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Open Access
Assessment of genetic diversity among elite maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes adapted to North Western Himalayas
(palampur, 2019-07-31) Jyoti; Jyoti; Lata, Swaran; Lata, Swaran
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of genetic diversity among elite maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes adapted to North Western Himalayas” was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity in maize genotypes using morpho-molecular markers and identification of potential genotypes for yield, its components and nutritional traits. The experimental material comprised of 40 maize genotypes along with four diverse checks. These genotypes were raised in alpha RBD design replicated twice during kharif 2018. Data were recorded on grain yield per plant and various morphometric traits along with reaction to prevalent diseases. Genetic diversity among different genotypes was studied on the basis of morphological traits using Mahalanobis D 2 -statistic and PCA. The analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures and molecular analysis was done using NTSYS-pc (version 2.02) software. Analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the traits suggesting ample amount of variability among them. High PCV, GCV was observed for grain yield per plant with moderate h 2 bs and genetic advance indicated the presence of additive and non additive gene action which provided the scope for improvement through hybridization and selection. On the basis of D 2 analysis three genotypes viz., CML 435, CML 551 Y and CML 295BBB showed superiority over the best check for grain yield and its related traits and almost similar grouping pattern in SSR diversity analysis. Overall, it can be concluded that CML 334 and CML 452 was observed as best genotypes for yield, its related traits and also resistant to bacterial stalk rot whereas moderately resistant to banded leaf and sheath blight. So these potential genotypes can be used as donor parents after further evaluation in the future breeding programme
Open Access
Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
(palampur, 2019-05-02) Sran, Ranjeet Singh; Satish Paul
The present investigation entitled “Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was undertaken to get the information on nature and magnitude of gene action, combining ability and heterosis and thereby identifying potential parents and cross combinations for seed yield, fibre yield and associated traits under variable environments that could support further improvements of linseed productivity using appropriate breeding methodology. Eight linseed varieties viz., Surbhi, Bhagsu, Nagarkot, T-397, Himani, Baner, JRF-4 and JRF-1 were hybridized following Griffing’s Method 2, Model 1 in a half diallel fashion. Experimental materials comprising of eight linseed varieties and 28 F1 progenies were evaluated in RBD with three replications during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Various cross combinations were also examined to study the genetics of resistance to powdery mildew and rust in linseed at Palampur and research station SAREC Kangra, respectively during the year 2017-18. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied during 2016-17, 2017- 18 and pooled over environments, suggesting prevalence of wide range of genetic variability. Variance due to environment in pooled analysis revealed significant differences for all the traits studied except seeds per capsule. Genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was significant for most of the traits except plant height and technical height indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes. Variances due to GCA, SCA and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits. For most of the traits, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action, under such situation diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generations followed by recurrent selection might be appropriate approach toward genetic improvement of these traits. Based on GCA, Nagarkot and Surbhi were found to be good general combiner for seed yield whereas, JRF-1 and JRF-4 for fibre yield. On the basis of SCA effect and heterosis, the cross combinations Surbhi × Baner, Himani × JRF-4 and Bhagsu × Nagarkot for seed yield and Nagarkot × Himani for fibre yield were found best in pooled over the environments. The segregation pattern of powdery mildew and rust disease indicated that resistance was governed by a single dominant gene in cross combination T-397 × Nagarkot.
Open Access
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN BUCKWHEAT USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Khushbu; Bhardwaj, Neelam
The present investigation entitled “Genetic diversity analysis in buckwheat using morphological and molecular markers” was undertaken during the kharif 2017 to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic variability and associations among various traits including their direct and indirect effects on seed yield and to identify potential donor parents among the 40 genotypes for their use in future breeding programmes. Data were recorded on seed yield per plant and various morphological traits along with reaction to disease. The analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures and morphological analysis was done using Mahalanobis D2 statistics and principle component analysis. Molecular analysis was done using NTSYS-pc software and POPGENE software. Sufficient genetic variability was observed for almost all the traits studied. High PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance was observed for 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Genotype IC-313149 which was highest yielding genotype was found promising among all the germplasm lines as it also exhibited high number of primary branches per plant, short plant height and 1000-seed weight. Similarity was observed among data for diversity from morphological and molecular analysis. A total of 38 genotypes were found common while comparing molecular clusters and morpho-metric clusters thereby exhibiting the congruence between morphological and SSR data.
