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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT ON MILK PRODUCTION IN SUBCLINICAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS OF COWS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1994) MAJOR K. G. RAJASEKHARAN NAIR; K. RAJAMOHANANA Study was conducted on the incidence of subclinical gastrointestinal nematodiasis in diary cows and heifers, and the effect of anthelmintic treatment on their milk production. It was found that all the animals examined in the two livestock farms of Kerala Agricultural University were harbouring the infection. Faecal culture was found to be the method of choice for detection of nematode infection when compared to microscopical examination of faeces. The nematodes involved, as identified by morphological examination of infective larvae were, Trichostronqylus sp., Haemonchus sp., Cooperia sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. Of these, Trichostronqylus sp. was the commonest one. Albendazole at a dose of 7.5 mg per kg body weight was administered to the animals to detect the effect of anthelmintic treatment on their milk production. A positive influence, albeit not statistically significant, was observed in all the treated groups of animals. Evaluation of heamatological parameters, PCV, Hb, TRBC and TLC did not show any variation before and after treatment. The study proved that anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle in late pregnancy and early lactation can improve their milk production.ThesisItem Open Access INTERTRANSMISSIBILITY OF THE COMMON NEMATODE PARASITES OF PIGEON (columbalivia domestica) AND DOMESTIC FOWL (gallus gallus domesticus)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1996) SENTHILVEL, K.; Madhavan Pillai, K.; SENTHILVEL, K.An investigation was tnade on the prevalence of neinatode infections in pigeons for a period of one year by faecal and postmortem examinationsand the percentage prevalence was 35.24 and 46.74 respectively. The species of nematodes collected from pigeons were Ascaridia columbae, C3.pill3-ria. obsignsta., Ornithostrongylus guadriradiatus, Acuaria spiralis and gt-j^oTigyloid-GS aviuiu. Capillaria obsignata had the highest prevalence. The development of egg and the time taken to reach the infective stage in egg cultures of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae, Syngamus trachea, Ascaiidia columbae, Capillaria obsignata and Ornithostrongylus qiadriradiatus maintained at different room temperature were studied and recorded. The cross transmission trnls with fowl nematodes; A. galli, H. gallinae and S. trachea and pigeon nematodes; A. columbae, C. obsignata and 0. qadriradiatus were conducted in pigeons and chicks respectivdy. Syngamus trachea and C. obsignata were found to be trasmissible between pigeons and chicks. The detailed life cycles of A columbae, S. trachea and 0. quadriradiatus in pigeons were worked out in detail. The prepatent period for these species was 46, 28 and 7 days respectively. The infective larvae of 0. quadriradiatus were seen to be phototropic and hydrotactic. They remained viable for 47 to 52 and 60 to 67 days in dry and wet seasons respectively. The clinical signs, gross and hlstopathological lesions produced by the nematodes in pigeons were recorded. Moderate infections of 0. guadriradlatus produced anaemic changes in pigeons.ThesisItem Open Access THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN BIGPESTICIDES AND IRRADIATIGN GN THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF MYIASIS PRODUCING FLIES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1998) SUBRAMANIAN., H.; Rajamohanan, K.; SUBRAMANIAN., H.A Study was undertaken on the prevalence of cutaneous myiasis in domestic animals and its control using biopesticides and gama ray irradiation. The prevalence of cutaneous myiasis in domestic animals were found to be 205 (2.08 per cent) among the 9861 animals screened. The peak of infestation was noted in the month of January. In-host-wise and parasite-wise the highest incidence was noted in cattle (63.41 per cent) and the majority of infestation was produced by Chrysomyia bezziana larvae (90.73 per cent) . Methoprene at 1 to 50 ppm concentration caused only moderate mortality on larvae but significantly increased the mortality rate on eggs, prolonged the larval phase, increased the formation of larval pupal intermediaries and adult deformities and reduced the adult emergence. Diflubenzuron at 0.5 to 5 ppm caused 55 to 100 per cent larvicidal effect due to lowered chitin content of 18.42 to 52.11 per cent in larval cuticle. Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis produced only moderate larval mortality at 160 to 800 ppm in myiasis producing flies. Azadirectin at 10.5 to 15 ppm produced 100 per cent mortality in eggs and larvae. Significant antifeedant, ovipositional deterrent and repellant effects were also produced by Azadirectin. Among the extracts of Acorus calamus, studied, petroleum ether extract at 2.5 per cent concentration gave 82.5 to 100 per cent mortality of the larvae. Moderate antifeedant, ovipositional deterrent and repellant effects were also noticed. The petroleum ether extract produced 100 per cent sterility at 0.1 to 1 per cent concentration by preventing the development of ovarian follicles. Three day old pupae of myiasis producing flies exposed to rays gave excellent sterility effect at 2000 to 4000 rads radiation exposure without any other deleterious effect in the flies. Diflubenzuron at 5 ppm concentration showed the highest larvicidal effect. (88.5 per cent) in natural cases of cutaneous myiasis.