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ThesisItem Open Access CONTINUOUS RATE INFUSION ANAESTHESIA WITH DEXMEDETOMIDINEMIDAZOLAM-KETAMINE-LIGNOCAINE IN DEXMEDETOMIDINEBUTORPHANOL-MIDAZOLAM-KETAMINE ANAESTHETISED DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-12-11) VERMA, ANIKSHIT; S, SooryadasSix adult dogs of different breeds and ages, belonging to eithersex and categorised as ASA class I or II, which were posted for various elective soft tissue and orthopaedic surgical procedures in the Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, were anaesthetised using a combination of dexmedetomidine @ 5 µg/kg body weight, butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg body weight, midazolam @ 0.2 mg/kg body weight and ketamine @ 5 mg/kg body weight, given intramuscularly. Following induction, the animals were intubated and connected to the circle system of anaesthetic machine to provide oxygen. Thereafter, a loading dose of 2% lignocaine intravenous preparation was administered @ 2 mg/kg body weight, intravenously. Following the loading dose of lignocaine, anesthesia was maintained using a continuous rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (@ 2 µg/kg/h), midazolam (@ 3 µg/kg/min), lignocaine (@ 50 µg/kg/min) and ketamine (@ 40 µg/kg/min). The induction was smooth, with no signs of anxiety and no laryngeal reflex, allowing easy intubation in 7.33 ± 3.72 min. The maintenance of anaesthesia was excellent. Additional top up injectable drugs or inhalant agents were not required, throughout the surgeries. The eyeballs were positioned ventro-medially in all six animals studied. Heart rate and rate of respiration were found decreased following induction. End tidal carbon dioxide values were initially high, and eucapnia was maintained using manual assisted ventilation, till the effects of opioid weaned off. The invasive and non-invasive blood pressure values were initially high, which slowly dropped down towards the normal physiological range. A decrease in rectal temperature was observed. The blood gases, electrolytes and haematological values did not show any significant variation from their normal reference values. Serum glucose values were observed to be significantly high. Following cessation of the continuous rate infusion, the animals rejected the endotracheal tube in 42 ± 9.87 minutes. The recovery was smooth and uneventful. From the study, it is concluded that dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam-ketamine combination intramuscular @ 5 µg/kg, @ 0.2 mg/kg, @ 0.2 mg/kg and @ 5 mg/kg respectively, followed by an intravenous loading dose of lignocaine @ 2 mg/kg and a continuous rate intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine-midazolam-lignocaine-ketamine @ 2 µg/kg/h, 3 µg/kg/min, 50 µg/kg/min and 40 µg/kg/min respectively, in normal saline, effectively maintains anaesthesia for various soft tissue and orthopaedic surgeries.ThesisItem Open Access HEALING OF CORNEA GRAFTED WITH PROCESSED HUMAN AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-19) V., NAGASHREE; S., SooryadasCornea is an inimitable portion of the outer fibrous tunic of the eye. Due to its transparent nature, it plays a major role in vision. Corneal ulceration or ulcerative keratitis is a very common ocular emergency in companion animal practice. Uncomplicated ulcers heal rapidly with minimal scar formation, whereas complicated deep ulcers lead to corneal scarring or some time corneal perforation and synechia formation resulting in impaired vision. Various modalities are reported for treatment of corneal ulcers in humans, among which grafting with human amniotic membrane (HAM) is reported to have minimal scar formation, neovascularization and fibrosis. Few clinical cases had been reported in dogs too. This formed the basis of the present study where corneal ulcers, following grafting with decellularised, sterilized, and processed human amniotic membrane, was evaluated to study the healing effects of the membrane in dogs. The study was conducted in six clinical cases of dogs presented with superficial to deep-and-extensive corneal ulcers. Healing of the cornea was studied in all dogs after grafting with processed, decellularised and sterilized human amniotic membrane. All the dogs were treated with topical moxifloxacin eye drops prior to surgery. Surgical debridement was performed under general anaesthesia using dry sterile cotton buds, and with a lance blade. Ulcer bed and surrounding 1-2 mm area was scarified and bed was cleaned for acceptance of the graft. Decellularised, processed human amniotic membrane grafted as an onlay graft and secured in place as an onlay graft using 10-0 polyamide suture. Topical instillation of moxifloxacin was continued four times daily, flurbiprofen eye drops thrice daily until complete healing and atropine eye drops once daily for five days in all the cases. Sutures were removed on 14th post-operative day. Post operatively all the animals were evaluated on 3rd, 7th, 14th and 30thdays. Values of Schirmer tear test and number of blinks per minute were higher in initial days, which later got reduced post-operatively. Also, there was progressive reduction of corneal oedema, and improvement in corneal clarity. The superficial corneal vascularization regressed, and none of animals had visible corneal