Open Access
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN OAT (AVENA SATIVA) USING AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Arora, Arushi; Sood, Vinod Kumar
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the extent of genetic variability and diversity among different oat genotypes using agro morphological and molecular markers so as to identify promising genotypes for future breeding programme. The experimental material consisting of 57 different genotypes of oat were raised in Randomized Block Design with three replications during the Rabi 2016-2017 and data were recorded on agro morphological, quality traits and reaction to powdery mildew resistance. Genetic diversity among different genotypes was studied on the basis of morphological traits using Mahalanobis D2-statistic, PCA and SSR markers. Mean values for different traits revealed that genotypes JPO-36, JPO-46, JPO-38, JPO-17, JPO-29, JPO-30, JPO-31, JPO-45, EC-528883, Algerian, IG-03-203, EC-528889, EC-528890, EC-528390, JPO-28, OL-822, KRR-AK-36, EC-605834, PLP-14 , KRR-AK-26 and KRR-AK-42 were significantly superior for forage and quality traits and were resistant to powdery mildew. PCV along with GCV were high for tillers per plant, flag leaf area, leaf stem ratio, dry matter yield per plant and crude protein yield per plant. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for tillers per plant, dry matter yield per plant, crude protein yield per plant and seed yield per plant. Dry matter yield per plant, crude protein content, crude protein yield per plant and biological yield per plant were observed as best selection indices for green fodder yield whereas dry matter yield, biological yield per plant and harvest index were observed as best selection indices for seed yield. Based on D2-statistic, all the genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. In contrast, SSR analysis grouped the genotypes into two clusters and further two sub-clusters. Genotypes PLP-16, PLP-1, JPO-50, JPO-31 JPO-28, PLP-17, EC-528897, JPO-38, EC-605831and JPO-29 were found to be more diverse than others.
Open Access
Studies on gene action and combining ability for yield and its component traits in aromatic and red rices (Oryza sativa L.).
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-04) Raigar, Om Prakash; Basandrai, Daisy
The present investigation entitled “Studies on gene action and combining ability for yield and its component traits in aromatic and red rices (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at Rice and Wheat Research Center, Malan (Kangra), Himachal Pradesh, during Kharif 2018. Thirty basmati and red rice genotypes were evaluated in RBD in three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits and inferred the presence of huge genetic variability for all the traits studied. Among yield contributing traits, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance and high PCV and GCV was observed for spikelets per panicle, grains per panicle and harvest index which indicated that there is substantial variability ensuring ample scope for improvement of these traits through selection. Mean performance revealed that among basmati genotypes RP 4594-36-26-39-16-22-8-7-3, Vallabh Basmati-24 and RP 4594-55-49-76-42-53-20-15-8 and among the red rice genotypes Deval and HPR2800-1 were the best for yield and other yield contributing traits which may be used for the future rice breeding programme. The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that grain yield per plant had significant positive correlation with panicle length, spikelets / panicle, grains /panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index at both phenotypic and genotypic level while plant height had significantly positive correlation with grain yield / plant at only genotypic level. Path analysis revealed that the harvest index had maximum positive direct effect on grain yield/plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels, respectively suggesting the importance of this trait towards grain yield / plant. Diversity analysis studies indicated genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters and maximum genetic diversity was observed under clusters II and III followed by I and III, I and II. Grains / panicle contributed maximum towards divergence followed by days to 50% flowering, 1000 seed weight, protein percent and spikelets/panicle Remaining traits had very little or no contribution towards genetic divergence and hence were of little importance. In experiment II, 10 lines were crossed with two testers. 20 F1's along with parents were analysed. Analysis of variance for the experimental design with respect to total genotypes revealed significant differences among all the yield and yield contributing traits, phenological and grain quality traits. Analysis of variance for line × tester mating design with respect to parents revealed significant differences among lines for all the traits studied. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that significant differences were among lines, testers and crosses for most of the traits. The ratio of σ2GCA / σ2SCA of less than unity indicated that the gene effect was predominantly non-additive type for all the characters. On the basis of SCA effects, top cross combinations for earliness were Pusa Basmati 1121 × HPR 2720, Super Basmati × HPR 2795, Kasturi × HPR 2795, HPR 2800-2 × HPR 2795 and Lakha Mandal × HPR 2720. These combinations also showed resistance to leaf blast and neck blast. HPR 2590 × HPR 2795 (29.15 g/plant) and HPR 2800-2 × HPR 2795 (24.35 g/ plant) were found to be the promising heterotic combinations for yield and related traits as they showed heterosis of 103.63% and 69.75% respectively, in comparison to the check Kasturi.
