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Open Access
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA- AND MAIZEMEDIATED CHROMOSOME ELIMINATION SYSTEMS FOR HAPLOID INDUCTION IN VARIOUS DERIVATIVES OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED INDIGENOUS TRITICALES AND BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES
(Palampur, 2021-11-30) ROWSHAN, ABOZAR; Chaudhary, H. K.
The research endeavour entitled “Relative efficiency of Imperata cylindrica- and maizemediated chromosome elimination systems for haploid induction in various derivatives of newly synthesized indigenous triticales and bread wheat genotypes” was executed in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur during the years 2019-20 and 2020-21 with the goal to develop triticale × wheat F1 & BC1F1 to compare hybridization potential of diverse combinations and work out relative efficiency of haploid induction in triticale × wheat derivatives following Imperata cylindrica and maize- mediated chromosome elimination technique of doubled haploidy breeding. The material for present investigation comprised of 10 bread wheat genotypes HPW 155, HPW 249, HPW 349, HPW 368, HPW 440, VWFW 858, VWFW 896, Tyari 1, Saptdhara and DH 114; two newly synthesized triticale genotypes, Triticale 1 and Triticale 2 and their F1s & backcross derivatives. During rabi 2019-20, hybridization work was carried out using wheat genotypes as female parent and triticale genotypes as male parent followed by estimating the frequency of seed setting induced by the triticale genotypes in wheat parental lines. The first filial generation produced after hybridization was sown at HAREC, Kukumseri to deduce the frequency of seed setting for the formation of backcross generation. Triticale 1 performed better than Triticale 2 for development of F1s while Tyari 1 exhibited significantly higher response for hybridization with Triticale 1 and Triticale 2. The mean seed setting frequency recorded for the development of F1 generation was 22.73% & 15.84% with Triticale 1 and Triticale 2 respectively; while in BC1F1, it was 21.02% & 20.92% with Triticale 1 and Triticale 2 respectively. All the haploid induction parameters viz., pseudo seed formation, embryo formation and haploid regeneration, showed varied response in each generation of triticale x wheat derivatives exhibiting genotype specificity for haploid induction. On the basis of statistical analysis, it was revealed that relative efficiency of I. cylindrica was higher than maize for haploid induction in triticale x wheat derivatives. Derivatives of bread wheat genotypes with both the triticale genotypes preformed at par for haploid induction following I. cylindrica and Z. mays mediated- chromosome elimination technique. Backcross generation performed better than F1 and F2 genotypes towards haploid induction parameters. This attempt of hybridizing wheat with triticale; producing haploids from their F1, F2 and BC1F1, which can be transformed into double haploids following colchicine treatment has paved way to accelerate the wheat improvement programme with enhanced precision using the desirable genes from rye into wheat using triticale as bridging species.
Open Access
Investigation on hybrid necrotic genes and their allelic expressivity amongst various bread wheat & triticale genotypes
(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-01) Sharma, Jatin; Chaudhary, H. K.