vessels, by the end of the observation period. All the animals regained corneal transparency without scar at the ulcer site, except for a focal spot of haziness in three dogs. Corneal pigmentation was not observed in four cases, but in two cases, they had corneal pigmentation earlier with mild density before the surgery and their extent had increased and density had become severe by the end of the study, without affecting the vision of the animal. All the animals scored 2 (positive to all three tests and vision graded normal) for visual function tests, on 30th postoperative day. It could be concluded from the study that decellularised, processed human amniotic membrane has epitheliotropic, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and antifibroblastic properties, and superficial to deep-and-extensive corneal ulcers in dogs heal well and regain transparency when grafted with decellularised, processed human amniotic membrane.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOMETRIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HOOF AFFECTIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-10-11) R, ANEES; P.T., DineshThe study was done to identify and classify common hoof affections causing lameness, study the morphometric and radiographic changes of hoof affections, management of various hoof conditions encountered and to suggest treatment protocols in dairy cattle. Out of the 409 dairy cows examined, 114 cows with mild to severe lameness, wounds and hair loss at pressure points of limbs and animals with excessively overgrown hooves formed the subjects of study. Scoring systems like lameness score, body condition score, leg score, hock wound score and hygiene score were used to categorize the type of lameness. Selected cases suspected for osseous lesions were radiographically evaluated. Lateral and dorso-palmar or dorso-plantar views of the affected foot of selected animals under study was evaluated. Soft tissue mass at inter digital space, alterations in bone density of third phalanx, deviation of third phalanx were the major radiographic lesions diagnosed followed by fracture of third phalanx, osteomyelitis, deviation of second phalanx, periosteal reactions on phalanges and soft tissue swelling at coronary region. Lesions diagnosed during hoof examination and corrective hoof trimming was recorded and classified. During the hoof examination and hoof trimming of 456 hooves in 114 animals, 551 hoof affections were identified. Maximum incidence of hoof lesions were observed in hindlimbs when compared to forelimbs. In forelimbs, incidence of the lesions were more on medial claw when compared to lateral claw and in hindlimbs, incidence of the lesions were more on lateral claw when compared to medial claw. The most common hoof affections observed were overgrown hoof, heel horn erosion, double sole, white line disease interdigital hyperplasia, sole haemorrhage and sole ulcer followed by interdigital phlegmon, digital dermatitis, horizontal horn fissure, corkscrew claw, interdigital dermatitis, thin sole, bulb ulcer, axial horn fissure, vertical horn fissure, foreign body penetrations in to sole, maggot wound, toe fracture, sole abscess, toe ulcer, toe necrosis, coronary abscess and white line abscess. Treatment was done according to the type of hoof affection. Therapeutic hoof trimming, hoof block application on healthy contralateral claw and surgical removal of interdigital growths in interdigital hyperplasia were the treatments followed in non-infectious hoof affections. Tetracycline bandage, therapeutic hoof trimming and tetracycline foot dip were the treatments followed in infectious hoof affections. Hoof bath with five percent formalin and 2.5 percent copper sulphate was advised in all the cases. Out of the 114 dairy cows in the present study, 96.49 percent animals showed uneventful recovery, 1.75 percent received repeated treatment for recovery and 1.75 percent showed poor recovery. Treatment adopted was found to be effective in both infectious and non-infectious hoof disorders.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON DEXMEDETOMIDINE- BUTORPHANOLMIDAZOLAM- KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA IN CAPTIVE SLOTH BEARS (MELURSUS URSINUS)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-20) ASHUTOSH, MEHTA SAHIL; Sooryadas, SSix adult, apparently healthy, captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) of Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre of Wildlife SOS, Bangalore, which were anaesthetized using a drug combination of dexmedetomidine, butorphanol, midazolam and ketamine at dose of 4 µg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg respectively, for routine clinical healthcare procedures and checkups, were studied to observe, record and evaluate the anaesthetic effects of the drug combination. The injectable drug combination provided profound sedation with plane 2 or 3 of stage III anaesthesia, to facilitate invasive and non- invasive general healthcare procedures. Time taken for induction of anaesthesia in five animals was 13.60 ± 4.33 min. One animal stood sedated, with low head carriage and ataxia at 21st min of initial administration of the drug combination, but responded when approached. Hence, one half of initial dose of midazolam and ketamine was administered at 28th min, with