Open Access
STUDIES ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH MOISTURE - STRESS TOLERANCE IN BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-20) Dinesh Kumar; Rana, Vijay
The present study entitled, “Studies on morpho-physiological traits associated with moisture - stress tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was undertaken with the objectives to study genetic variability for grain yield and morpho-physiological traits under moisture - stress conditions in bread wheat to find out suitable selection criteria for moisture stress tolerance under field and controlled conditions. The experimental material comprised of thirty one diverse genotypes including 27 bread wheat lines along with two triticale and one each of durum and barley. The data were recorded on the traits, namely, grain yield per plant (g), tillers per plant, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), flag leaf area (cm²), plant height (cm), peduncle length (cm), days to 50 per cent flowering, days to 75 per cent maturity, biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), stem reserve mobilization (%), dry matter accumulation (g) under field conditions. Root length (cm), coleoptile length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling dry weight (g) root-shoot ratio, seedling vigour index and index of drought resistance were recorded only under controlled conditions at seedling stage. Analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to genotypes were significant for all the traits studied under field and controlled conditions, which indicated the presence of sufficient genetic variability amongst genotypes for these traits. Grain yield per plant, tillers per plant and harvest index exhibited moderate estimates for PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance, indicating moderate response to selection under moisture stress conditions. Among the seedling traits, seedling dry weight exhibited high PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability and genetic advance, indicating importance of this trait for selection. Based on correlation and path analysis (direct and indirect contributions), grains /spike, biological yield and harvest index emerged to be the important selection criteria under moisture stress conditions. Flag leaf area, peduncle length and dry matter accumulation also appeared to be the important traits based on their direct or indirect contributions towards grain yield. Most of the seedling traits showed positive correlations among themselves, but none (except positive correlation of coleoptile length with stem reserve mobilization) exhibited significant positive correlation with stem reserve mobilization, biological yield, harvest index and grain yield per plant at maturity, implying thereby that selection for seedling traits may not be fruitful to select high yielding genotypes under moisture - stress conditions. Elite genotypes viz., HPW 432, HPW 433, Tarmori, Kanku, Old Synthetic 26 and Old Synthetic 54 having good combination of important yield components and / or morpho-physiological traits could be utilized in the wheat improvement programme for enhancement of productivity under moisture - stress conditions.
Open Access
GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION USING AMMI AND GGE BIPLOT ANALYSIS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-20) Loyal, Arun; Kishore, Naval
The present investigation was carried out for G×E interaction and stability analysis of twenty one barley genotypes for eleven traits at five different locations during rabi 2017-18. The pooled analysis of variance across environments exhibited significant mean sum of square due to genotypes and environments indicating sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments for all the traits studied. Genotype × Environment interaction and stability analysis following Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model also exhibited significant variance due to genotypes, environments and G×E interaction indicating presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments. Environments explained the greater proportion of total variation for most of the characters followed by genotypes and genotype × environment interaction (GEI). The mean squares for the IPCAI and IPCAII cumulatively contributed more than 60 per cent of the total G×E interaction for all the traits, highest being 97.94 per cent for peduncle length (cm) and lowest for harvest index (61.24%). The ‘which won where’ pattern showed that no single genotype was found stable as well as high yielding for more than one trait. Genotypes G3 (BHS 467) and G16 (VLB 158) showed high mean performance and stability for biological and grain yield per plant across environments. Genotype G20 (HBL 113) was the winner for the trait number of effective tillers per plant across all environments. Genotype G3 (BHS 467) was also the most stable genotype for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity and biological yield per plant, whereas genotype G6 (HBL 793) showed high mean and stability for plant height, number of grains per spike and harvest index. Genotype G8 (HBL 812) outperformed all the genotypes for four traits in Bajaura (no. of grains/spike, spike length, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant and); for spike length in Katrain and for three traits (no. of grains/spike, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant) in Kangra, Berthin and Malan. Hence, HBL 812 was the winner genotype for grain yield in four environments.
Open Access
Morphological- and biochemical-characterisation and molecular marker analysis of locally adapted maize inbreds for kernel -carotenoids and -tocopherols.
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Thakur, Arun; Guleria, S. K.
