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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SEASON OF BIRTH AND ENERGY LEVELS OF FEED ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF PIGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 1992) K. S, SEBASTIAN; T. G. Rajagopalan
    A detailed investigation was carried out to study the effect of season and level of energy intake on grov/th rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and economics of production of fattening pigs reared upto a slaughter weight of 90 kg. Thirty two weaner pigs of large White Yorkshire breed belonging to the University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy born in two seasons were distributed under two dietary treatments. All animals were slaughtered on attaining the target weight of 90 kg. Animals born in season II were superior to animals born in season I in all the parameters like growth rate, feed j_0f]^cy, average daily gain and carcass characteristics. The energy level in the ration had a moderate influence on the performance of grower pigs. Animals on NRG level of feed were found to be better than animals on 15 per cent less than NRG levels in all the traits under study except for fat characteristics,. The cost of production per kg pork was found to be less (Rs 18.72) in NRC group than 15 per cent less than NRC group (Rs 22.99) due to higher feed efficiency and better growth rate. The overall results obtained during the course of present study is that the unit cost of production is less for animals maintained on NRC level of ration. Animals born in season II were found to be better than animals born in season I in production performances.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    OCHRATOXICOSIS IN QUAILS (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1992) AMIR ABBAS FARSHID; Rajan, A
    In this investigation the pathological effects of OA in quail embryo and adult quail were studied with special reference to the immune system. Ochratoxin A (OA) was inoculated into the quail embryos, at the dose rate of 0.02 ^g per embryo. There was 68.66 per cent mortality which clearly indicated the direct action of OA. The embryos which were sacrificed on the 13th and 16th day of incubation showed significant reduction in the body weight, weight of bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus. Histological changes in these lymphoid organs were, atrophy, necrosis and depletion of lymphoid elements. Ultrastructurally the changes were time dependent. There were changes in the shape of the nucleus with condensation of granular and fibrillar components of the nucleoli. The adverse immunobiological effect of OA on the developing lymphoid organs was established by histological and ultrastructural studies. OA at the dose rate of 50 /ag/bird/day for a period of 60 days was administered through oesophageal intubation. Pathological changes were sequentially documented with special reference to the immune system. 2 In the OA fed quails, the clinical signs included emaciation and hyperexcitation at the later part of the experiment. There was highly significant reduction in the body weight, weight of bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus. The reduction in the weight of lymphoid organs gave evidence to the adverse effects of OA on the immune system. There was reduction in the total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and packed cell volume in OA fed birds indicating the significant damaging effect on the haemopoietic sytem. Estimation of total serum protein (TSP), serum globulin (SGI) and serum immunoglobulin fractions clarified the biological adverse effect of OA on the humoral immune system. Highly significant reduction in total leukocyte count (TLC) and T cell dependent lymphopenia proved the immunosuppressive effect of OA. There was reduction in T cells, increase migration indices in response to Fowl pox antigen in leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT), the reduction in the cutaneous response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and phytohaemagglutinin- M (PHA-M) and spleen indices in the graft versus host reaction (GVHR), clarified the immunotoxicity of OA on the cell-mediated immune system. Grossly the OA fed birds had pale, friable liver, congested and haemorrhagic kidney, mild enteritis, atrophied 3 bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus. Thymus showed petechial haemorrhages and brain revealed cerebral congestion. The lymphoid organs showed degenerative changes and loss of lymphoid elements. Ultrastructurally the bursa of Fabricius showed alteration in lymphoid and epithelial components, lytic cytoplasm and nuclear condensation. The transformation of lymphoid cells into plasmacytoid series of cells was lacking. Similar cellular changes were also seen in the spleen and thymus. These changes gave evidence for the clinical manifestation of defective humoral and cell-mediated response. Kidney tubules were dilated and necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules was seen along with congestion and focal haemorrhages. Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane was evident. Ultrastructurally fragmentation and lysis of plasma membrane at the luminal surface, numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles and fusion of podocyte foot processes were seen. Liver showed varying degree of fatty change. Ultrastructurally mitochondrial swelling and abnormal mitochondria to severe cytolytic changes we're observed. Brain showed, focal oedema, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, satellitosis of microglial cells and swollen vascular endothelium. This was supported by electron microscopic observations of separation of neuronal elements, fragmentation and vacuolation of perineuronal elements. No gross or histological changes were seen in the heart. Immunostimulation with levamisole at the dose rate of 0.1 mg/quail two doses at 4 day interval, resulted in 4 lymphocytic leukocytosis. TSP and SGI levels were increased significantly associated with increase in IgM and IgG. T cell associated lymphocytosis, decreased migration indices in response to Fowl pox antigen in LMIT, increased cutaneous response to DNCB and PHA-M, were also recorded. There was also elevation of TEC, Hb concentration and PCV. The histological examination of lymphoid organs of immunostimulated quails revealed hyperplasia and blastoid transformation in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus. This study brought to light the immunotoxicity of OA on the humoral and cell-mediated immune system. ' In addition to this,adverse effects on hepatic, haemopoietic and nervous systems were also documented. Levamisole was demonstrated to regulate the immunodeficiency induced by OA in quails.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF DUCKS IN AFLATOXICOSIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992-11-20) BALAKRISHNAN, P.; Maryamma, K.l.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SEASON OF BIRTH AND ENERGY LEVELS OF FEED ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF PIGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992) SEBASTIAN, K. S; Rajagopalan, T. G.
    A detailed investigation was carried out to study the effect of season and level of energy intake on grov/th rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and economics of production of fattening pigs reared upto a slaughter weight of 90 kg. Thirty two weaner pigs of large White Yorkshire breed belonging to the University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy born in two seasons were distributed under two dietary treatments. All animals were slaughtered on attaining the target weight of 90 kg. Animals born in season II were superior to animals born in season I in all the parameters like growth rate, feed j_0f]^cy, average daily gain and carcass characteristics. The energy level in the ration had a moderate influence on the performance of grower pigs. Animals on NRG level of feed were found to be better than animals on 15 per cent less than NRG levels in all the traits under study except for fat characteristics,. The cost of production per kg pork was found to be less (Rs 18.72) in NRC group than 15 per cent less than NRC group (Rs 22.99) due to higher feed efficiency and better growth rate. The overall results obtained during the course of present study is that the unit cost of production is less for animals maintained on NRC level of ration. Animals born in season II were found to be better than animals born in season I in production performances.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION OF VETERINARY PERSONNEL IN KERALA
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992) JAYACHANDRAN, S; Pushkaran, P.S.
    The objectives of the study were to assess the level of job satisfaction of Veterinary personnel in carrying out their official functions, to study the level of job satisfaction of the veterinary personnel, to identify the constraint factors pertaining to their job and to assess the problems and solutions related to the job performance as perceived by them.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF NISIN ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF Dahi
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992-09-28) SREEJA RAMACHANDRAN; Prasad, V.