which anaesthesia was induced at 52nd min. The sedation achieved with the injectable drug combination was reliable and profound. Pedal, palpebral and corneal reflexes were absent following induction with the injectable drug combination and during maintenance with midazolamketamine top up. The eyeballs were medially positioned and the pupil of all animals was constricted. Duration of anaesthesia achieved with the injectable drug combination was 70.67 ± 26.06 min. To prolong the period of anaesthesia, the first top up of midazolam and ketamine provided anaesthesia for 30.80 ± 11.34 min, that of second top up for 25.33 ± 4.16 min, and that of third top up for 19.0 min. Following extubation of endotracheal tube, the animals lifted their head in 4.67 ± 3.08 min, regained righting reflex in 16.83 ± 9.60 min, and stood balanced in 29.0 ± 11.01 min. The recovery was smooth and uneventful. Heart rate and rate of respiration was found reduced following induction with the injectable drug combination and during maintenance with the midazolamketamine top up. Rectal temperature and peripheral haemoglobin saturation of oxygen were near normal range. The mean non-invasive blood pressure was in the higher range. Capillary refill time was normal. The end- tidal carbon dioxide tension was near normal range. Sinus bradycardia was noticed in the electrocardiogram. The blood gases, electrolytes and biochemical values did not show significant changes and variations from normal. It could be concluded that dexmedetomidine- butorphanol- midazolamketamine combination at the dose of 4 µg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg respectively, provides profound sedation with plane 2 or 3 of stage III anaesthesia in sloth bears, to facilitate invasive and non- invasive general healthcare procedures, without compromising haemodynamic and respiratory functions. The duration of surgical anaesthesia could be reliably prolonged with the top up of midazolam and ketamine.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF FIBER-REINFORCED GELATIN NANOHYDROXYAPATITE (nHA) IN HEALING OF FRACTURES WITH SEGMENTAL DEFECTS IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-07-04) G., ARCHANA; S., SooryadasSegmental bone defects occur when there is loss of a part of the bone. This could result from various causes like resection of bone tumours, removal of infected bone, correction of malformed bone, revision surgeries, etc., and are difficult to treat. Correction of segmental bone defects involves the use of bone grafts to fill the defect. Autografts and allografts are the currently used substitutes. Their limitations created scope for the development of newer synthetic bone substitutes. In vitro studies of such substitutes showed good healing of fractures with segmental bone defects proving that such a graft can be clinically employed for treating segmental bone defects which may otherwise delay the healing of fracture or result in non-union. This formed the basis for the present study where a fibre reinforced ceramic biograft was evaluated for its efficacy to heal segmental bone defects in fractures of dogs. The study was conducted in six clinical cases of dogs with fractures, malunion and non-unions that required resection of bone during surgical repair and resulted in segmental defects. Under general anaesthesia, standard surgical approaches were adopted for the fracture repair and the resultant segmental defect after correction in each case was filled fiber-reinforced gelatin nanohydroxyapatite composite post fixation with suitable internal fixation method. Post-operatively, the animals were evaluated for fracture healing at every two weeks interval from 2nd post-operative week to 8 th post-operative week. Clinical, orthopaedic and physical examination was carried out. Radiographical evaluation was performed, physiological parameters were recorded, and haematology and serum biochemistry were studied. Lameness scores and weight bearing grades improved in all cases except one. Radiographical examination showed progressive healing of fracture throughout the study in all animals except one. The biograft was incorporated into the native bone and the fracture gap was successfully bridged in all cases except the one with implant failure, by the end of the study. The internal fixation method was adequate and maintained good apposition and alignment in all cases except the one in which the implant failed. It could be concluded from the study that fiber-reinforced gelatin nanohydroxyapatite composite successfully bridges segmental bone defects and has good osteoconductive and osteointegrative properties which help fracture healing in segmental bone defects.