The present investigation entitled “Morphological- and - biochemical- characterization and molecular marker analysis of locally adapted maize inbreds for kernel-carotenoids and- tocopherols”had been undertaken to carry out morphological and biochemical grouping of the selected panel if twenty four inbred lines planted at four location viz., Bajaura, Palampur, Kangra and IARI,Delhi. Biochemical analysis performed by UPLC grouped the inbred lines into genotypes with high level of provitamin-A and tocopherols. The only line viz., BAJIM-BIO-8 among the selected lines to show favorable allele for crtRB1 gene, apart from checks viz., PMI- PV1 and PMI-PV2. SSR analysis performed using gene-specific marker was able to locate the favorable allele for both carotenoids and tocopherols. Among tocopherols, α-tocopherol possesses highest vitamin E activity. Six lines viz., BAJIM-08-26, LM16, LM17, BAJIM-BIO-3, BAJIM- BIO-5 and BAJIM-BIO-6 were proven to be the lines with high mean α-tocopherol concentration suggesting presence of favorable allele if ZmVTE4 gene. Molecular diversity analysis using 75 SSR markers spanning the entire genome revealed a total of 195 alleles with mean major allele frequency of 0.65, mean PIC value of 0.38, mean heterozygosity of 0.04, 16 unique alleles and 18 rare alleles. Dissimilarity using Jaccard’s coefficient was calculated and 31 diverse cross combinations were revealed. Cluster diagram grouped the lines into three major clusters. Principle coordinate analysis was further able to plot the inbred lines based on their genetic distances into four quadrangles with similar genotypes lying in the same quadrangle. The lines which were identified for carotenoids and tocopherols can be used as donor for development of biofortified hybrids with high grain yield.
Open Access
COMBINING ABILITY AND GENE ACTION STUDIES IN OAT (Avena sativa L.)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-17) Rana, Amit; Sood, V.K.
The present investigation entitled “Combining ability and gene action studies in oat (Avena sativa L.)” was conducted to understand the nature and magnitude of gene action along with combining ability estimates for different traits so as to identify potential parents and cross combinations for future breeding programmes. Genetic diversity analysis of the parents involved was also done using principal component analysis and molecular markers. The material for the investigation consisted of 10 diverse lines of oat, viz., EC 528865, HJ 8, KRR AK 26, PLP 14, KRR AK 15, JPO 36, Kent, UPO 130, K 353 and EC 605834 which were crossed with four testers viz., JPO 46, PLP 1, UPO 30 and HFO 52, to produce 40 F1 hybrids during rabi 2017-18. These F1s along with their parents were raised in Randomized Block Design with three replications during rabi 2018-19 at the Experimental Farm, Fodder Section of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP) and data were recorded for different agro-morphological, forage, seed and quality traits. Genetic diversity on the basis of cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), molecular markers (SSRs) and population structure revealed significant genetic divergence among parents used in the study. Combining ability estimates showed that genetic variance due to lines were significant for all the traits except dry matter, whereas testers had significant genetic variance for all the traits except tillers per plant, dry matter, biological yield per plant, 100-seed weight and neutral detergent fibre. Line × tester interactions were found to be significant for all the traits except leaf stem ratio and dry matter. Higher magnitude of dominance variance over additive variance and low heritability estimates for most of the traits showed preponderance of non-additive gene action revealing the importance of dominance and epistatic effects in the inheritance of these traits. Per cent contribution of line × tester interactions were highest for most of the traits followed by lines. Lines viz., EC 528865, UPO 130 and HJ 8 were overall good combiner for most of the traits and potential parent sources for recombinant breeding. SCA estimates showed cross combinations viz., EC 605834 × UPO 30, PLP 14 × HFO-52 and EC 528865 × PLP 1 have highest sca values for green fodder yield, while UPO 130 × PLP 1 indicated desirable significant sca effect for ADF and NDF content. Kent × JPO 46 showed highest β-glucan content among all combinations followed by PLP 14 × UPO 30 and HJ 8 × UPO 30. UPO 130 × JPO 46 showed promising heterosis among all the cross combinations for green fodder yield and seed yield as compared to check PLP 1 and found moderately resistant to powdery mildew, while cross combinations viz., KRR AK 26 × JPO 46, KRR AK 26 × PLP 1 and KRR AK 15 × PLP 1 were found resistant to powdery mildew. On the basis of gca, sca, standard heterosis and resistance to powdery mildew, cross combinations viz., KRR AK 26 × JPO 46, Kent × JPO 46, PLP 14 × UPO 30 and KRR AK 26 × HFO 52 were found promising and can be expected to throw transgressive segregants.

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