The present investigation was undertaken to investigate the distribution of two complementary hybrid necrotic genes Ne1 and Ne2, their allelic expressivity amongst various bread wheat and triticale genotypes and to characterize the non-carrier genotypes for various grain yield components. The experimental material comprised of 331 genotypes having 159 TW-lines, 102 DH-lines, 19 reconstituted lines, 19 local land races, 16 CIMMYT pre bred lines, 10 TWDH and 6 triticales along with two known spring wheat testers viz., C306 and HD 2380. Hybridization of these 331 maternal lines with C 306 and HD 2380 was executed during rabi season from 3rd March to 4th May, 2020 at Experimental Farm of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh; and during summer at Highland Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (HAREC), Kukumseri, Lahaul & Spiti from 6 th August to 13th August. Furthermore, F1s were further categorized into Ne1, Ne2 and non-carriers based on the presence/absence of necrotic alleles and their expressivity at various plant growth stages. Of 331 genotypes, 216 lines were non-carriers, 9 lines were Ne1-carriers and 106 lines were Ne2-carriers. Out of 9 Ne1-carriers identified, 1 belonged to TW-lines (weak allele), 7 to DH-lines (6 strong and 1 moderate alleles) and 1 to triticales (moderate allele). Of 106 Ne2-carriers identified, 45 belonged to TW-lines (4 strong, 21 moderately strong, 13 moderate, 2 weakly moderate and 5 weak alleles), 35 to DH-lines (8 strong, 13 moderately strong, 6 moderate, 6 weakly moderate and 2 weak alleles), 9 to RLs (3moderately strong, 2 moderate, 3 weakly moderate and 1 weak alleles), 8 to local land races (4 moderately strong, 3 moderate and 1 weakly moderate alleles), 8 to CIMMYT pre bred lines (1strong, 6 moderately strong and 1 moderate alleles), 1 to triticales (1 strong alleles).The frequency of Ne1-carriers was highest in triticales (16.5%) followed by DH-lines (7%) and least in TW-lines (0.63%). Whereas, frequency of Ne2-carriers was highest in CIMMYT pre bred lines (50%), followed by RLs (47%), local land races (42%), DH-lines (34%), TW-lines (28.30%) and least in triticales (16.5%). The characterization of two hundred and sixteen genotypes for grain yield components lead to identification of promising genotypes which can be used in forthcoming hybridization programmes.
Open Access
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS AMONG MAIZE (Zea mays L.) INBRED LINES
(CSK HPKV Palampur, 2020-08-29) AWASTHI, AKSHITA; Swaran, Lata
Open Access
HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY STUDIES IN DIALLEL CROSSES OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-09-30) SHARMA, GAURAV; Guleria, S.K.
The present investigation was carried out on experimental materials derived through crossing eight inbred lines in half diallel mating design. The experimental material consisted of 8 parental inbreds, their 28 crosses and four checks viz., Palam Sankar Makka-2, Vivek Hybrid-45, Bio-9544 and DKC 7074 were evaluated in RBD at two environments representing different agroclimatic and ecological conditions of North-Western Himalayas i.e. SAREC, Kangra and HAREC, Bajaura during Kharif, 2019. Analysis of variance indicated sufficient amount of variability in the experimental material for all the traits across the environments except shelling (%) in E1. Bartlett‟s test indicated that error variance was homogeneous only for days to 50% pollen shed and silking, days to 75% brown husk, ear circumference (cm), 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (q/ha). The pooled analysis revealed significant differences between the environments for all the traits except days to 50% silking. Per se performance of parents and crosses revealed that environment E1 took less number of days to 50% pollen shed and silking except for days to 50% silking for crosses, whereas, environment E2 took less number of days to 75% brown husk. Plant height was observed more in E1 as compared to E2. Mean performance of grain yield and its contributing traits viz., number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, ear length, ear circumference and 1000-grain weight for parents and crosses observed more in E2 than E1. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant GCA and SCA for most of the traits indicated the preponderance of additive and non-additive gene actions for the inheritance of the traits. Estimates of σ2SCA were higher as compared to the estimates of σ2GCA in both the environments and in pooled over environment as well, except for the days to 75% brown husk in E1 indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action. In pooled analysis, mean squares due to environment, GCA, SCA, GCA × environment and SCA × environment were significant for all the traits except for days to 50% silking in environment and GCA × environment for days to 75% brown husk. Significant mean sum of squares for GCA × environment and SCA × environment were observed for days to 50% pollen shed and silking, ear circumference, 1000- grain weight and grain yield. The magnitude of interaction in case of GCA observed higher for days to 50% pollen shed and silking, 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (q/ha) than SCA. The inbred line P1 in E2, pooled over environment and P6 in E1 were found good general combiner for most of the traits and may be utilized as potential parental inbred lines for development of high yielding single cross maize hybrids. Based on high per se performance, SCA effects, standard heterosis (%), days to 75% brown husk and diseases resistance to TLB and BLSB in both the environments under natural conditions and for TLB under artificial conditions, the crosses P1 × P4 and P2 × P4 in E1, E2 as well as pooled over environment identified as the potential hybrids may be commercially exploited after critical evaluation for its superiority in performance and with stability across the locations over years
