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ThesisItem Open Access AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA FOR TREATMENT OF SOLE LESIONS AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF ASSOCIATED BIOMARKERS IN DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNVERSITY, 2022-05-12) LAIJU M. PHILIP; Dr. K. D. John MartinA prevalence of clinical lameness of 26.31 per cent was obtained on screening a herd of 114 lactating cows using claw health indicators and infrared thermography during July 2020 and June 2021. Eighteen clinically lame cowsmaintained under identical management conditions with sole ulcer or whiteline disease in one of the hind lateral claws were selected and randomly assigned to treatment into three groups. A positively controlled, randomised clinical trial was conducted for the evaluation of healing of sole lesions with the therapeuticapplication of platelet rich plasma in two different protocols in two groups, against the conventional treatment methods in another group. Autologous PRP was prepared by a modified double centrifugation syringe method in the former two groups of animals, assessed the quality and standardised to 1× 109 platelets/ mL for therapeutic application. Sole lesions in all the animals were treated by therapeutic hoof trimming followed by hoof block application on contralateral claw, dressing with 10 per cent Zinc oxide ointment and hoof bandaging under suitable anaesthetic method. In one group, PRP gel was applied topically over the lesion and in other group, 10 mL of PRP was administered by regional intravenous injection and both treatments were repeated after 48 hours. A remarkable improvement in the clinical healing and wound closure were observed in PRP IVRA group than PRP gel and control groups in the early phase of healing. PRP IVRA group had better quality horn and less pain sensitivity. The greater expressions of IL1α, IL1β, IL10, Hp and MMP13 genes were observed in lame cows compared to sound cows. Relative gene expression of cytokine was downregulated by IVRA of PRP progressively during the healing of sole lesion at all the time points. Histopathological examination and post therapy locomotion score revealed no significant differences between the treatment groups at any observation time. Hence the present study concluded that intravenous regional infusion of PRP could be considered as better regenerative therapy along with therapeutic hoof trimming for the management of sole ulcer and whiteline disease in dairy cattleThesisItem Open Access STREAMLINING SURGICAL APPROACHES OF SKIN AND MAMMARY TISSUE / SUBCUTANEOUS NEOPLASMS IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEO-ADJUVANT AND ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC PROTOCOLS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-06-10) SUDHEESH S. NAIR; M.K. NarayananThe present study was conducted on clinical cases of skin and mammary tissue / subcutaneous neoplasms among the dogs presented to University Veterinary Hospitals of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at Kokkalai and Mannuthy. Occurrence of 295 cases of neoplasms in dogs with respect to signalment and anamnesis were studied over a period of three years from October 2017 to September 2020. Thirty six cases of neoplasms consisting of 18 mammary neoplasms and 18 skin/ subcutaneous neoplasms were selected and subjected to detailed study in three groups based on TNM staging of neoplasms. Group I animals (TNM stage TA N0-1 M0) were subjected to curative-intent surgery alone with minimum 2 cm wide margin radical resections including deep fascial planes. Group II animals with ill-defined surgical margins and inflammatory changes (TNM stages TA N1 M0-1) were subjected to neoadjuvant chemotherapy at biweekly intervals .This was followed by surgical excision. In Group III- animals (TNM stages TA N1 M 1) with poorly differentiated surgical margins with metastatic changes in lymph node and confirmed pulmonary metastasis were subjected to surgical excision followed by adjuvant chemotherapy at biweekly intervals. The neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies in Group II and Group III were carried out using (VBL-P) protocol (vinblastine at 2 mg/ m intravenously and prednisolone at 1 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly) and (DOX-P) protocol (doxorubicin at 18 mg/ m2 and prednisolone at 1 mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly) in six animals each in both groups. The surgical approaches to various types of neoplasms were streamlined with special reference to the TNM staging considering the anatomic location and gland/ part involved. Skin closure techniques were studied using single/ bipedicle flaps, local flap or axial pattern flap. Histopathology and grading of all samples were done. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with VBL-P protocol was found highly beneficial in defining surgical margins and resulted in improvement of surgical fitness of patients owing to the platelet enhancing effect. DOX-P protocol was found marginally effective in neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with moderate cardiotoxicity and GI toxicity. Grading of neoplasms provided a valuable insight in designing future treatment strategies and for palliative management. The results of haematological and biochemical parameters were statistically analyzed. The response to treatment was assessed by Modified Karnofsky performance scales in dogs and Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST) guidelines. The survival status of the animals after treatment was compared by plotting survival curve using Kaplan Meier analysis and results were interpreted using the Log Rank Test. The mean survival time was found less in Group III, compared to Group II and Group I.ThesisItem Open Access HEALING OF BONE DEFECTS TREATED WITH TRI - PHASIC COMPOSITE BIO - CERAMIC IN RAT MODELS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) Dinesh P. T.; Syam K. VenugopalThe study was conducted to assess the efficacy of tri-phasic silica containing ceramic coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) as a bone graft substitute for fractures with segmental loss in rat models and to evaluate regeneration of bones treated with