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF PARATENIC HOSTS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF Ancylostoma caninum TO DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1997) DEENA ANTONY. U.; George Varghese, CAn investigation into the "Assessment of paratenic hosts in the transmission of Ancylostoma caninum to dogs" was carried out during the period from October 1996 to September 1997. The experimental animals comprised of 24 day old chicks, 15 one month old albino mice, 60 cockroaches collected locally and 10 pups of 6 to 8 weeks old. Larvae obtained from faecal cultures set in room temperature were used for infecting paratemic hosts. The migration and distribution of A. caninum larvae in the tissues of chicks infected orally with 1000 larvae were studied. Larval yield at necropsy from different organs after digestion with artificial gastric juice revealed a 50.1 per cent recovery at 4 hr after inoculation followed by a sharp decline to 4.5 per cent at 72 hr. Larvae were detected in the lungs and liver at 12 hr at the rate of 67 and 63 respectively. The gastro intestinal tract yielded the maximum number of larvae (215) at 4 hr after infection. Migration in the muscles of neck and thorax was detected at 12 hr after infection. But no larvae were recovered from heart, spleen and kidney. Migration and distribution of A. caninum larvae in the tissues of mice orally infected with 1000 larvae and the establishment of patent infection from mice to definite host were studied. Highest larval recovery was at 4 hr post infection (48.6%) and lowest was (13.6%) at 30 days post infection. Migration of larvae to the liver and lungs occurred within 24 hr. No larvae were recovered from spleen, kidney and heart. Migration in the muscles of thorax and head and neck occurred within 4 days. In the infected cockroaches, living larvae were found in the muscles, wall and lumen of the gut region and haemocele. Histopathological lesions included mild disruption of the villi with mild infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the intestine, areas of congestion, haemorrhage and necrosis were noticed in the liver and lungs with sections of larvae found rupturing the wall of the alveoli. Patent infection was established in hookworm free pups, infected with larvae, recovered from infected chicks, mice and cockroaches and the pre-patent period was found to be 18 to 19 days. The present observations established that chicken, mice and insects like cockroaches might act as paratenic hosts for A. caninum, thus serving as natural sources of infection to pups.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1997) SYAMALA, K.; Devada, K.; SYAMALA, K.A serological survey was carried out on the prevalence of caprine toxoplasmosis in Kerala, by two simple and sensitive serological tests-modified agglutination test (MAT) and carbon immuno assay (CIA). A total of 152 goat sera were collected from the Government Goat Farms, Attappady and Kommeri, Kerala Agricultural University Goat Farm, Mannuthy and from the slaughter houses at Trichur and Ernakulam. The MAT carried out for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies revealed 53.29 per cent as seropositive while CIA revealed 44.07 per cent. A higher prevalence was detected among does than in bucks. A remarkable age-wise prevalence was not observed in this study. Eventhough a higher prevalence was noticed in Malabari breeds, as the number of goats in each breed was too uneven, a breed-wise prevalence could not be ascertained. Area-wise, a higher prevalence was noticed in goats that belonged to Kannur district, both by MAT and CIA. Modified agglutination test was a sensitive and specific test for the serological surveys on caprine toxoplasmosis, while CIA was a cost effective and simple test which could be made use of under our field conditions. The methods of maintenance and propagation of T. gondii RH strain in mice in the laboratory were standardised and it was found that a dose of 0.30 ml of "+ + +' infective fluid given intraperitoneally was sufficient for propagation of the strain in mice in the laboratory. White mice experimentally inoculated subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, exhibited similar symptoms like huddling in one corner, anorexia, rough hair coat, respiratory distress and ascites. The intracerebrally inoculated mice showed epileptic symptoms and blindness. Haemorrhage and congestion of lungs, catarrhal inflammation of stomach and intestine and necrosis of liver were the main gross lesions noticed in the acutely infected mice. Alveolar and interstitial pneumonia, coagulative necrosis of liver, destruction of tubular and glomerular epithelium of kidney, necrosis of spleen and destruction of cardiac musculature were the prominent microscopic changes observed. Infection in mice by bioassay with acid pepsin digested visceral organs of acutely infected mice was successful. This indicated that T. gondii tachyzoites could survive acid pepsin for 75 min, as the tissues utilised for bioassay carried only Toxoplasma tachyzoites. Studies on the sensitivity of T. gondii tachyzoites to heat revealed that they could be killed by incubating at 56°C for 30 min or boiling at IGQOC for five minutes. The method of cultivation of T. gondii tachyzoites in duck embryos by the chorioallantoic membrane route was successful resulting in yellowish white pock lesions on CAM, with congestion and haemorrhage on embryos and brain. A successful cryopreservation of T. gondii using tris-glycerol as cryoprotectant for 145 days at -20°C and for 250 days at -56°C was achieved.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOGENICITY OF ASCARIDIA GALLIi INFECTION IN BROILER CHICKEN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WEIGHT GAIN(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1995) ARUNACHALAM, K; GEORGE VARGHESE, CA study carried out to assess the pathogenic effect of the developmental stages of Ascaridia qalli in broiler chicks for a period of eight weeks, revealed clinical signs like general weakness, unthriftiness, ruffled feathers and loss of appetite, besides the delayed development of comb, wattles and feathers. On post—mortem examination of the experimentally infected chicks, large numbers of larvae were recovered from 2nd day PI onwards and the lumen larvae were detected from 14th day PI. The intestinal contents were frothy, mucus mixed and had many immature worms. In the small intestine the worms embeded in the mucosa with their anterior extremities. Histopathological studies revealed disruption of desquamation of epithelium, infiltration with mononuclear cells, focal necrosis, congestion and haemorrhage in the mucosa and cystic changes of mucosal glands. Sections of larvae in the mucosa at different histological locations were detected on 4th , 10th, 14th and 17th days PI. in addition, cut sections of degenerated larvae were also observed. Haematological studies indicated a statistically significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total leucocyte count, total heterophil and eosinophil counts. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin content and total erythrocyte count were significantly decreased. Lymphocyte count was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in all the infected groups upto 37th day PI^later the count was gradually increased in all the infected groups. The mean body weight and mean body weight gain in the infected group of chicks were significantly lesser than the control group chicks (P <0.01). The mean weekly feed intake and mean weekly feed conversion ratio were lesser in the infected groups of chicks than control ones,although the difference was not statistically significant. The morbidity rate was high in all the infected chicks, but mortality was not recorded during the experimental period. Coprological study confirmed the maturation period for A. qalli in groups A, B, C and D as 59, 59, 50 and 44 days respectively.ThesisItem Open Access HELMINTH PARASITES OF MAMMALS IN THRISSUR ZOO(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1999) VARADHARAJAN, A.; Pythal, C.; VARADHARAJAN, A.An investigation on the prevalence of helminthic infections among the wild mammals in captivity in the Thrissur Zoo and also the variations thereof on account of season, age and sex were carried out by regular faecal examination using the concentration method of centrifugation-cum-sedimentation technique, over a period of one year from May-'98 to April-'99. Non-specific symptoms like general weakness, debility, occasional diarrhoea, dehydration and respiratory distress with cough were observed in a variety of mammals. The overall prevalence of the' helminthic infection among the mammals was 68.05 per cent. Carnivores had the highest prevalence of infection (75.34%) when compared to herbivores (67.47%) and omnivores (65.35%). Strongyle, Strongyloides spirurid, ascarid, amphistome, Fasciola, Trichuris and Parascaris infections in a variety of herbivores; strongyle, Strongyloides, spirurid, Ancylostoma, Capillaria, Toxocara, Trichuris, Metagonimus, Artyfechinostomum and Hymenolepis infections in a variety of omnivores and Ancylostoma, Toxocara, Toxascaris, Strongyloides, Capillaria, spirurid, Diphyllobothrium, Hymenolepis and Paragonimus infections in a variety of carnivores were observed. A few specimens of Haemonchus contortus were recovered from the abomasum of a 6 year old female balckbuck during post-mortem examination. The overall prevalence of infection among the mammals was higher in the rainy seasons (South-West and North-East monsoons) than in the dry season. The prevalence of infection was higher in the adults of herbivores and omnivores than in the young ones of both the: groups. The prevalence was also higher in the males of herbivores and carnivores than in the females and was more or less equal in both sexes of omnivores. Treatments with Fenbendazole and Pyrantel Pamoate were effective against gastro-intestinal nematodes in camels and in Asiatic lions respectively. Control measures for the helminthic infections in the zoo mammals have also been sugcfested.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNE RESPONSE OF CATTLE TO ROOPHILUS ANNULATUS (ACARI: IXODOIDEA)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1992-01-10) SREEKRISHNAN, R; Rajamohanan, KThesisItem Open Access PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF IMMATURE ARCARIDIA GALLI INFECTION IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED CHICKEN(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Trichur, 1992-07-27) PADMAJA, P. B.; Sathianesan, vIn a study conducted on the pathogenesis and treatment of Ascarldia galli in experimentally infected chicken at different developmental stages of the worm, it had been found that droopiness, whitish diarrhoea, marked reduction in body weight gain, haemorrhage and congestion at different parts of the intestinal mucosa and frothy or blood tinged intestinal contents were the main clinico pathological changes. Histopathological observations in the small intestine were signs of enteritis, catarrhal changes, villar proliferation, desquamation of sub epithelium and villar tips and mild congestion and haemorrhage. A tissue phase was observed in the life-cycle of the nematode at 20th day post infection indicated by the presence of cut sections of the larvae in the mucosal and submucosal regions. Haematologically, a decrease in the total erythrocyte count, an initial leucopenia followed by leucocytosis, reduction in packed cell volume and percentage of haemoglobin, an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, percentage of heterophils, eosinophils,' mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin values and a reduction in the percentage of lymphocytes, monocytes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and an initial basopenia followed by basophilia were observed in infected chicks. For treatment, out of the four anthelmintics tried, namely piperazine hydrate, albendazole, morantel citrate and ivermectin against the infection, albendazole at 50 mg/kg body weight was found to be the most effective, closely followed by morantel citrate at 50 mg/kg body weight and then piperazine hydrate at 500 mg/kg body weight. Ivermectin at 1 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously was found to be the least effective. The present study with morantel citrate appeared to be the first of its kind as far as it's use against ascaridiasis in poultry was concerned