Open Access
GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION USING AMMI AND GGE BIPLOT ANALYSIS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-07-20) LOYAL, ATUL; Naval, Kishore
The present investigation was carried out for G×E interaction and stability analysis of twenty one barley genotypes for eleven traits at five different locations during rabi 2017-18. The pooled analysis of variance across environments exhibited significant mean sum of square due to genotypes and environments indicating sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments for all the traits studied. Genotype × Environment interaction and stability analysis following Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model also exhibited significant variance due to genotypes, environments and G×E interaction indicating presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments. Environments explained the greater proportion of total variation for most of the characters followed by genotypes and genotype × environment interaction (GEI). The mean squares for the IPCAI and IPCAII cumulatively contributed more than 60 per cent of the total G×E interaction for all the traits, highest being 97.94 per cent for peduncle length (cm) and lowest for harvest index (61.24%). The „which won where‟ pattern showed that no single genotype was found stable as well as high yielding for more than one trait. Genotypes G3 (BHS 467) and G16 (VLB 158) showed high mean performance and stability for biological and grain yield per plant across environments. Genotype G20 (HBL 113) was the winner for the trait number of effective tillers per plant across all environments. Genotype G3 (BHS 467) was also the most stable genotype for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity and biological yield per plant, whereas genotype G6 (HBL 793) showed high mean and stability for plant height, number of grains per spike and harvest index. Genotype G8 (HBL 812) outperformed all the genotypes for four traits in Bajaura (no. of grains/spike, spike length, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant and); for spike length in Katrain and for three traits (no. of grains/spike, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant) in Kangra, Berthin and Malan. Hence, HBL 812 was the winner genotype for grain yield in four environments.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDUCED MUTANTS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT TRAITS
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Kishore, Naval; Katna, Gopal
The field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2016-17 at experimental farm of Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to estimate the extent of induced variations for seed yield and component traits and to identify potential mutants for various agro morphological traits in chickpea.The experimental materials comprised of 240 mutant lines of chickpea genotype (PG 0027) and three checks, namely, PG 0027, HPG-17 and GPF-2. These mutant lines were evaluated in an Augmented Block Design during rabi 2016-17 with respect to days to 50 per cent flowering, days to 75 per cent maturity, plant height, primary branches, pods per plant, seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, seeds yield per plant, harvest index and 100-seed weight. Sufficient genetic variability was observed for seed yield and yield related traits under study. Based on the mean performance of different lines, it was observed that T1 (P2) and T1 (P3) i.e.100 Gy treatment were superior to checks PG 0027, HPG-17 and GPF-2 for seed yield per plant. The superior performance of genotypes was the result of their better performance for days of flowering, biological yield, branches per plant and pods per plant, While T2 (P10) i.e 150 Gy treatment had high seed yield per plant, biological yield, seeds per pod, harvest index and seeds per pod.The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation, genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (as a per cent of mean) were high for biological yield per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant indicated the importance of additive gene action and suggested that early selections for these traits could be effective. Correlation studies revealed that seed yield per plant had a positive and significant association with pods per plant, seeds per pod, harvest index and 100-seed weight. The superior lines can be further evaluated for possible release as improved variety(s) and/or can be utilize in further breeding programmes.
