOPF6522) showed their linkage with R-gene at 2 cM distance on the opposite sides of Rlocus. Linkage map developed by using 2,009 markers including 1,979 SNPS, 28 anchored SSRs and 2 SCAR markers (linked to R-gene) showed the distribution of different markers on 11 linkage groups of common bean genome spanning 618 cM distance. The tentative position of R-gene (Co-Ind) present in landrace KRC-5 was marked on chromosome 10 along with two SCAR markers flanking the target gene and other SNP markers. However the exact position of R-gene can only be established after genotyping whole population with associated SNPs. In gene strength analysis, the landrace KRC-5 was found resistant to 17 races of C. lindemuthianum and hence could be effectively used in molecular breeding programmes.
Open Access
STUDIES ON VIRULENCE AND HOST RESISTANCE IN OAT- Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae PATHOSYSTEM
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-07-16) MALLANNAVARA, ANUDEEP B; Banyal, D.K.
The investigation entitled “Studies on virulence and host resistance in Oat- Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae pathosystem” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur during 2016-2020. Powdery mildew of oat caused by Blumeria graminis D.C. (Speer) f. sp. avenae Em. Marchal is the most deleterious foliar disease of cultivated oat and severe losses of green fodder and grain yield has been reported in North Western Himalayas. Total 24 isolates of B. graminis f. sp. avenae causing powdery mildew were collected from 6 districts belonging to different zones of Himachal Pradesh. On the basis of symptomatology, the disease was identified as powdery mildew of oat and on the basis of morphological & molecular characterization, the pathogen causing powdery mildew of oat was identified as Blumaria graminis f. sp. avenae. To identify the resistant sources, 303 oat germplasm lines were evaluated under field conditions for 3 years and 11 lines viz., JPO-40, OS-10, OG-77, PLP-1, OL-1847, OL-1869, OL-1689, OL-1689-AVTSC, HFO-864, HFO125 and OL-6 were found resistant. Among 19 accessions belonging to 12 species of Avena also evaluated under field conditions and none of the accessions of any species was found highly resistant, however, OG-77 (A. sativa) and HFO-864-16 (A. byzantina) were found resistant against powdery mildew pathogen. The cultivars IG-03-203, JPO-20 and KRR-AK-06 were identified as slow mildewers on the basis of low values of AUDPC, high incubation and latent period, smaller size of colonies, less sporulation as represented by number of „conidiophores bearing conidia‟ per colony as compared to highly susceptible check HJ-8. Differential set of 11 lines viz., ADG-96, HFO-102, IG-03-213, JPO-40, OL-1847, OG-77, PLP-1, JO-11, OL-1867, UPO-212 and susceptible check HJ-8 was developed to study the pathogenic variability of B. graminis f. sp. avenae causing oat powdery mildew. Study of pathogenic variability on developed differential set grouped 24 isolates into 14 pathotypes (OMP-1 to OMP-14) and the isolates were grouped in different pathotypes as per their geographical locations. The OMP-2, OMP-7 and OMP-13 were highly virulent among all the pathotypes, which gave susceptible reaction on 9 out of 11 differential lines. Analysis of genetic diversity of 22 isolates of B. graminis f. sp. avenae using 4 polymorphic ISSR markers formed 12 groups at 98 per cent similarity coefficient indicating high genetic diversity among isolates. Both the pathogenic and molecular variability showed wide diversity among population of B. graminis f. sp. avenae in Himachal Pradesh. The inheritance of resistance was studied by makig crosses of 3 resistant lines i.e. OL-1847, OG-77 and OL-1689 with highly susceptible cv. HJ-8. In all three crosses, F1 population was found resistant to powdery mildew and F2 generation segregated into three resistant and one susceptible plant ratio, which confirmed that the resistance to oat powdery mildew was controlled by single dominant gene.
Open Access
VARIABILITY IN Ralstonia solanacearum AND ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-08-29) CHAUHAN, ANKITA; Pardeep, Kumar
Bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al., is one of the major production constraints of tomato and it causes extensive losses in Himachal Pradesh. The investigation on the ―Variability in Ralstonia solanacearum and ecofriendly management of bacterial wilt of tomato‖ was undertaken during 2018-19 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. A survey was conducted on the status of bacterial wilt incidence in solanaceous vegetables growing areas in the state. The highest wilt incidence (90-100 per cent) was recorded at Solan, Shimla and Kangra districts in tomato (Manish), tomato (Lal Sona) and brinjal (Arka Kusumkar) crops, respectively. A total of 37 isolates of R. solanacearum were obtained from the wilt affected tomato, brinjal, chilli and bell pepper plants i.e. 21 from tomato, 7 from brinjal, 8 from bell pepper and one from chilli and the isolates were designated as RS-1 to RS-37. The production of pink or light red coloured colonies with whitish margin and EPS on TZC medium by the bacterial isolates indicated that all the R. solanacearum isolates were virulent. All physiological/biochemical tests were used for the identification of R. solanacearum isolates. Gram‘s staining and potassium hydroxide solubility test revealed that all the isolates were gram negative. Variable results were observed during hydrolytic extracellular enzymes, carbohydrate fermentation and hydrogen sulfide and indole test. The biovar test using the oxidization of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and sugar alcohols (manitol, sorbitol and dulcitol) by R. solanacearum isolates confirmed that all the isolates belonged to biovar III. The race identification of R. solanacearum isolates by pathogenicity test on brinjal, tomato, bell pepper and chillis indicated a broad host range and were categorized as race 1. The in vitro evaluation of different varieties against R. solanacearum showed that 4 tomato varieties (LS-89, Hawaii 7996, Hawaii 7998, Palam Pride), 2 brinjal varieties (Arka Keshav, Arka Nidhi) and 2 chilli varieties (PI201232, VI037556) were found resistant to bacterial wilt. Among six bioagents, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma koningii (DMA-8) showed maximum inhibition zones of 21.67mm and 12.33mm against R. solanacearum, respectively with paper disc method. In case of botanicals, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) showed highest inhibition zone (6.73mm) followed by neem (Azadirachta indica) with 6.56mm at 20% conc. Similarly, among the organic inputs tamar lassi at 5% concentration showed maximum growth inhibition (99.21%) followed by Himsol (93.01%) through poison food technique whereas, Agniastra, Beejamrit and Lantana Ark were found ineffective in inhibiting the growth of R. solanacearum. The maximum survivability of the seedlings was 12.01 days followed by 4.41 days when the seedlings were dipped in a combination of tamar Lassi + Himsol+ Panchgavya and tamar lassi alone for 60 minutes at 15% concentration, respectively

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