    An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of preservatives such as nisin and potassium sorbate on the keeping quality of dahi. An attempt was also made to study the quality of dahi produced under household conditions with a special emphasis on the maintenance of starter. An exhaustive review of literature has been presented on the use of various preservatives in dahi, keeping quality and other related aspects. The methods of analysis of some important components of dahi has been detailed. Dahi was prepared under laboratory conditions (Method I) and under household conditions (Method II). Both were divided into four parts and applied four treatments namely (1) Treatment A - with 1000 lU nisin/i^ g curd (2) Treatment B - with 10 ml of nisin producing organism capable of producing 1000 lU of nisin/100 g curd (3) Treatment C with 0.2 per cent potassium sorbate (4) Treatment D - Dahi stored as such without any treatments. All treatments were compared with dahi at 0 hour (control). The dahi after treatments A, B, C and D from methods I and II were mixed well and transferred to 100 ml cups and stored at room temperature. Samples from each treatment were subjected to chemical, microbiological and organoleptic evaluation on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 10th and 21st day of storage for acidity, pH, lipolysis, proteolysis, diacetyl, total lactic count, coliform count and yeast and mould count. There was a decrease in acidity for all treatments from the initial level under method I. Whereas acidity was maintained to the initial level under method II. There was only a slight change in pH during different periods of storage for all the treatments under both methods. Proteolysis of dahi remained to the initial level upto 24 hours then increased gradually under both methods. Tyrosine value was higher under household conditions which could be due to the presence of proteolytic bacteria other than starter organisms that have gained entry into dahi through starter culture. An abrupt reduction in diacetyl contents was noticed in dahi during storage. This could be due to the reduction of diacetyl by the enzyme diacetyl reductase produced by certain streptococci. With regard to the free fatty acid content treatments A, B and C were effective in controlling the breakdown of fat during storage. Addition of nisin did not alter the total lactic count and it was maintained to initial level even after storage for 4 days. Nisin producing organisms multiplied during storage. In potassium sorbate added dahi a reduction in lactic count was noticed probably due to depletion of nutrients rather than the direct effect. Growth and multiplication of yeast, mould and coliforms were controlled in both methods by nisin or nisin producing organisms in dahi. Potassium sorbate completely eliminated yeast and mould and coliform growth in dahi but it reduced flavour score during sensory evaluation. Sli., From the above findings it was concluded that the lowacidity produced on storage might be due to the fact that the lactic acid bacteria added were low acid producers. There was a reduction in flavour score for potassium sorbate added dahi but at the same time it was found to suppress the yeast and mould growth completely. Hence it is recommended that potassium sorbate preferably at a reduced level of 0.1 per cent along with nisin producing organisms can keep up the quality of dahi under room temperature. Also it is advisable to change the culture at least once a week to get good quality dahi with characteristic diacetyl flavour under household conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHROMOSOME CHARACTERISATION OF MALABARI GOATS AND ITS CROSSES IN KERALA
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992-03-10) BINDU, K. A.; RAGHUNANDANAN, K-V
    The chromosome prolile ot qoats v.'as bruored wiuh o vie to find its number, to prepare the karyotypes of female and male goats of the Malabari and its crosses with Saanen and Alpine and to assess its morphom-etr ic values. The experiments were carried out in jugular blood lymphocytes. The cultures were prepared using RPMl 1640 as the rr>edium. The comparative efficacy or different m.xtogens viz. PHA, PWM and their combination, with different incubation time, revealed that the combination of PHA and PWM at an incubation period of 70.5 h yielded the optimum results The diploid number of chromosomes in all the genetic groups of goats were found to be 60. Autosomes as well as X chromosomes were found to be acrooentric. The X chromosome was quite prominent ii nrn bei.-.Ofg- rlop iQnnodir of all. The Y chromosome was the shortest and the only metacontric in the complement. In karyotypes of the three genetic groups, it was observed that twenty-nine homologous pairb of autosome formed a closely graded serlarion. Sexuai dimorphism v,/as . . , .o., ,-,f y ^r-.d Y chromosomes in exhibitcG wiLn an uiiA-^;uai -- nf Y e'">-orr,r,c:r,mr-s in the females, males anu an equal t^a . .. or .. The relative length was estimated for each pair or chromosomes in percentage. The X chromosome contributed to more than five per cent of the total complement length in all the three genetic groups. In Malabari, Saanen x Malabari and Alpine x Malabari, the relative length of the Y chromosomes were 1.552+0.10, 1.321+0.09 and 1.548+0.10 respectively. The analysis of variance of relative length of X chromosomes revealed a significant difference among the three genetic groups.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING ADDITIVES ON TOTAL SOLIDS OF COWS' MILK
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992-08-31) SATHIAN, C. T; FRANCIS, U.T
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ASSiSSMlNT OF THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEOPLASTIC CELLS OF ETHMOID CARCINOMA IN CATTLE
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992-04-20) GANGADHARAN, B; Rajan, A