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOMETRIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HOOF AFFECTIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODE, WAYANAD, 2019) ANEES R.; Dinesh P.TThe study was done to identify and classify common hoof affections causing lameness, study the morphometric and radiographic changes of hoof affections, management of various hoof conditions encountered and to suggest treatment protocols in dairy cattle. Out of the 409 dairy cows examined, 114 cows with mild to severe lameness, wounds and hair loss at pressure points of limbs and animals with excessively overgrown hooves formed the subjects of study. Scoring systems like lameness score, body condition score, leg score, hock wound score and hygiene score were used to categorize the type of lameness. Selected cases suspected for osseous lesions were radiographically evaluated. Lateral and dorso-palmar or dorso-plantar views of the affected foot of selected animals under study was evaluated. Soft tissue mass at inter digital space, alterations in bone density of third phalanx, deviation of third phalanx were the major radiographic lesions diagnosed followed by fracture of third phalanx, osteomyelitis, deviation of second phalanx, periosteal reactions on phalanges and soft tissue swelling at coronary region. Lesions diagnosed during hoof examination and corrective hoof trimming was recorded and classified. During the hoof examination and hoof trimming of 456 hooves in 114 animals, 551 hoof affections were identified. Maximum incidence of hoof lesions were observed in hindlimbs when compared to forelimbs. In forelimbs, incidence of the lesions were more on medial claw when compared to lateral claw and in hindlimbs, incidence of the lesions were more on lateral claw when compared to medial claw. The most common hoof affections observed were overgrown hoof, heel horn erosion, double sole, white line disease interdigital hyperplasia, sole haemorrhage and sole ulcer followed by interdigital phlegmon, digital dermatitis, horizontal horn fissure, corkscrew claw, interdigital dermatitis, thin sole, bulb ulcer, axial horn fissure, vertical horn fissure, foreign body penetrations in to sole, maggot wound, toe fracture, sole abscess, toe ulcer, toe necrosis, coronary abscess and white line abscess. Treatment was done according to the type of hoof affection. Therapeutic hoof trimming, hoof block application on healthy contralateral claw and surgical removal of interdigital growths in interdigital hyperplasia were the treatments followed in non-infectious hoof affections. Tetracycline bandage, therapeutic hoof trimming and tetracycline foot dip were the treatments followed in infectious hoof affections. Hoof bath with five percent formalin and 2.5 percent copper sulphate was advised in all the cases. Out of the 114 dairy cows in the present study, 96.49 percent animals showed uneventful recovery, 1.75 percent received repeated treatment for recovery and 1.75 percent showed poor recovery. Treatment adopted was found to be effective in both infectious and non-infectious hoof disorders.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DECELLULARISED BOVINE OMENTUM ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH MITOMYCIN-C IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CORNEAL INJURIES IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2019) THAJUNNISA A S; S. AnoopThe study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of decellularised bovine omentum alone and in combination with mitomycin-C for the management of corneal injuries in dogs. All the cases with corneal injuries which subsequently lead to corneal ulceration were screened and 12 corneas were selected from 11 animals irrespective of breed, age and sex. Out of eleven dogs selected, 5 were Chinese Pug, 3 were French Bulldog, 2 were Pitbull and one was a Labrador Retriever. The age of affected animals ranged from 3 months to 38 months with mean value of 13.75 ± 3.09 months and 6 were male and 5 were female. One animal was bilaterally affected and left and right eyes were affected in equal proportion. Thorough ophthalmic examination was carried out in all the cases with bilateral evaluation of menace response, palpebral reflex, dazzle reflex, pupillary light response, Schirmer tear test, Fluorescein dye test, ocular tonometry, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, antibiogram of corneal swabs, corneal impression cytology and slit lamp biomicroscopy. Twelve corneas selected were randomly divided in to two groups, Group I and II, consisting of six corneas each for surgical treatment. Under general anaesthesia, corneal grafting was carried out in Group I whereas Group II corneas underwent single time intra-operative application of topical mitomycin-C for 2 minutes before corneal grafting with decellularised and gamma irradiated bovine omentum. All the corneas were protected by temporary tarsorrhaphy which was retained up to day 7 and observations viz. corneal oedema, neovascularization, extend of pigmentation, scarring and corneal clarity were serially recorded on day 7, 14, 21 and 60 post operatively. All the corneas in Group I showed negative FDT by day 7, but in Group II, complete epithelialization was obtained by day 7 in 3 corneas and rest showed negative FDT by day 14 post grafting. Corneal oedema subsided by day 14 in all the cases and corneal neovascularization was at the peak on day 7 and day 14 post-grafting which regressed completely by day 60. Corneal clarity had improved gradually throughout the observation period. None of the corneas developed vision impairing corneal melanosis or scarring except one in Group I. Alteration in shape of pupil occurred as a complication of iridectomy in two cases. From the present study it was concluded that re-epithelialization of cornea was enhanced by corneal grafting with decellularised bovine omentum and application of mitomycin-C was effective in controlling corneal fibrosis.