Open Access
G × E INTERACTION AND PHENOTYPIC STABILITY ANALYSIS USING GGE BIPLOT AND AMMI MODELS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-05-30) Nareshbhai, Satasiya Pratik; Paul, Satish
The present investigation entitled “G × E interaction and phenotypic stability analysis using GGE biplot and AMMI models in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was undertaken during rabi 2017-18 at the Experimental farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur and three research stations namely, Rice and Wheat Research Centre (RWRC) Malan, Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (SAREC) Kangra and Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (HAREC) Dhaulakuan of CSK HPKV, Palampur. Thirty linseed genotypes comprising 16 advanced breeding lines, 11 released varieties and three exotic collections were grown in alpha design, with the objective to estimate genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects and identify the stable linseed genotypes for yield and component traits over wide range of environments. Data were recorded on various yield and attributing characters and reaction to diseases i.e. powdery mildew and rust. The data analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures. The analysis of variance for each environment showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied. The pooled analysis of variance as per AMMI and GGE analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypic, environmental and G × E interaction effects for all the characters studied, indicating presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments as well as differential response of genotypes in different environments for these traits. G × E interaction was divided into first three principal components, of which all of them were significant for all the characters. The first two principal components were able to explain more than 70 per cent of the variation by genotypes and G × E interaction, they provided good approximation for interpretation of the biplots. On the basis of AMMI and GGE biplots, KL-241, KL-263 and Surbhi were high yielding and most stable genotypes. For fibre yield per plant genotypes KL-284, KL-269 and KL-227 were stable for fibre yield per plant. The genotypes KL-280, KL-236 and Him Alsi-2 were having higher seed yield per plant in environment Palampur-I and Kangra than the average in other environments whereas, the genotypes KL-219, Bhagsu and Giza-8 in environments Palampur-II and Malan; KL-263 and Surbhi in environment Dhaulakuan, the farmers can grow these genotypes at its relevant environment to get maximum benefit. Environments Dhaulakuan and Kangra were having highest representativeness to discriminate the genotypes for fourteen and eleven characters out of sixteen on the basis of their performance. Hence, these environments can be useful for selecting the stable genotypes during breeding programmes. Five genotypes viz., KL-241, KL-263, KL-285, Jeewan and Nagarkot were found to be resistant to powdery mildew as well as rust under natural epiphytotic conditions. Genotypes KL-241 and KL-263 were found to be best genotypes for most of the economic traits as well as resistant to powdery mildew and rust.
Open Access
GENETIC STUDIES FOR VARIOUS AGROMORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND DIVERSITY ANALYSIS USING IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION IN DIFFERENT OAT SPECIES
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-04) Sharma, Ankita; Sood, Vinod Kumar
The present investigation entitled, “Genetic studies for various agro-morphological traits and diversity analysis using in situ hybridization in different oat species” was undertaken to study the nature and magnitude of gene action for forage and seed yield contributing traits, to understand the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance and cytological analysis of different oat species so as to assess the diversity among them. Nine generations of six cross combinations namely, „HJ-8 x PLP-1, HJ-8 x EC-528896, HJ-8 x JPO-46, HJ-8 x Avena sterilis, HJ-8 x KRR-AK-26 and PLP-1 x A. sterilis‟ were evaluated in compact family block design with three replications during Rabi 2017-18. Simple scaling tests revealed the inadequacy of additive-dominance model for all the traits except leaves per plant and plant height indicating the presence of non-allelic interactions for these traits. Duplicate type of gene action was observed for two characters in cross HJ-8 x PLP-1, three in HJ-8 x EC-528896, ten in HJ-8 x JPO-46, five in HJ-8 x A. sterilis, seven in HJ-8 x KRRAK- 26 and for four characters in PLP-1 x A. sterilis. Complementary type of epistasis was observed for one character in HJ-8 x A. sterilis and two characters in HJ-8 x KRR-AK-26. The best heterotic crosses coupled with low inbreeding depression were HJ-8 x PLP-1 for dry matter yield and crude protein yield per plant; HJ-8 x EC-528896 for fresh fodder yield and biological