HASi, before this new material is put to clinical use. A six millimeter mid diaphyseal defect was created in the right femur of 80 adult male Wistar rats aged 16 weeks. The procedure was done under general anaesthesia using xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride at the dose rate of 9.0 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg body weight given intraperitoneal. The defect was bridged with presized HASi graft and immobilized with 1.5 mm microplates and screws. Healing was evaluated by radiography, histology, haematology, assessment of bone turnover markers activity in serum and by assessment of biomechanical strength. All the animals showed undisturbed wound healing without any complication. Serial radiographic evaluation fortnightly revealed that the fragments were in alignment and apposition. The graft had integrated with the host bone radiographically by four weeks and showed both proximal and distal union. By 16 weeks time, new bone formation was evident. Healing was assessed by scoring the radiographs and the total score observed was 0.57 ± 0.15 at two weeks, 3.25 ± 0.25 at four weeks, 6.83 ± 0.28 at eight weeks, 8.94 ± 0.15 at twelve weeks and 9.54 ± 0.16 at sixteen weeks in a scorecard of maximum 10 points. New bone formation was observed in the peripheral region of the defect, while the mid region was identifiable with a portion of the material. Grossly, the graft material was incorporated with newly regenerated bone. At 16 weeks, new bone substitution in par with the degradation of the graft material was almost achieved throughout the defect. The total leukocyte count showed an initial increase during the second week of observation, which was with in the normal range. There after, it was reduced and was maintained with in the normal range. Hematologic evaluation results suggested no signs of inflammation or infection during the entire period of fracture healing. Assessment of activity of bone turn markers showed that ALP levels regained to near normal levels indicating completion of osteoblastic activity in time. ACP values were found significantly higher in comparison with normal values suggestive of ongoing osteoclast activity. These two enzyme levels were suggestive of normal fracture healing processes and bone remodeling, respectively. Histological examination revealed complete healing of the defect without any signs of inflammation or fibrous proliferation. New bone deposition and material degradation were more significant in periphery as compared to the centre of the defect at eight weeks. At 16 weeks, new bone deposition and material degradation were achieved throughout the defect. The material was not completely resorbed, but existed as small islands embedded in newly formed bone. Histological evaluation has proved adequate levels of osteoconduction and osteointegration between bone substitution graft and the host bone. The fractured limb had regained 83 per cent of its flexural strength, 92.82 per cent of compressive strength and 78.99 per cent of torsional strength when compared to that of the normal limb by 16 weeks. Therefore, the present study has proved the successful use of HASi bone substitute graft material for the treatment of critical sized segmental defects in the rat femur on the basis clinical results.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ACEPROMAZINE, MIDAZOLAM AND BUTORPHANOL AS ADJUNCTS TO XYLAZINE-KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA FOR VASECTOMY IN CAPTIVE SAMBAR DEER (RUSA UNICOLOR)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2017) JOJU JOHNS; George ChandyAnaesthetic protocols using acepromazine, butorphanol and midazolam as independent adjuncts to xylazine-ketamine were evaluated in thirty captive Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor) undergoing vasectomy. Acepromazine, xylazine and ketamine (0.1 ± 0.01, 3.1 ± 0.2 and 4.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg b. wt., respectively - Group I), butorphanol, xylazine and ketamine (0.09, 2.8 ± 0.1 and 3.7 ± 0.1 mg/kg b. wt., respectively - Group II) and midazolam, xylazine and ketamine (0.2 ± 0.01, 3.0 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.1, mg/kg b. wt. respectively - Group III) were administered intramuscularly by darting (n = 10 each), followed by ketamine intravenously in animals not anaesthetised fifteen minutes from darting. Quality of induction, ease of physical restraint for ketamine administration and recovery from anaesthesia were scored. Yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg b. wt., IV) was administered following surgical procedure. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and invasive arterial blood pressure were recorded at five minute intervals. Arterial (10th and 20th minute) and venous (immediately after induction) blood samples were collected. Ketamine was administered at the rate of 1.5 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.2 and 1.1 mg/kg in Groups I, II and III, respectively. Quality and time for induction of anaesthesia was better in Group III (9.8 ± 1.18 min.) compared to Group I (16.1 ± 1.36 min.) and Group II (15.0 ± 1.29 min.) Recovery was prolonged (27.2 ± 2.93 min.) in Group III. Mean rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were in normal range, while hypertension was observed in all animals. Hypoxemia with moderate hypercapnia, mildly acidic blood pH and elevated creatine kinase levels were observed in all groups. Blood glucose level was significantly high in Group III. Based on the study, acepromazine-xylazine-ketamine and butorphanolxylazine-ketamine can be recommended for minor procedures and midazolamxylazine-ketamine for surgical procedures requiring longer immobilisation in captive Sambar Deer.ThesisItem Open Access MIDAZOLAM IN COMBINATION WITH GLYCOPYRROLATE AND XYLAZINE AS A PREANAESTHETIC FOR GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN DOCS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2007) M. K. NARAYANAN; K. RajankuttyThe anaesthetic study was conducted in 24 female dogf of different breeds subjected to elective surgical procedures (oophorectomies) Tfhey were randomly divided into four groups viz., I, II, III and IV, each consisting of six animals and were numbered serially from 1 to 6.