yield per plant; HJ-8 x JPO-46 for seed yield per plant and HJ-8 x KRR-AK-26 for days to 50% flowering & days to 75% maturity. The outcome of the present endeavour suggested that HJ-8 x JPO-46 and HJ-8 x EC-528896 crosses may be exploited through biparental approach in early generations followed by recurrent selection in later generations for harnessing desirable transgressive segregants. The segregation pattern of powdery mildew disease indicated that resistance was governed by a single dominant gene in HJ-8 x PLP-1, HJ-8 x EC-528896, HJ-8 x JPO-46, HJ-8 x A. sterilis and HJ-8 x KRR-AK-26 cross combinations. While comparing the karyotype of different Avena species, it was observed that in tetraploid (A. barbata and A. murphii) and hexaploid species (A. sterilis and A.sativa) the number of sat chromosomes and subterminal chromosomes were just the same as that in the diploids (A. strigosa).Thus indicated that some chromosomes of A.strigosa may be present in these tetra and hexaploid species. The most striking feature of the hexaploid karyotype was 10 subterminal chromosomes while in diploid and tetraploid species only two subterminal chromosomes were present thus indicating the unknown sources of different genomes.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND OTHER TRAITS TO UNRAVEL THE MUTAGENS-MEDIATED VARIABILITY IN ETHIOPIAN MUSTARD (Brassica carinata A. Braun)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-03-08) Vinod Kumar; Vedna Kumari
The present study entitled “Genetic analysis of yield and other traits to unravel the mutagens-mediated variability in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun)” was carried out to congregate information on genetic architecture, combining ability, heterosis and inheritance of Alternaria blight resistance. The materials for the investigation comprised of 16 fixed mutant lines, three testers i.e. Jayanti, P(4)2b and their F1 (Jayanti × P(4)2b) and resulting 48 TTC hybrids. These progenies and their parents were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications during rabi 2016-17 at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.). Analysis of variance indicated the significance of mean squares due to genotypes for all the traits which revealed the presence of sufficient genetic variability in the existing material. Triple test cross analysis exhibited the presence of significant epistasis for all the traits except for plant height and harvest index. Further, partitioning of epistasis revealed the importance of ‘j+l’ type of epistasis for almost all the traits except for harvest index whereas, ‘i’ type interaction were non-significant for all the traits except for days to 50 per cent flowering, number of secondary branches per plant, seeds per siliqua and oil content. Relative magnitude of additive component (D) was predominant over dominance component (H) for most of the traits except for seeds per siliquae, biological yield per plant and oil content. The line × tester analysis revealed that non-additive gene action (σ2 D) played a major role in the manifestation of almost all the traits except for days to flower initiation. The genotype P(4)2a was found to be good general combiner for seven traits followed by P22 for six traits, P74 for five traits and P36 for four traits, respectively. None of the crosses could reveal significant specific combining ability effect for all the traits. For seed yield per plant, five crosses viz., P(3)2 × Jayanti, P13b × P(4)2b, P47 × P(4)2b, P36 × Jayanti and P10b × Jayanti showed significant positive SCA effects. Heterosis was observed for almost all the characters except for harvest index. For seed yield per plant, only two crosses namely P(4)2a × Jayanti and P74 × Jayanti were found to be the best cross combinations showing heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis. To study the genetic control of inheritance of Alternaria blight resistance, three crosses viz., Jayanti × P(4)2b, Jayanti × EC-399300 and RCC-4 × EC-399300 were attempted and evaluated. However, no concrete ratio could be fitted in F2 population as disease reaction varied from moderate to high susceptibility as the available donor sources do not have high level of resistance which indicated that Alternaria blight resistance is not at least monogenic in nature. Therefore, six parameter model was used to find out the gene effects for inheritance to Alternaria blight resistance using per cent disease index (PDI) with square root transformation. Significance of A, C and D tests confirmed the presence of epistasis. Six parameters model showed significant estimates of additive [d], and non-additive [h] effects as well as all the three types of epistasis viz., additive × additive [i], additive × dominance [j] and dominance × dominance [l]. The opposite signs of [h] and [l] indicated the presence of duplicate epistasis for the inheritance of Alternaria blight resistance.

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